Fisiologi Sistem Urinaria 2.2-2015
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fisiologi Si
Urinari
C h a p t e r26
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Capaian Pembelajaran
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan:
1. komponen system urinarius beserta fungsi utamanya2. proses pembentukan urin dalam nefron
3. laju filtrasi glomerulus beserta faktor-faktor yang mempe
4. mekanisme reabsorpsi dan sekretorik yang diperankan
. pengaruh hormone antidiuretik dan aldosteron terhadap
dan konsentrasi urin
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Capaian Pembelajaran
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan:
". karakteristik urin yang normal
#. fungsi ureter$ !esi%a urinaria$ dan uretra
&. mekanisme %ontrol !olunteer dan in!olunter serta menje
refleks berkemih
'. integrasi antara system urinarius dengan system lainnya
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(un%tion
• )*%retion + )limination
• ,omeostati% regulation of blood plasma• egulating blood !olume and blood pressure
• egulating eritro%yt produ%tion
• egulating plasma %on%entrations of ions
• ,elping to stabilie blood p,
• /onser!ing !aluable nutrients
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/oordination with 0thers
• digesti!e
• respiratory• %ardio!as%ular
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egulation
• utoregulation
• utonomi% ner!ous system• )ndo%rine
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itrogenous astes
• rea
•
proteins→
amino a%ids→
,2 remo!ed→forms ammonia$ li!er %on!erts to urea
• ri% a%id
• nu%lei% a%id %atabolism
• /reatinine
• %reatinine phosphate %atabolism
• enal failure
• aotemia: nitrogenous wastes in blood
• uremia: to*i% effe%ts as wastes a%%umulate
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)*%retion
• 5eparation of wastes from body fluids and eliminating the
• respiratory system: /02
• integumentary system: water$ salts$ la%ti% a%id$ urea
• digestive system: water$ salts$ /02$ lipids$ bile pigments$ %hole
• urinary system: many metaboli% wastes$ to*ins$ drugs$ hormon
salts$ ,6 and water
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ephrons
• nit fun%tional of kidney
•
/orti%al nephrons 7&89• short nephron loops
• efferent arterioles bran%h off peritubular %apil
• u*tamedullary nephrons 7189
• !ery long nephron loops$ maintain salt gradie
%onser!e water • efferent arterioles bran%h off !asa re%ta$ bloo
medulla
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ephron ;iagram
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• <rodu%tion of filtrate
• eabsorption of organi% nutrients
• eabsorption of water and ions
• 5e%retion of waste produ%ts into tubular fluid
ephron fun%tions in%lude:
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enal /orpus%le
=lomerular filtrate %olle%ts in %
spa%e$ flows into renal tubul
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(iltration Membrane ;iagram
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(iltration Membrane
• (enestrated endothelium
• #>-'>nm pores e*%lude blood %e
• ?asement membrane
• proteogly%an gel$ negati!e %harg
e*%ludes mole%ules @ &nm
• (iltration slits
•
podo%yte arms ha!e pedi%els witnegati!ely %harged filtration slits$
parti%les A 3nm to pass
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(iltration <ressure
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=lomerular (iltration ate 7=(9
• (iltrate formed per minute
• (iltration %oeffi%ient 7Bf 9 depends on permeability and surarea of filtration barrier
• =( C (< * Bf ≈ 12 mlDmin or 1&> EDday
• ''8 of filtrate reabsorbed$ 1 to 2 E urine e*%reted
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)ffe%ts of =( bnormalities
• ↑=($ urine output rises → dehydration$ ele%trolyte depl
• ↓=( → wastes reabsorbed 7aotemia possible9• =( %ontrolled by adjusting glomerular blood pressure
• autoregulation
• sympatheti% %ontrol
• hormonal me%hanism: renin and angiotensin
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Fubular eabsorption and 5e%retion
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• eabsorption and se%retion modified by %arrier mediated
transport• (a%ilitated diffusion
• %ti!e transport
• /otransport
• /ountertransport
• /arrier proteins ha!e a transport ma*imum 7Fm9
• ;etermines renal threshold
/arrier Mediated Fransport
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<ro*imal /on!oluted Fubules 7</F9
• eabsorbs "8 of =( to peritubular %apillaries
• =reat length$ prominent mi%ro!illi and abundant mito%hona%ti!e transport
• eabsorbs greater !ariety of %hemi%als than other parts o
nephron
• trans%ellular route - through epithelial %ells of </F
• para%ellular route - between epithelial %ells of </F
• Fransport ma*imum: when transport proteins of plasma
membrane are saturatedG glu%ose @ 1&> mgDdE remains
7gly%osuria9
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</F
</F
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</F
F b l 5 ti f </F
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Fubular 5e%retion of </F
and ephron Eoop
• aste remo!al
• urea$ uri% a%id$ bile salts$ ammonia$ %ate%holamines$ many dr• %id-base balan%e
• se%retion of hydrogen and bi%arbonate ions regulates p, of b
fluids
• <rimary fun%tion of nephron loop
• water %onser!ation$ also in!ol!ed in ele%trolyte reabsorption
b ti d ti t th ;/F
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• ;/F performs final adjustment of urine
• %ti!e se%retion or absorption
• bsorption
• Fubular %ells a%ti!ely resorb a6 and /l-
• Hn e*%hange for potassium or hydrogen ions 7se%rete
eabsorption and se%retion at the ;/F
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Fubular 5e%retion and 5olute eabsorption at the ;/
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Fubular 5e%retion and 5olute eabsorption at the ;/
;/F and /olle%ting ;u%t
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;/F and /olle%ting ;u%t
• )ffe%t of aldosterone
• ↓ ?< %auses angiotensin HH formation
•angiotensin HH stimulates adrenal %orte*
• adrenal %orte* se%retes aldosterone
• aldosterone promotes a6 reabsorption
• a6 reabsorption promotes water reabsorption
• water reabsorption ↓ urine !olume
•?< drops less rapidly
;/F and /olle%ting ;u%t 2
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;/F and /olle%ting ;u%t 2
• )ffe%t of atrial natriureti% fa%tor 7(9
• ↑ ?< stimulates right atrium
• atrium se%retes (
• ( promotes a6 and water e*%retion
• ?< drops
• )ffe%t of ;,
• dehydration stimulates hypothalamus
• hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary
• posterior pituitary releases ;,
• ;, ↑ water reabsorption• urine !olume ↓
/olle%ting ;u%t /on%entrates rine
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/olle%ting ;u%t /on%entrates rine
• 0smolarity 4*
in medulla• Medullary por
permeable to
to a/l
/ounter%urrent Multiplier
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/ounter%urrent Multiplier
• e%aptures a/l and returns it to renal medulla
• ;es%ending limb
• reabsorbs water but not salt
• %on%entrates tubular fluid
• s%ending limb
• reabsorbs a6$ B6$ and /l-
• maintains high osmolarity of renal medulla
• impermeable to water
• tubular fluid be%omes hypotoni%
• e%y%ling of urea: %olle%ting du%t-medulla• urea a%%ounts for 4>8 of high osmolarity of medulla
/ounter%urrent Multiplier
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/ounter%urrent Multiplier
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/ounter%urrent )*%hange 5ystem
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/ounter%urrent )*%hange 5ystem
• (ormed by !asa re%ta
•
pro!ide blood supply to medulla• ;es%ending %apillaries
• a/l diffuses into blood
• s%ending %apillaries
• water diffuses into blood
Maintenan%e of 0smolarity in enal Medulla
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Maintenan%e of 0smolarity in enal Medulla
5ummary of Fubular eabsorption and 5e%retion
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5ummary of Fubular eabsorption and 5e%retion
5ummary of enal (un%tion
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5ummary of enal (un%tion
/omposition and <roperties of rine
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/omposition and <roperties of rine• ppearan%e
• almost %olorless to deep amberG yellow %olor due to uro%hrom
breakdown of hemoglobin 7?/Is9
•
0dor - as it stands ba%teria degrade urea to ammonia• 5pe%ifi% gra!ity
• density of urine ranges from 1.>2 -1.>3
• 0smolarity - 7blood - 3>> m0smDE9 ranges from
1>> m0smDE to 1$2>> m0smDE in dehydrated person
• p, - range: 4. - &.2$ usually ".>• /hemi%al %omposition: '8 water$ 8 solutes
• urea$ a/l$ B/l$ %reatinine$ uri% a%id
rine Jolume
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rine Jolume
• ormal !olume - 1 to 2 EDday
•
<olyuria @ 2EDday• 0liguria A >> mEDday
• nuria - > to 1>> mE
enal (un%tion Fests
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• enal %learan%e: !olume of blood plasma %leared of a wa
in 1 minute• ;etermine renal %learan%e 7/9 by assessing blood and u
samples: / C JD<
• 7waste %on%entration in urine9
• J 7rate of urine output9
•
< 7waste %on%entration in plasma9• ;etermine =(: inulin is neither reabsorbed or se%reted
for this solute =( C renal %learan%e =( C JD<
enal (un%tion Fests
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• /reatinine %learan%e:
•
eliminates &4 mg of %reatinine ea%h hour • plasma %reatinine %on%entration of 1.4 mgDdl
• 1>> mlDmin
ormal parameter
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p
• ?( : 12>> mlDmin
•
<( : "2 mlDmin• (ra%tion filtration : 2>8
• =( : 12 mlD min
• rin produ%tion : 1-2 mlD menit
ging
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g g
• A decline in the number of functional nephrons.
• Fhe total number of kidney nephrons drops by 3>K4> 8 betwee
and &.• A reduction of the GFR.
• de%reased numbers of glomeruli$ %umulati!e damage to the filtr
apparatus in the remaining glomeruli$ and redu%tions in renal blo
• A reduced sensitivity to ADH.
• the distal portions of the nephron and %olle%ting system be%omeresponsi!e to ;,.
• Eess reabsorption of water and sodium ions$ and more sodium
in urine.