Financial Aid Overview TASFAA New Aid Officers Workshop May 16, 2011
First Aid Advance - Officers
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11 11
INTRODUCTION OF FIRST AID
DEFINITION: First aid is the immediate help given to
the sick or injured person at the spot before proper medical
treatment.
AIM/OBJECT:1. To save life through:
(a) Artificial respiration.
(b) Stop Haemorrhage (bleeding).
2. Prevent his condition from becoming worse by:(a) immobilization of fracture.
(b) Cover the wound
3. To Promote recovery by:
Re-assurance
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES/ASSESSMENT OFFIRST AID
Following are the general principles which are adopted in first aid:
� Act quickly, quietly, gently and with present mind.
� Safety of casualty and of yourself.
� Assessment of casualty that which one need priority is tobe established.
� Apply ABC rule (Airway, breathing, circulation).
� Stop haemorrhage (bleeding).
� Immobilize fracture cases.
� Observe for shock.
� Nothing is to be given by mouth to unconscious person.
� Evacuate the casualty to nearest hospital.
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PRIORITIESW
henever an injury is received, the first and mostimportant thing is the setting of priorities. In doing
so, two types of surveys are carried out. They are:
� Has a patient have clear Airway.� Is breathing adequately. If not breathing, start
artificial respiration.
� Has adequate circulation. If not start CPR
(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation).� Control server bleeding.
� If casually is breathing but unconscious, turn
him into recovery position.
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CONDUCT A SECOND SURVEY
After the primary survey is completed, carry
out secondary survey in following manner.
� Cover all serious wounds and burn.
� Immobilize fracture/dislocations or suspected
fracture case.
� Get the casualty to Hospital as soon as
possible.
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BREATHING SYSTEM
INSPIRED AIR EXPIRED AIR
NITROGENNITROGEN 79%79% 79%79%
OXYGENOXYGEN 20%20% 16%16%
CARON DICARON DI
OXIDEOXIDE
0.04%0.04% 4.04%4.04%
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CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Definition: It is an artificial method to restore function of the heart and lungs.(an emergency life saving method)
Method:
1. Apply ABC Rule
a. To clear the Airway.
b. To provide Breathing .
c. To check circulation (Pulse).
2. Position
In supine position on hard surface (ground or planks).
3. One man Method
02 Puff 8 compressions
4. Two man Method
01 Puff 4 compressions
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SNAKE BITE
Types of Snakes
1. Poisonous snakes
2. Nonpoisonous snakes.
Classification of Poison:
a. Viperine
(1) Haemorrhagic: It destroys lining of blood vessels
(2) Haemolytic It destroys blood cells (RBC, WBC
& Platelets).
b. Colubrine It blocks nerve cells and produces
respiratory failure and shock.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of snakebite are:a. Viperine
(1) Pain, Oedema and discolouration of skin.
(2) Faintness, Nausea and vomiting.
(3) Loss of sight.
(4) Rapidly fall in blood pressure.
(5) Shock.
(6) Death may occur in 24 to 48 hours
b. Colubrine(1) Pain, nausea and vomiting.
(2) Feel difficulty in breathing.
(3) Paralysis.
(4) Convulsion, Apnea and Death.
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FIRST AID TREATMENT
Following first aid treatment is to be given to patients
a. Reassurance the casualty.
b. Stay quiet, do not move the casualty, unnecessary movement
cause rapidly of poison.
c. Keep the casualty laying but keep the bitten part down.
d. Apply tourniquet, do not tie it very tight and loose it after every
15-20 minutes for 30 seconds to one minute for the
maintenance of blood circulation.
d. Apply cold application on bitten area.
g. Do not allow the patient to sleep
h. Observe for shock
j. Evacuate to hospital
NOTE: Acknowledge to casualty about injection of antivenim.
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DOG BITE
INTRODUCTION
Dog saliva has germs that are known as rabies.
Rabies can only be infected if the animal ismedically examined.
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DOG BITE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Control bleeding (in serious wounds)
b. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and
water/available antiseptic lotion.
c. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing.
d. Cases of dog bite should be reported to the
medical officer/hospital.e. Give him acknowledge that, all dog bite cases
required anti-rabies vaccination.
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POISONS
INTRODUCTION
Any substance, which enters into the body in
large quantity and becomes harmful for life is
called poison.
CLASSIFICATION OF POISON
A Corrosive: These are chemicals which
produce burn, acid and alkalis.
B. Narcotics: These are substances e.gbarbiturate, opium derives, which produce
drowsiness, stupor and coma.
C. Irritants: Rotten foods and fruits, which
produce food poisoning.
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POISONSHOW POISON ENTER INTO THE
BODY
a. BY MOUTH: Through swallowing.
b. BY NOSE: Through inhalation.
c. BY SKIN & VEINS: Through injection &
snakebite
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FIRST AID TREATMENT
Induce vomiting in case of narcotics and irritant poisoning
mix salt and water at ratio one tablespoon of salt in one
glass of water for drink. Search the pocket of the casualty
and surrounding area for any doubtful material:
Induced vomiting in following cases:
a. Barbiturate poisoning.
b. Acid and alkalis poisoning.
c. Give plenty of water to casualty to neutralize the
present or expected action of poison.
d. Observe vital signs.
e. Evacuate the casualty to hospital as soon as possible
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BREATHING SYSTEM
DEFINITION:
Breathing system is called respiratory system, which
consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial trees
and lungs.
RESPIRATION
The act of inspiration and expiration is called respiration.
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ASPHYXIA
DEFINITION:
It is condition in which lack of oxygen and excess of
carbon dioxide in body tissues due to
a. Inability to breath
b. Less O2 in air breather
CAUSES
Following are the causes of asphyxia
a. Spasm:- Caused by the food going down in the
wrong way e.g as water in drowning.
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b. Obstruction:Caused by falling of tongue back in
the throat as an unconscious patient
c. Suffocation: By tie collar, hanging and pressure in
crowd.
d. Miscellaneous Caused :- Head injury, Spinal
injuries, brain diseases and due to some drugs.
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ASPHYXIA
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:a. Difficulty in breathing
b. Cyanosis(Face, lip and nails become blue)
c. Consciousness is gradually lost.
d. Fits may occur
FIRST AID TREATMENT OF ASPHYXIA
a. Remove the patient from the cause or cause fromthe patient
b. Loosen all tight clothing clear the airway.c. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.
d. Keep the patient warm.
e. Provide easy breathing facilities
f. Evacuate the patient to hospital.
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UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES
INTRODUCTIONUnconsciousness means the state of insensibility in whichthe casualties are unaware of their surroundings and theyare unable to make purposeful movement. When respondssluggishly and than fall sleep this is called Drowsiness´W
hen patient react to pin prick, this state is called stupor.When he does not react, it is called coma condition or complete loss of consciousness.
CAUSES
Followings are the causes of unconscious casualtiesa. Asphyxiab. Epilepsyc. Head injuryd. Drug poisoning.E. Electric shock
f. Blast injuries of lungsg. Diabetes
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UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
a. Lay down the casualty in comfortable recoveryposition.
b. Loosen all tight clothing.
c. Apply ABC rule.i. Clear airway.
ii. Artificial respiration, if breathing ceased.
iii. Circulation (stop bleeding CPR if required)
d. Do not leave the casualty un-attendant.e. Nothing by mouth to unconscious casualty.
f. Evacuate the casualty to to hospital as soon aspossible.
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DROWNING
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Remove the casualty from water.
b. Clear the airway, remove foreign bodies from themouth like artificial denture and mud etc.
c. If heart beat cease, start CPR.
d. Give him hot drinks, coffee, tea etc.
e. Give him blankets, to keep warm.
f. Replace the wet clothing with dry clothing.
g. Stop bleeding if any and apply sterilize dressing
h. Evacuate him to nearest hospital.
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DISLOCATION
DEFINITION
Displacement of bone from the joint is called dislocation.
CAUSES
a. Direct violence.b. Indirect Violence.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
a. Pain at the joint.
b. Deformity.c . Loss of function.
d. Swelling
e. Shock may or may not be Neurogenic
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DISLOCATION
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Place the patient in comfortable position.
b. Treat as a fracture case.
c. Never do reduction without experience.
d. Relieve the pain.
e. Observe for shock.f. Evacuate the victim to hospital
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HEAD INJURIES
SIGN AND SYMPTOMSa. Headache.
b. visual disturbance.
c. Loss of consciousness.
d. Paralysis.
e. Nausea and vomiting.
f. Convulsion, shock & death may occur
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HEAD INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position.
b. Clear the airway and start artificial respiration CPR if
required.
c. To assess & record the level of response.
d. Control bleeding.
e. Reassurance to the casualty.
f. Record vital sign (BP Plus and respiration).
g. Evacuate the casualty to hospital
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CHEST INJURIES
INTRODUCTIONChest cavity contains heart, lungs and major blood vessel.
They are protected by ribs and sternum (breast bone).
Chest injuries cause severe internal damage.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. Difficulty and painful breathing.
b. Shock.
c. Coughed up frothy red blood.
d. Cyanosis (blueness) of lips and nail.
e. Blood bubbling our of the wound.
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CHEST INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Manage casualties in upright sitting position, incline
toward the injured side.
b. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing.
c. Record vital signs.
d. To minimize the risk of shock.
e. Restrict unnecessary movement.
f. Avoid talking coughing and sneezing.
g. Evacuate him to hospital
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BLAST INJURIES
SIGN AND SYMPTOMSa. Severe degree of shock
b. Difficulty in breathing, respiration may be rapid &
shallow.
c. Pain chest & at the site of wound & cough also.
d. Fracture may be, may not be.
e. Blueness of the face & lips.
f. Unconsciousness in serious cases.
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BLAST INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Raise the head & shoulders of the patient.
b. Keep the patient warm, quiet & rested.
c. Loose the tight clothing to ensure unrestrictedbreathing.
d. In case of asphyxia, artificial respiration as soon as
possible.
e. Treat the fracture & wound accordingly.
f. Relieve pain by all possible means.
g. Reassure the conscious patients.
h. Evacuate him to hospital
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ABDOMINAL INJURIES
INTRODUCTION Abdominal cavity contains stomach, small and large
intestines liver, spleen, kidney and pancreas etc. The
severity of abdominal injury cause internal bleeding, which
is the major source of infection..
SIGN AND SYMPTOM
a Severe pain.
b. Bleeding external/internal.
c. Blood pressure low.
d. Shock.
e. Face pale skin, cold and clammy.
f. Restlessness.
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ABDOMINAL INJURIES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Lay down casualty in comfortable position.
b. Apply ABC rule.
c. Control bleeding with sterilized dressing.
d. If the casualty cough or vomit press firmly on thedressing to stop abdominal contents pushing outthrough the wound.
e. To minimize the risk of infection.f. Observe for shock.
g. Vital sign record.
h. Evacuate to hospital
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HEAT STROKE
DEFINITION1. Heat stroke is caused by excessive exposure to
heat not necessary the direct rays of the sun.
2. The failure of heat controlling Centre in the brain
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. Headache
b. Irritability and disturb vision
c. Skin hot, red and dry
d. Orally temperature 105F to 109F
e. Convulsion.
f. Pulse rapid.
g. Unconscious, death may occur
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HEAT STROKE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
1. Place the patient in cool place in supine position.
2. Reduce the temperature rapidly not below 101F.3. Cover the body with sheet soaked in ice water.
4. Evacuate him to hospital
SIG
N AND SYMPTOMSa. Do not give him stimulant.
b. Never give morphine
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HEAT EXHAUSTION
DEFINITIONHeat exhaustion is caused by the loss of salt and water
from the body
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. Profuse sweating.
b. Fainting, Nausea and vomiting.
c. Muscular cramp.d. Temperature subnormal.
e. Skin cool, pale and moist.
f. Respiration shallow.
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HEAT EXHAUSTION
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Remove the casualty in cool place.b. Prevent him from shock.
c. Give him water and salt (ORS)
d. Give him stimulant e.g tea and coffee.
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
a. En-Courage to drink excess amount of water.
b. Use ORS (Oral Re-hydration salt) in water whenworking in the hot atmosphere.
CAUTION:
Excessive amount of salt should be avoided as it maycause condition as thirst, gastro intestinal irritation diarrheaand abdominal cramp.
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FIRST AID MANAGEMENT AT SITE
1. Priority and assessment.
2. Clear air way.
3. Stop bleeding.
4. Immobilize the fractured part.
5. Cover the wound if any
6. Re-assure the patient if conscious.
7. Evacuate to nearest hospital
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SHIFTING PROCEDURE IN AN
AMBULANCE
1. Use of various stretchers as per space.
2. Type of stretchers
i. Army field stretchers.
ii. Neil Robert son stretchers.
iii. Wire mash stretchers
iv. Improvised (bed sheet, blanket etc).
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SHOCK
DEFINITION
Shock is caused due to sudden depression of vital
functions of the body. The severity of shock depends upon
the severity of injury.
TYPES OF SHOCK
a. Psychogenic/Psychotic shock: It is caused by good
or sad news and sudden emotional excitement.
b. Cardiogenic Shock:- It is caused by heart failure.
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SHOCK
c. Neurogenic Shock It is caused by severe pain I.efracture, burn and injuries.
d. Electric Shock It is caused by heavy electric current
transferring the never path
e. Wound shock It is caused by severe wounds. It is
most commonly seen in battle field and road traffic
accidents.
f. HAEMORRGAGIC SHOCK This type of shock
caused due to severe Haemorrhage, lose of blood
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SHOCK
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. Skin pale, cold and clammy.
b. Profuse sweating.
c. Pupil dilated.
d. Respiration shallow, irregular and fast.
e. Nausea, thirst and anxiety.
f. Fainting/Giddiness
g. Blood pressure low.
h. Pulse rapid and weak
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SHOCK
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Remove the patient from the cause or remove the
cause form the patient.
b. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position.
c. Clear the air way.
d. Loosen the tight clothing.
e. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.
f. Elevate the feet.
g. Keep the patient warm.
h. Evacuate to hospital a soon as possible.
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WOUND
DEFINITIONWound is abnormal breaking of skin and tissues of body.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
a. Open Wound:- Breakage in the skin and tissues.
b. Closed Wound:-There in no break in the skin.
TYPES OF WOUND
a. Bruises: It is caused by blunt object which results
breaking of small blood vessels beneath the skin due to
which becomes blue or black.
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WOUND
b. Abrasion: It is caused by rubbing of skin on ground
with a little bleeding.c. Incised Wound: Caused by sharp object and bleed
heavily.
c. Stab Wound:- It is caused by sharp pointed objects.
The wound looks small but it goes deep.
e. Lacerated Wound: It is caused by blow of stone to
the skin.Unmanaged cuts
f. Gun shot Wound:- Bullet makes a small wound,where they enter and make a large wound where
make their exit. Piece of cloth or metal may be left in
the wounds.
. Other Wound:- B animal bite as do , cat and snake.
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WOUND
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Lay down casualty in comfortable position.
b. Expose the injured area for examination.
c. Remove the foreign body, which is visible and easilyremovable.
d. Stop bleedinge. Clean the wound
f. Relieve pain.
g. Re assurance the patient
h. Evacuate the patient to hospitalPRECAUTION:-
Give him knowledge about injection TT 1/2cc in wound and
external injuries
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HAEMORRHAGE
DEFINITIONThe escape of blood from the blood vessels of the body
TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGE
a. Arterial Haemorrhage: Escape of blood from theartery. It is bright red in colour, faster jet in flow.
b. Venous Haemorrhage:- Escape of blood from the
vein, it is dark red in colour and steady inflow.c. Capillary Haemorrhage:- Escape of blood from
the capillaries. It oozes from the wound. It is
intermediate in colour.
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HAEMORRHAGE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
a. Lay down casualty in comfortable position.
b. Clear the air way.
c. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.
d. Control bleeding by following methods.
i. Direct pressure (apply dressing)
ii. Indirect pressure by applying tourniquet, laces,belt or handkerchief.
Iii. Cold application
e. Evacuate the casualty to hospital
BURN AND SCALDS
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BURN AND SCALDS
INTRODUCTION
BURN:
Destruction of skin and tissues due variety of to heat anddry chemical is called burn
SCALD:
Destruction of tissues due to moist heat is called scalds.
CAUSES:
a. Flamesb. Radiation
c. Corresive chemical i.e acid and alkalis etc.
d. Hot water and oil
e. Steam.
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BURN AND SCALDS
SIG
N AND SYMPTOMSa. Severe pain
b. Shock (due to sever pain and loss of fluids)
c. Difficulty in breathing.
d. Thirst and vomiting.
e. Loss of fluid.
f. Pulse increased.
g. Unconscious may be.
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FIRST AID TREATMENT OF BURN
1. REMOVE THE PATIENT FROM THE CAUSE/CAUSE
FROM THE PATIENT.
2. PLACE THE PATIENT IN COMPORTABLE POSITION.
3. REMOVE ALL THE CLOTHING FROM BURN AREA
EXCEPT THAT WHICH ARE STICKED WITH BODY.
4. DO NOT BREAKE BLISTER.
5. APPLY COLD WATER ON BURN AREA.
6. APPLY STERILIZED DRESSING.
7. RELIEVE PAIN.
8. GIVE PLENTY OF WATER FOR DRINK.
9. PREVENT FROM INFECTION.
10. EVACUATE TO THE HOSPITAL.
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DEGREES OF BURN
IST DEGREE:
Redness of skin without blister
2ND DEGREE:
Redness of skin with blister
3RD DEGREE
Destruction of full thickness of skin deep tissue
and some time bone also.
BANDAGES
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BANDAGES
DEFINITION
These are the material, which are used to cover the
wound, control bleeding absorb the secretion and protect
from germs/dust infection etc. These are free from micro-
organisms.
TYPES
a. Simple bandage (Compressed/Un-Compressed)
b. Triangular c. Suspensary bandage
d. Manitaile bandage
e. Crepe bandage (Crab)
f. Finger bandage
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APPLICATION OF BANDAGES
a. Clean the wound from inner to outer side with
bandage cloth/cotton & antiseptic lotion.
b. Do not touch the wound directly with out gloves.
c. Bandage should be applied from the side of the wound
and from inner to out ward.
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FRACTURE
DEFINITION:-
Breaking of bone due to any cause is called fracture.
CAUSES:
Fracture causes due to direct violence and indirect
violence and due to some diseases like TB and cancer of
bone etc.
CLASSIFICATION
a. Simple: Bone is broken but surrounding skin
is intact.
b. Compound: Bone is broken with open wound
FRACTURE
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FRACTURE
TYPES:
a. Green stick Fracture Bone shaft is bent and
cracked but not completely broken. It is most
common in children.
b. Comminuted FractureBone is broken into more
than two pieces.
c. Complicated Fracture Bone is broken with tissue
surrounding area also injured.
d. Impact Fracture The edges of broken bone aredriven into one another.
e. Depressed Fracture In this fracture a fragment of
bone is driven the surrounding of the bones. This is
common in skull bone.
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FRACTURE
f. Pathological Fracture:- It is due to weakness of bone caused by diseases like cancer and TB of Bones
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
a. Severe pain at the site of fracture.
b. Loss of function of that part.
c. Deformity of fracture part.
d. Crepitus (sound of broken bone).
e. Colour change and swelling.
f. Unnatural movements
g. Restlessness.
h. Unconsciousness may be and may not be.
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SLINGS AND IMMOBILIZATION
SLING
S:DEFINITION:
Slings are those materials which are use to support or
dress the effected part.
IMMOBILIZATION
DEFINITION
It is a procedure to support and restrict the movement of
fractured part
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