1. FIREARM INJURIES Rifled and Smooth-bore firearm injuryGroup B

2. Flow of todays session 3. Quick Briefing Proximal Ballistics 4. Quick Briefing on Forensic Ballistics-Rifled 5. Quick Briefing on Proximal Ballistics-Shotgun 6. Firearm Injury General Aspects 7. Firearm injury-General Aspects Tattooing (peppering/stippling): Small, descrete, black specks which cant be wiped off Caused due to grains of gunpowder driven into skin 8. Firearm injury-General Aspects Blackening/Smudging: Carbonaceous deposition on skin which can be easily wiped off. Caused by deposition of smoke on skin 9. Firearm injury-General Aspects Lead ring/Metal ring: Deposition of very small quantity of lead deposition at site of entry of projectile 10. Firearm injury-General Aspects Grease collar/Dirt collar: Carried lubricant from the barrel of firearm on the projectile 11. Firearm injury-General Aspects EntityDistance travelledInjuries/Features exhibited on woundRevolver/ PistolRiflesFlame7.5cm15cmUnburnt gunpowder grains60cm75cm, Tattooing 90cm maxPartially burnt gunpowder grainsVarVarTattooingSmoke15cm20-40cmBlackening/SmudgingProjectileVarVarAbrasion collar, contusion collar, grease collarScorching, singeing(burning) 12. Firearm injury-General Aspects Position of targetFlameRANGE of shootingContactGun powderCloseNearDistant 13. Rifled-firearm injury Entry wound and exit wound 14. Entry wound-Contact shot Point blank shot Cruciate/stellate/star shaped when over a dense area like cranial vault (explosive effects of gases Circular when over thin bone/abdomen with abrasion or contusion collar 15. Entry wound-Contact shot Burning, blackening and tattooing are slight or absent (driven into the wound)Surrounding hair are singedImprint of muzzle end may be found stamped on skin 16. Entry wound-Contact shotTissues saturated with CO and show cherry red colorDiameter of hole + collar = Approx. diameter of the bullet 17. Entry wound-Close contactCircular hole surrounded by scorching, singeing and smudgingAbrasion collar, grease collar and tattooing present 18. Entry wound-Near shot Circular or ovalSingeing of hair and scorching absent Smudging not seen beyond 30cm Grease collar and abrasion collar present 19. Entry wound-Distant shot Circular with inverted marginsScorching, tattooing and smudging are all absentGrease collar and abrasion collar present 20. Possibilities are endless 21. Entry wound-Summary ShotShapeContactCruciate (dense), circular (thin bone,ab domenCloseCircular or ovalDistantCircularSingeing SmudgingTatooingAbrasion Grease collar collarNot comme -ntedCircularNearScorchingUpto 30 cmUpto 90 cm max 22. Exit wound Vary greatly in size, shape and configurationUsually larger than the corresponding wound of entry Scorching, blackening, and tattooing absent Abrasion collar and grease collar also absentEdges invariably everted Outward beveling in case of skull 23. Exit woundDemonstrating Exit wound by experimenting air rifle at MGIMS Dept.of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology- (Credit: Dr.Vishal Surwade) 24. Exit wound-Summary ShapeVariable, usually larger than correspo nding entry woundScorchingSingeingSmudgingTatooingAbrasion collarGrease collar 25. Difference between Entry wound and Exit wound 26. Entry and Exit wound gross appearance 27. Case of close entry and exit wound 28. Differentiating entry from exit CharacteristicsEntry woundExit woundSizeSmaller than diameter of bulletLargerEdgesInvertedEvertedAbrasion and grease collarPresentAbsentBurning, blackening, tattooingMay be presentAbsentBleedingLessMoreFat extrusionAbsentMay be presentCherry redMay be presentAbsentLead ringMay be presentAbsent 29. Smooth-bore firearm injury Entry wound and Exit wound 30. Its different from bullets-Its pellets 31. Entry wound-Contact shot Large irregular hole (Explosive blast effect) Scorching, tattooing and blackening present Imprint abrasion may be presentShot enters as a solid mass 32. Entry wound-Contact shotCherry red colored injured tissueIn cranium, large and irregular wound with fissured fractures radiating outwards from the margin 33. Entry wound-Close shot Circular defect with irregular inverted bordersEdges show scorching and blackeningFairly wide zone of tattooing 34. Entry wound-Close shot Cherry red appearance of tissuesPellets enter enmasseWads and cartridge parts may contribute to the wound 35. Entry wound-Near shot Circular or ovalSmudging not beyond 30cm Wads may produce mild abrasions (upto 30cm only) Wide area of tattooing 36. Entry wound-Distant shot Beyond 2m, no burning or blackeningTattooing is rareWads may contribute upto 5m 37. Entry wound-Distant shot Significant dispersion of pellets beyond 2m and increases progressively Old thumb rule: Diameter of spread in inches is roughly equal to range in yards x 1.5 Beyond 6m central defect diminishes to nothing and lethality is very less 38. Medicolegal aspects Firearm injuries 39. MLA Firearm injuries 1Nature of firearm2Range of fire3Direction of fire4Place from where firing took place56Cause of deathManner of death-Accidental, suicidal or homicidal 40. Putting Forensic science to use FeatureAccidentalSuicidalHomicidalSite of entry woundAny partHead/ChestAny partRangeCloseContact/CloseAny rangeDirectionAny directionUpward/backward Usually upwardNo. of woundsOneUsually oneOne or multipleFirearm residue on handPresentPresentAbsentWeapon at scenePresentPresentUsually absentLocationAnywhereUsually homeAnywhereSexUsually malesUsually malesEither sexMotiveAbsentDepression, mental illnessRobbery, revenge 41. Ballistic Trivia Just fun to know 42. Types of lead shot Dust shotConsists of extremely fine particlesBird shotConsists of lead pellets of average diameter 3.5mm, used for small game huntingBuck shotConsists of large pellets of average diameter 6-8mm, used for big game hunting 43. Unusual Ballistic effects O Billiard ball effect 44. Unusual Ballistic effects O Tandem bullet: 45. Unusual Ballistic effects O Shored exit wound 46. Unusual Ballistic effects O Yawing bullet 47. Unusual Ballistic effects O Tumbling bullet: 48. Unusual Ballistic effects O Souvenir bullet: A bullet remaining from along time in the body without invoking any certain discomfort or visible damage. 49. Unusual Ballistic effects O Kennedy phenomenon: Alteration of firearmwound due to surgical intervention 50. He fired a GUN, Im sure O Dermal Nitrate test: O Cloth dipped in molten paraffin is wrapped onthe hands of the accused O Then, cloth is removed and is treated with diphenylamine reagent on its internal surface O Appearance of blue color indicates positive test O More specific and sensitive tests: Harrisonand Gilroys test, Neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy 51. One of the most sensational cases of assassination by firearm That is mired in controversy EVEN TODAY 52. Who really shot John F. Kennedy? 53. Place of assassination 54. Lee Harvey Oswald arrested 55. Jack Ruby killed Oswald 56. President Lyndon Johnson appointed a commission 57. Headed by SCCJ Earl Warren 58. 552 witnesses 1000s of pages of evidence Final report running into 26 volumes in 1964 Stated that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing 59. Controversy Oswald fired 3 bullets But the trajectory of second shot is doubtful Suggestive of four bullets That means a 2nd gunman 60. Conspiracy doubted Lyndon Johnson bitter over his defeat by Kennedy for 1960 democratic nomination and fearing he would be dumped as Vice President JFK movie 1991 by Oliver Stone suggested New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw involved Clay Shaw was Actually arrested but aquitted for lack of evidence 61. Conclusion Still wide belief Oswald was the sole mastermind But still people keep questioning WHO REALLY SHOT JOHN.F.KENNEDY? 62. All the text is from Textbook of FMT- Dr.V.V Pillay, images taken from K.S.N. Reddy, www.lib.med.utah, relentless defence.com, google images and edited in paint, photoshop, powerpoint and movie maker, Adobe capture