Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons

Fernando D. Dip • Takeaki Ishizawa Norihiro Kokudo • Raul J. Rosenthal Editors

Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons

Concepts and Applications

ISBN 978-3-319-15677-4 ISBN 978-3-319-15678-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15678-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939720

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Editors Fernando D. Dip, M.D., M.A.A.C.Section of Minimally Invasive SurgeryDepartment of General

and Vascular SurgeryThe Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland Clinic FloridaWeston, FL, USA

Oncological Surgical DivisionDivision of Surgical ResearchDepartment of Surgery Hospital de Clinicas Buenos AiresUniversity of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires , Argentina

Norihiro Kokudo, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and ChairmanHepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery

DivisionDepartment of Surgery Graduate School of MedicineUniversity of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan

Takeaki Ishizawa, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Gastroenterological

Surgery Cancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer Research Koto-ku, Tokyo , Japan

Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division

Department of SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineUniversity of TokyoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Raul J. Rosenthal, M.D., F.A.C.S. ChairmanDepartment of General SurgerySection of Minimally Invasive SurgeryDepartment of General and Vascular

SurgeryThe Bariatric and Metabolic Institute Cleveland Clinic Florida Weston , FL , USA

v

Half of all cancer patients, over 700,000 annually in the USA, undergo sur-gery to remove their tumors. Motivation for this surgical resection derives from the fact that the single most important predictor of patient survival is complete resection of the primary tumor, draining lymph nodes, and meta-static lesions. Historically, surgeons have depended on two tools to guide such surgical resection—their eyes to look for suspicious tissues and their hands to feel for abnormal masses. Unfortunately, up to 40 % of cancer patients experience disease recurrence at the site of surgery, and the majority of these individuals eventually die of the disease. Thus, there are urgent unmet needs to develop new and innovative technologies that can assist a surgeon in ensuring complete tumor resection by delineating tumor margins, highlighting metastatic lesions, and informing on the presence or absence of malignant cells in draining lymph nodes. Moreover, whenever disease relapse is suspected, minimally invasive methods such as fl uorescence-guided endos-copy are needed to verify such suspicions and then characterize the nature and degree of dissemination of any recurrent disease.

The above challenges all suggest a need for new technologies that can delineate tumor margins, identify micrometastases, and establish whether tumor resection has indeed been quantitative before the patient’s surgery is concluded. Moreover, because time in the operating room is expensive, there is also a need for new methods that will reduce the time a surgeon spends searching for malignant lesions and looking for draining lymph nodes. While intraoperative ultrasound, PET, and radioimaging have all been proposed as tools to guide the surgeon’s knife during tumor resection, the methods that have drawn the greatest attention have all involved use of tumor-specifi c fl uo-rescent probes to localize malignant lesions during fl uorescence-guided sur-gery. In these strategies, either (1) a tumor-targeted fl uorescent dye is administered systemically and allowed to concentrate in the malignant tissue, thereby illuminating diseased lesions for their facile resection, or (2) or a tumor-activated fl uorescent prodrug is sprayed onto surgically exposed tis-sues and allowed to convert to its fl uorescent form in response to the activity of a tumor-specifi c enzyme, or (3) a nontargeted fl uorescent dye is injected into the vicinity of a tumor mass and permitted to passively accumulate in the diseased tissue and draining lymph nodes.

While great progress has been made in the construction of many tumor- specifi c fl uorescent probes, progress must still be achieved in the design and

Foreword

vi

optimization of both tumor-specifi c fl uorescent dyes and intraoperative imag-ing cameras/endoscopes. Regarding the former, improvements will still be important in the: (1) tumor specifi city, (2) tissue transparency, (3) brightness, (4) in vivo stability, (5) toxicity, and (6) ease of synthesis of the current tumor-specifi c fl uorophores. And concerning the latter, modifi cations are still required in camera: (1) sensitivity, (2) background/autofl uorescence suppres-sion, (3) wavelength discrimination, and (4) ergonomic compatibility with limitations imposed by the structural and biological constraints of each spe-cifi c surgery.

The chapters in this volume summarize many of the highlights of a con-ference held in Coral Gables, Florida, on February 15th of 2014 devoted to fl uorescence- guided surgery of foregut and related cancers. The many speak-ers addressed a diversity of topics related to their experiences with the use of tumor and lymph node specifi c fl uorescent dyes during localization and resection of foregut cancers. Successes and failures of specifi c systems and strat-egies were all honestly and objectively discussed, resulting in a wealth of clinical experience and associated recommendations. This compendium summarizes much of this clinical knowledge and should consequently aid any cancer surgeon interested in exploring the use of fl uorescence in his/her surgical practice. Indeed, because fl uorescence-guided surgery could well revolutionize the practice of surgery, this compendium is recommended for general reading by all practicing surgeons.

West Lafayette, IN, USA Philip S. Low, Ph.D.

Foreword

vii

Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons : Concepts and Applications represents the experiences of leading researchers and surgeons worldwide practicing different fl uorescence methods. The chapters range from basic science knowl-edge of fl uorescence to the most current clinical applications and new meth-ods on the horizon.

The chapters in the fi rst section focus on the historical evolution and phys-ical principles of fl uorescence and provide the foundation for the reader to understand the current scope and limits of its use in surgery.

The second section describes new frontiers including fl uorescence probes, imaging systems, and applications to photodynamic therapy. The third sec-tion focuses on the clinical applications of intraoperative fl uorescence imag-ing including subsections on fl uorescence cholangiography, its application to hepatectomy, lymph node navigation, the GI tract, and pelvic surgery, and the identifi cation of cancer tissues.

Authored by leaders in the development of fl uorescent methods world-wide, Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons : Concepts and Applications will have an impact on numerous medical specialists including general surgeons, colorectal and minimally invasive surgeons, and surgical oncologists. Researchers will fi nd the book to be an invaluable resource on the latest advances in the utilization of nanoparticles and fl uorescent probes.

There are currently limited publications available relative to fl uorescence imaging for surgeons; this book will add to the growing number of resources available on this topic.

Buenos Aires, Argentina Fernando D. Dip, M.D., M.A.A.C. Tokyo, Japan Takeaki Ishizawa, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Tokyo, Japan Norihiro Kokudo, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Weston, FL, USA Raul J. Rosenthal, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Pref ace

ix

Section I Background

1 Basic Concepts of Fluorescence and Fluorescent Probes ......... 3 Guillermo Oscar Menéndez , Federico Coluccio Leskow , and Carla Cecilia Spagnuolo

2 Past, Present, and Future of Fluorescence ................................. 19 Daniel Debonis , Pablo Quadri , Manuel Montesinos , Jorge Falco , David Nguyen , Diego Sinagra , Fernando D. Dip , Raul J. Rosenthal , and Pedro Ferraina

3 Translation of Therapeutic Antibodies for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging .................................. 25 Eben L. Rosenthal and Jason M. Warram

4 Review of Indocyanine Green Imaging in Surgery ................... 35 Jarmo T. Alander , Outi M. Villet , Tommi Pätilä , Ilkka S. Kaartinen , Martin Lehecka , Toshiya Nakaguchi , Taku Suzuki , and Valery Tuchin

Section II Imaging Systems

5 D-Light P System (Karl Storz) .................................................... 57 Rutger M. Schols , Nicole D. Bouvy , Ronald M. van Dam , and Laurents P. S. Stassen

6 Robotic Surgery Using Firefly System ....................................... 67 Giuseppe Spinoglio , Alessandra Marano , and Giampaolo Formisano

7 Fluorescence Imaging Systems (PDE, HyperEye Medical System, and Prototypes in Japan) ................................ 81 Takeaki Ishizawa and Norihiro Kokudo

8 The Pinpoint System .................................................................... 87 Jana L. Lewis and Danny A. Sherwinter

9 Economic Impact of Fluorescent Cholangiography ................. 99 Emanuele Lo Menzo , Fernando D. Dip , Samuel Szomstein , and Raul J. Rosenthal

Contents

x

10 Real-Time Near-Infrared Fluorescent Cholangiography During Robotic Single-Site Cholecystectomy ............................ 107 Nicolas C. Buchs

11 Fluorescent-Guided Liver Surgery: Paul Brousse Experiences and Perspective ................................ 117 Mohamed Bekheit and Eric Vibert

12 Fluorescence Imaging in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy .............. 127 Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , Takeo Nomi , David Fuks , Norihiro Kokudo , and Brice Gayet

Section III Clinical Applications of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging

13 Identification of Hepatic Segment .............................................. 137 Masaki Ueno

14 Intraoperative Evaluation of Regional Portal Uptake Function ........................................................................... 145 Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , Takeaki Ishizawa , and Norihiro Kokudo

15 Identification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .............................. 151 Yoshifumi Morita , Takanori Sakaguchi , Hirotoshi Kikuchi , Naoki Unno , and Hiroyuki Konno

16 Identification of Malignant Tumors in the Liver ...................... 159 Henricus J. M. Handgraaf , Floris P. R. Verbeek , Cornelis J. H. van de Velde , Merlijn Hutteman , and Alexander L. Vahrmeijer

17 Prediction for Postoperative Intrahepatic Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ................................. 169 Kunihito Gotoh , Shigeru Marubashi , Terumasa Yamada , Hirofumi Akita , Hidenori Takahashi , Masahiko Yano , Osamu Ishikawa , and Masato Sakon

18 Detection of Bile Leakage After Hepatic Resection by Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging ......................................................... 177 Masaki Kaibori , Kosuke Matsui , Morihiko Ishizaki , and Masanori Kon

19 Near-Infrared Laser Photodynamic Therapy for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Tumor with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence........................... 185 Junichi Kaneko , Yoshinori Inagaki , Takeaki Ishizawa , and Norihiro Kokudo

Contents

xi

20 Photodynamic Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid ...................................................... 195 Tsutomu Namikawa , Keiji Inoue , Taro Shuin , and Kazuhiro Hanazaki

21 Applications of ICG Fluorescence Imaging for Surgery in Colorectal Cancers .............................................. 203 Shingo Shimada , Seiji Ohtsubo , and Mitsuo Kusano

22 Fluorophore-Conjugated Chimeric Anti-CEA Antibodies for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Gastrointestinal (GI) Tumors ................................................. 209 Michael Bouvet and Robert M. Hoffman

23 Development of a Non-blurring, Dual-Imaging (X-Ray/Fluorescence) Tissue Marker for Localization of Gastrointestinal Tumors.......................................................... 223 Hideki Hayashi , Taro Toyota , Shoichi Goto , Aki Oishi , Tao Gao , Lau Bik Ee , and Hisahiro Matsubara

24 Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery by Infrared Imaging in Gastric Cancer ......................................................................... 231 Yoshikazu Uenosono , Takaaki Arigami , Shigehiro Yanagita , Daisuke Matsushita , Sumiya Ishigami , and Shoji Natsugoe

25 A Dual Infrared Ray Imaging System for Sentinel Node Mapping Against Early Gastric Cancer: Absorption and Florescence Methods by Infrared Ray Laparoscopy System Combined with Indocyanine Green .............................. 237 Naoto Takahashi , Hiroshi Nimura , Muneharu Fujisaki , Norio Mitsumori , and Katsuhiko Yanaga

26 Indocyanine Green Fluorescence- Navigated Sentinel Node Biopsy Showed Higher Sensitivity than the Conventional Radioisotope or Blue Dye Methods: It May Help to Reduce False-Negative Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies in Skin Cancer ..................................................... 243 Yasuhiro Fujisawa

27 The Indocyanine Green Method Is Equivalent to the (99m) Tc-Labeled Radiotracer Method for Identifying the Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer: A Concordance and Validation Study ........................................ 255 Bettina Ballardini , Germana Lissidini , and Paolo Veronesi

28 Photodynamic Detection of Lymph Node Metastases in Gastrointestinal Cancer by Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid ................................................. 267 Takeo Minamikawa , Yoshinori Harada , and Tetsuro Takamatsu

Contents

xii

29 Application of Photodynamic Treatment ................................... 279 Tomás G. Núñez and Tamara Portas

30 Photodynamic Diagnosis Mediated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Urinary Bladder Cancer............................................... 285 Keiji Inoue , Hideo Fukuhara , and Taro Shuin

31 Real-Time Assessment of Intestinal Perfusion by Fluorescence-Based Enhanced Reality ................................. 293 Michele Diana , Vincent Agnus , and Jacques Marescaux

32 Fluorescent Angiography for Flap Planning and Monitoring in Reconstructive Surgery ............................... 301 Georges Bettega , Clotilde Ochala , Marine Hitier , Cynthia Hamou , Stéphanie Guillermet , Pascal Gayet , and Jean-Luc Coll

33 Fluorescein Detection of Myocardial Ischemia in an Experimental Model of Acute Coronary Occlusion ........ 311 Fernando D. Dip , Alejandro Damonte , Gaston Quiche , Marcelo Damonte , Fernando M. Safdie , Nicolas Brozzi , Raul J. Rosenthal , and Pedro Ferraina

34 Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of Perfusion with Indocyanine Green Videoangiography in the Rat Heart ............................................................................ 319 Outi M. Villet , Jarmo T. Alander , and Ari L. Harjula

35 Ureter Identification Using Methylene Blue and Fluorescein ............................................................................ 327 Fernando D. Dip , Alejandro Daniel Moreira Grecco , David Nguyen , Luis Sarotto , Sandy Perrins , and Raul J. Rosenthal

36 Chymotrypsin Probe for Real-Time Visualization of Pancreatic Leak ....................................................................... 333 Suguru Yamashita , Takeaki Ishizawa , Masayo Sakabe , Mako Kamiya , Yasuteru Urano , and Norihiro Kokudo

37 Miniaturized Clinical Imaging Device for Optical Surgery ...................................................................... 341 Paul Dorval , Ihab Atallah , Gabriele Barabino , Maxime Henry , Michèle Keramidas , Fabien Stenard , Clément Milet , Christian Righini , Philippe Rizo , Stéphanie Guillermet , Véronique Josserand , and Jean-Luc Coll

Index ...................................................................................................... 353

Contents

xiii

Vincent Agnus , Ph.D. Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD-IHU, Institute of Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France

Hirofumi Akita , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Jarmo T. Alander , Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering , University of Vaasa , Vaasa , Finland

Takaaki Arigami , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan

Ihab Atallah, M.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, CHU-Grenoble, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Bettina Ballardini , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy

Gabriele Barabino, M.D. Hopital nord CHU Saint Etienne, Avenue Albert Raimond, Saint Etienne, France

Mohamed Bekheit , M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc., M.R.C.S. Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant , Paul Brousse Hospital , Villejuif , France

Georges Bettega , M.D., Ph.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France

Michael Bouvet , M.D. Department of Surgery , Moores UCSD Cancer Center , La Jolla , CA , USA

Nicole D. Bouvy , M.D. Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands

Nicolas Brozzi , M.D. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Nicolas C. Buchs , M.D. Department of Surgery, Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , University Hospital of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Gabriel-Perret-Gentil , Geneva , Switzerland

Contributors

xiv

Jean-Luc Coll , Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot , University Joseph Fourier , Grenoble , France

Ronald M. van Dam , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands

Alejandro Damonte , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Division of Surgical Research, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Marcelo Damonte , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clínicas, Jose de San Martin , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Daniel Debonis , M.D., F.A.C.S. Oncological Surgery Division , Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Michele Diana , M.D. Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD-IHU, Institute of Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery , University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg , France

Fernando D. Dip , M.D., M.A.A.C. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Oncological Surgical Division, Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Paul Dorval Fluoptics, Grenoble, France

Lau Bik Ee , B.A. Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Jorge Falco , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Pedro Ferraina , M.D. Hospital de Clinicas Jose de san Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Giampaolo Formisano , M.D. Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery , Misericordia Hospital , Grosseto , Italy

Muneharu Fujisaki , M.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan

Yasuhiro Fujisawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan

David Fuks , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Diseases, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris , Universite Paris Descartes , Paris , France

Hideo Fukuhara , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan

Tao Gao , M.S. Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba Japan

Contributors

xv

Brice Gayet , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Diseases, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris , Universite Paris Descartes , Paris , France

Pascal Gayet , Ph.D. Fluoptics Society , Grenoble , France

Shoichi Goto , B.A. Faculty of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba Japan

Kunihito Gotoh , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Stéphanie Guillermet , Ph.D. Fluoptics , Grenoble , France

Cynthia Hamou , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France

Kazuhiro Hanazaki , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan

Henricus J. M. Handgraaf , M.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands

Yoshinori Harada , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan

Ari L. Harjula , M.D., Ph.D. Heart and Lung Center, HUCH , Helsinki , Finland

Hideki Hayashi , M.D., Ph.D. Center for Frontier Medical Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Maxime Henry INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Marine Hitier , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France

Robert M. Hoffman , Ph.D. AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA

Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Merlijn Hutteman , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands

Yoshinori Inagaki , Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Keiji Inoue , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan

Sumiya Ishigami , M.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan

Osamu Ishikawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Contributors

xvi

Morihiko Ishizaki , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan

Takeaki Ishizawa , M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Koto-ku, Tokyo , Japan

Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Véronique Josserand, Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Ilkka S. Kaartinen , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Plastic Surgery , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland

Masaki Kaibori , M.D. Department of Surgery , Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan

Mako Kamiya , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Junichi Kaneko , M.D., Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Artifi cial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , M.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Michèle Keramidas INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Hirotoshi Kikuchi , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan

Norihiro Kokudo , M.D., Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Artifi cial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroyuki Konno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan

Mitsuo Kusano , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan

Masanori Kon , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan

Martin Lehecka , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland

Contributors

xvii

Federico Coluccio Leskow , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Jana L. Lewis , M.D. Department of Surgery , Maimonides Medical Center , New York , NY , USA

Germana Lissidini , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy

Emanuele Lo Menzo , M.D., Ph.D. Digestive Disease Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Alessandra Marano , M.D. Department of General Surgery , Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS , Rozzano, MI , Italy

Jacques Marescaux , M.D., F.A.C.S. (Hon), F.R.C.S. (Hon), F.J.S.E.S. Research Institute Against Cancers of the Digestive System (IRCAD) , Institute of Image-Guided Surgery (IHU-Strasbourg) , Strasbourg , France

Shigeru Marubashi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Hisahiro Matsubara , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Kosuke Matsui , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan

Daisuke Matsushita , M.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan

Guillermo Oscar Menéndez , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Clément Milet INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Takeo Minamikawa , Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan

Norio Mitsumori , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan

Manuel Montesinos , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Alejandro Daniel Moreira Grecco , M.D. Department of Colorectal Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Yoshifumi Morita , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan

Toshiya Nakaguchi , Ph.D. Center for Frontier Medical Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Contributors

xviii

Tsutomu Namikawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan

Shoji Natsugoe , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan

David Nguyen , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Hiroshi Nimura , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan

Takeo Nomi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan

Tomás G. Núñez , M.D. Thoracic Surgery Division, Hospital de Clinicas , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Membrillar 112 14 “B”, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Clotilde Ochala , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France

Seiji Ohtsubo , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan

Aki Oishi Faculty of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Tommi Pätilä , M.D., Ph.D. Hospital for Children and Adolescents , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland

Sandy Perrins , M.D. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Tamara Portas , M.D. Thoracic Surgery Division, Hospital das Clinicas , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Pablo Quadri , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Gaston Quiche , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Division of Surgical Research, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Christian Righini, M.D., Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, CHU-Grenoble, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

Philippe Rizo, Ph.D. Fluoptics, Grenoble, France

Eben L. Rosenthal , M.D. Department of Surgery , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA

Division of Otolaryngology , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA

Contributors

xix

Raul J. Rosenthal , M.D., F.A.C.S. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Fernando M. Safdie , M.D. Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Masayo Sakabe , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Takanori Sakaguchi , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan

Masato Sakon , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Luis Sarotto , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Rutger M. Schols , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands

Danny A. Sherwinter , M.D. Department of Surgery , Maimonides Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA

Fabien Stenard, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste de Grenoble, CS, Grenoble, France

Shingo Shimada , M.D. Department of Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan

Taro Shuin , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan

Diego Sinagra , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Carla Cecilia Spagnuolo , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

Giuseppe Spinoglio , M.D. Center of Robotic Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS , Rozzano, MI , Italy

Laurents P. S. Stassen , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg , The Netherlands

Taku Suzuki , Ph.D. Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan

Samuel Szomstein , M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.M.B.S. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA

Naoto Takahashi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan

Contributors

xx

Hidenori Takahashi , M.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Tetsuro Takamatsu , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan

Taro Toyota , Ph.D. Department of Basic Science , University of Tokyo, Komaba , Tokyo , Japan

Valery Tuchin , Ph.D. Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland

Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University , Saratov , Russia

Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of the RAS , Saratov , Russia

Masaki Ueno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan

Yoshikazu Uenosono , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan

Naoki Unno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan

Yasuteru Urano , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Alexander L. Vahrmeijer , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands

Cornelis J. H. van de Velde , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands

Floris P. R. Verbeek , M.Sc. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands

Paolo Veronesi , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy

Eric Vibert , M.D., Ph.D. Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France

Centre Hépato-Biliaire , Hôpital Paul Brousse , Villejuif , France

Outi M. Villet , Ph.D. Heart and Lung Center, HUCH , Helsinki , Finland

Jason M. Warram , Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA

Division of Otolaryngology , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA

Terumasa Yamada , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Higashiosaka City General Hospital , Osaka , Japan

Contributors

xxi

Suguru Yamashita , M.D. Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan

Katsuhiko Yanaga , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan

Shigehiro Yanagita , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan

Masahiko Yano , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan

Contributors