FIRE WEATHER

8/6/2019 FIRE WEATHER

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MHUOE S]ODEOS@FU

@H_F]U NJ YGF HYANUSGF]F

Ot os endvfdofdt jnr nur purpnsfs tn iovoif tgfhtanspgfrf odtn sfvfrh` `hyfrs mhsfi proahro`y ndtgfor tfapfrhturf eghrhetfrostoes. Ygf `nwfst `hyfros tgf trnpnspgfrf. Yfapfrhturf od tgftrnpnspgfrf iferfhsfs wotg gfolgt, fxefpt jnrneehsondh` sgh``nw `hyfrs. Ygos tfapfrhturf

Srfssurf iferfhsfs rhpoi`y wotg gfolgt tgrnulg tgf trnpnspgfrf hdistrhtnspgfrf.

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strueturf h``nws vfrtoeh` antond hdi rfsu`thdtaoxodl. Gfdef, tgos os h lfdfrh``y aoxfi, snaf-toafs turmu`fdt `hyfr. Gfrf neeur prhetoeh``y h`è`nuis hdi stnras hdi ntgfr eghdlfs tght hjjfetjorf. Od tgos `hyfr, gnrozndth` wodis usuh``y oderfhsf

wotg gfolgt.

Ygf ifptg nj tgf trnpnspgfrf vhrofs jrna hmnut6 ao`fs nvfr tgf Dnrtg hdi Unutg Sn`fs tn hmnut 83ao`fs nvfr tgf Fquhtnr. Od tfapfrhtf hdi Sn`hr]flonds, tgf ifptg oderfhsfs snafwght od tgfsuaafr hdi iferfhsfs snafwght od tgf wodtfr. Odtgf tfapfrhtf rflonds, tgf ifptg wo`` vhry fvfdwotgod sfhsnds hs whra nr enì hor odvhifs tgfsfrflonds.

Ygf trnpnspgfrf os ehppfi my tgf trnpnphusf

- tgf trhdsotond zndf mftwffd tgf trnpnspgfrf hditgf strhtnspgfrf . Ygf trnpnphusf os usuh``yahrbfi my h tfapfrhturf aodoaua. Ot odioehtfs tgfhpprnxoahtf tnp nj endvfetovf hetovoty.

Ygrnulg anst nj tgf strhtnspgfrf, tgftfapfrhturf fotgfr oderfhsfs wotg gfolgt nriferfhsfs s`nw`y. Ot os h sthm`f rflond wotgrf`htovf`y òtt`f turmu`fdef, fxtfdiodl tn hmnut 86ao`fs hmnvf tgf fhrtg's surjhef.

Hmnvf tgf strhtnspgfrf os tgf afsnspgfrf ,

fxtfdiodl tn hmnut 63 ao`fs. Ot os eghrhetfrozfi myhd oderfhsf od tfapfrhturf jrna tgf tnp nj tgfstrhtnspgfrf tn hmnut 53 ao`fs hmnvf tgf fhrtg'ssurjhef, hdi tgfd my h iferfhsf od tfapfrhturf tnhmnut 63 ao`fs hmnvf tgf surjhef.

Ygf tgfranspgfrf os tgf nutfranst `hyfr,fxtfdiodl jrna tgf tnp nj tgf afsnspgfrf tn tgftgrfsgnì nj sphef. Ot os eghrhetfrozfi my h stfhio`yoderfhsodl tfapfrhturf wotg gfolgt.

@ft us dnw rfturd tn nur prodeoph` odtfrfst - tgf

trnpnspgfrf - hdi fxhaodf ot h òtt`f anrf E`nsf`y.Ygf trnpnspgfrf os h rflond nj eghdlf hm`fwfhtgfr. Ot endthods hmnut tgrff-quhrtfrs nj tgffhrtg's htanspgfrf od wfolgt, hdi dfhr`y h`` nj otswhtfr vhpnr hdi ehrmnd ionxoif.


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Enapnsotond nj tgf Yrnpnspgfrf

Hor od tgf trnpnspgfrf os enapnsfi anst`y njtwn lhsfs. Iry hor endsosts nj hmnut


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FDF]L_ OD YGF Y]NSNUGSF]F

Yrfafdinus quhdtotofs nj fdfrly hrf jfiodtn tgf trnpnspgfrf, sfttodl ot od antond hdiahbodl ot wnrb od ahdy whys tn erfhtf nur fvfr-eghdlodl wfhtgfr. Ht hdy toaf hdi p`hef, tgffdfrly ahy mf od hdy ndf jnra nr h enamodhtond njsfvfrh` jnras. H`` fdfrly, gnwfvfr, enafs fotgfriorfet`y nr odiorfet`y jrna tgf sud.

Uoap`y ifjodfi, fdfrly os tgf ehpheoty tn inwnrb. Ots anrf enaand jnras hrf gfht nr tgfrah`fdfrly, rhiohdt fdfrly, afeghdoeh` fdfrly (wgoegahy gf fotgfr pntfdtoh` nr bodftoe ), egfaoeh`fdfrly, hdi f`fetroeh` fdfrly. Ygfrf hrf h`snhtnaoe, an`feu`hr, hdi due`fhr fdfrly.

Fdfrly ehd mf, hdi endsthdt`y os mfodl,trhdsjnrafi jrna ndf jnra tn hdntgfr, mut fdfrly osh`whys endsfrvfi od tgf prnefss. Ot ehddnt mferfhtfi dnr ifstrnyfi, h`tgnulg h trhdsjnrahtondmftwffd fdfrly hdi ahss infs neeur od htnaoerfhetonds.

Bodftoe fdfrly os fdfrly nj antond, wgfrfhspntfdtoh` fdfrly os fdfrly iuf tn pnsotond, usuh``ywotg rfspfet tn tgf fhrtg's lrhvothtondh` jofì. Ygfantond nj h pfdiuùa os h lnni fxhap`f nj tgfodtfreghdlf nj pntfdtoh` hdi bodftoe fdfrly. Ht tgffdi nj ots swodl, h pfdiuùa ghs pntfdtoh` fdfrlytght os fxpfdifi od tgf inwd strnbf hdi endvfrtfitn bodftoe fdfrly. Ygos bodftoe fdfrly òjts tgfpfdiuùa hlhodst tgf jnref nj lrhvoty nd tgfupstrnbf, hdi tgf trhdsjnrahtond mheb tn tgfpntfdtoh` fdfrly neeurs. @nssfs ehusfi my jroetondnj tgf systfa hppfhr od tgf jnra nj gfht fdfrly.Ygf sud os tgf fhrtg's snuref nj gfht hdi ntgfrjnras nj fdfrly.

Ygf enaand stnrhlf mhttfry od eghrlfiendiotond pnssfssfs egfaoeh` fdfrly. \gfd tgfmhttfry tfraodh`s hrf enddfetfi tn h suothm`fendiuetnr, egfaoeh` rfhetond prniuefs f`fetroeh`fdfrly. \gfd h mhttfry os enddfetfi tn h antnr,tgf f`fetroeh` fdfrly os endvfrtfi tn afeghdoeh`fdfrly od tgf rnthtond nj tgf rntnr hdi sghjt. \gfdtgf tfraodh`s hrf enddfetfi tn h rfsostnr, tgff`fetroeh` fdfrly os endvfrtfi tn tgfrah` fdfrly.\gfd òlgtdodl sthrts jnrfst jorfs, h soao`hrendvfrsond thbfs p`hef.

Fdfrly os prfsfdt od tgfsf vhronus jnras odtgf htanspgfrf. Ygfy hrf dfvfr od mh`hdef,gnwfvfr, hdi hrf endsthdt`y udifrlnodl end-

Egfaoeh` fdfrly ehd mf trhdsjnrafi odtn f`fetroeh` fdfrly, wgoegod turd ehd mf trhdsjnrafi odtn afeghdoeh` fdfrly nr tgfrah`

fdfrly.

vfrsond jrna ndf jnra tn hdntgfr, hs od tgf ehsf njtgf pfdiuùa nr tgf stnrhlf mhttfry. Ygfor enaandsnuref os tgf rhiohdt fdfrly jrna tgf sud.

Hmsnrptond nj tgos fdfrly whras tgf surjhef nj tgffhrtg, hdi gfht os fxeghdlfi mftwffd tgf fhrtg'ssurjhef hdi tgf `nwfr trnpnspgfrf.

Gfht Fdfrly hdi Yfapfrhturf

Gfht fdfrly rfprfsfdts tgf tnth` an`feu`hr fdfrly

nj h sumsthdef hdi os tgfrfjnrf ifpfdifdt upndmntg tgf duamfr nj an`feu`fs hdi tgf iflrff njan`feu`hr hetovoty. Yfapfrhturf, h`tgnulg rf`htfitn gfht, os ifjodfi hs tgf iflrff nj tgf gntdfss nrenìdfss nj h sumsthdef, iftfraodfi my tgf iflrffnj ots an`feu`hr hetovoty. Yfapfrhturf rfj`fets tgfhvfrhlf an`feu`hr hetovoty hdi os afhsurfi my htgfranaftfr nd h ifsoldhtfi seh`f, sueg hs tgfJhgrfdgfot seh`f nr tgf Ef`sous seh`f.

Oj gfht os hppòfi tn h sumsthdef, hdi tgfrf os dneghdlf od pgysoeh` strueturf (sueg hs `ff tn whtfr

nr whtfr tn vhpnr), tgf an`feu`hr hetovoty oderfhsfshdi tgf tfapfrhturf rosfs. Oj h sumsthdef `nsfsgfht, hlhod wotgnut h eghdlf od pgysoeh` strueturf,tgf an`feu`hr hetovoty iferfhsfs hdi tgftfapfrhturf irnps.


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H`` jnras nj fdfrly od tgf htanspgfrf stfa nrolodh``y jrna tgf rhiohdt fdfrly nj tgf sud tght whras tgf surjhef nj tgf fhrtg.Fdfrly eghdlfs jrna ndf tn hdntgfr od tgf htanspgfrf2 sn infs fdfrly od h swodlodl pfdiu`ua.

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Gfht hdi tfapfrhturf iojjfr od tght gfht ehd mfendvfrtfi tn ntgfr jnras nj fdfrly hdi ehd mftrhdsjfrrfi jrna ndf sumsthdef tn hdntgfr, wgo`ftfapfrhturf ghs dfotgfr ehphmoòty. Yfapfrhturf,gnwfvfr, iftfraodfs tgf iorfetond nj dft gfhttrhdsjfr jrna ndf sumsthdef tn hdntgfr. Gfhth`whys j`nws jrna tgf sumsthdef wotg tgf golgfrtfapfrhturf tn tgf ndf wotg tgf `nwfr tfapfrhturf,hdi stnps j`nwodl wgfd tgf tfapfrhturfs hrffquh`. Od tgos fxeghdlf nj gfht, tgf fdfrly lhodfimy tgf enn`fr sumsthdef fquh`s tght lovfd up my tgfwhrafr sumsthdef, mut tgf tfapfrhturf eghdlfs njtgf twn hrf dnt dfefsshro`y fquh`.

Uodef iojjfrfdt sumsthdefs ghvf iojjfrfdtan`feu`hr strueturfs, tgf shaf hanudt nj gfhthppòfi tn fquh` ahssfs nj iojjfrfdt sumsthdefs wo`èhusf ndf sumsthdef tn lft gnttfr tghd tgf ntgfr. Odntgfr wnris, tgfy ghvf iojjfrfdt gfht ehpheotofs. Hudot nj gfht ehpheoty usfi od tgf Fdlòsg systfa njafhsurfs os tgf Mrotosg tgfrah` udot (M.t.u.). NdfM.t.u. os tgf hanudt nj gfht rfquorfi tn rhosf tgftfapfrhturf nj 8 pnudi nj whtfr 8J.

Ygf rhton nj tgf gfht ehpheoty nj h sumsthdef tntght nj whtfr os ifjodfi hs tgf spfeojoe gfht nj tgfsumsthdef. Ygus, tgf spfeojoe gfht nj whtfr os8.3-aueg golgfr tghd tgf spfeojoe gfht nj ntgfrenaand sumsthdefs ht htanspgfroe tfapfrhturfs.Jnr fxhap`f, anst wnnis ghvf spfeojoe gfhtsmftwffd 3.96 hdi 3.:62 oef, 3.9?2 iry hor, 3.=92 hdiiry sno` hdi rneb, hmnut 3.=3. Ygus, `hrlf mniofs nj

whtfr ehd stnrf `hrlf quhdtotofs nj gfht hditgfrfjnrf hrf lrfht anifrhtnrs nj tfapfrhturf.

Oj gfht j`nws mftwffd twn sumsthdefs njiojjfrfdt spfeojoe gfhts, tgf rfsu`todl rosf odtfapfrhturf nj tgf enn`fr sumsthdef wo`` mfiojjfrfdt jrna tgf rfsu`todl iferfhsf od tfapfrhturfnj tgf whrafr sumsthdef. Jnr fxhap`f, oj 8 pnudinj whtfr ht


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Vdifr endsthdt prfssurf, tgf vnùaf oderfhsfs hdi tgf ifdsoty iferfhsfshs tfapfrhturf rosfs, hdi tgf vnùaf iferfhsfs hdi tgf ifdsoty oderfhsfshs tfapfrhturf jh``s.

\gfd lhs fxphdis, ot aust pfrjnra wnrb od tgfprnefss hdi tgfrfjnrf fxpfdi snaf nj ots odtfrdh`(an`feu`hr) fdfrly. Iferfhsodl tgf odtfrdh` fdfrly`nwfrs tgf tfapfrhturf. Ygfrfjnrf, fxphdsond osfssfdtoh``y h ennòdl prnefss. Endvfrsf`y, wgfd hlhs os enaprfssfi, wnrb os indf nd tgf lhs hditgos rfsu`ts od hd oderfhsf

od tgf odtfrdh` fdfrly nj tgf lhs. Ygus, ena-prfssond os h gfhtodl prnefss. Enaprfssond hdifxphdsond hrf endtoduodl prnefssfs od tgf ht-anspgfrf hdi heenudt jnr mntg sthmoòzhtond hdieghdlf od wfhtgfr hetovoty.

Eghdlfs nj Uthtf

Aueg anrf irhahtoe, mfehusf nj tgf lrfhtfrfdfrly `fvf`s odvn`vfi, hrf tgf trhdsjnrahtonds odnur htanspgfrf mftwffd snòi (oef) hdi òquoi(whtfr), hdi h`sn mftwffd òquoi (whtfr) hdi lhs(whtfr vhpnr). Ygfsf "eghdlf nj sthtf"trhdsjnrahtonds heenudt jnr aueg nj tgf fdfrlyodvn`vfi od wfhtgfr pgfdnafdh.

Oj h m`neb nj oef os gfhtfi endtodunus`y, otstfapfrhturf wo`` rosf udto` ot rfhegfs tgf af`todlpnodt, 5=J. Ygf oef wo`` tgfd mflod tn af`t, hdi otstfapfrhturf wo`` rfahod ht 5=J. udto` h`` nj tgf oef

os af`tfi. Ygf gfht rfquorfi tn endvfrt 8 pnudi njoef odtn òquoi whtfr ht 5=J. os 899 M.t.u. Ygos osbdnwd hs tgf gfht nj jusond. Endtodufi gfhtodlwo`` ehusf tgf tfapfrhturf nj tgf òquoi whtfr tn rosfudto` ot rfhegfs tgf mnoòdl pnodt, =8=J. (ht sfh--`fvf` prfssurf). Ygf whtfr wo`` tgfd mflod tn

Yn eghdlf oef ht 5=J. tn whtfr vhpnr ht =8=J. ht sfh-`fvf` prfssurf rfquorfs tgf hiiotond nj ; (8) Ygf gfht nj jusond, (=) gf gfht rfquorfi gf rhosf gf tfapfrhturf njtgf whtfr tn tgf mnoòdl pnodt, hdi (5) tgf gfht nj vhpnrozhtond.


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eghdlf tn vhpnr, hdi ots tfapfrhturf wo`` rfahod ht=8=J. udto` h`` nj tgf whtfr os eghdlfi tn vhpnr.Ygf gfht rfquorfi tn eghdlf 8 pnudi nj whtfr odtnvhpnr ht =8=J. os ?


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aodfi my tgf tgfrah` endiuetovotofs nj tgfrfspfetovf ahtfroh`s, tgf sozf nj tgf endthet hrfh,hdi tgf tfapfrhturf lrhiofdts fsthmòsgfi wotgodtgf endthetodl mniofs.

Od tgf htanspgfrf, tgf prodeoph` rn`f njendiuetond os tgf gfhtodl hdi ennòdl nj tgf hor hs ot

endthets gnt nr enì surjhefs. H sgh``nw `hyfrhikhefdt tn tgf lrnudi os gfhtfi iurodl tgf ihy hdienn`fi ht dolgt.

Endvfetond os tgf trhdsjfr nj gfht wotgod òquoishdi lhsfs rfsu`todl jrna tgf antond nj tgf jùoi.Endvfetond os aueg jhstfr tghd endiuetond. \gfdgfht os hppòfi tn tgf mnttna nj h phd nj whtfr, tgfwhtfr tnuegodl tgf mnttna nj tgf phd os gfhtfi myendiuetond. Hs tgos pnrtond nj tgf whtfr os gfhtfi, otfxphdis hdi mfenafs `fss ifdsf tghd tgfsurrnudiodl whtfr. Hdy sumsthdef surrnudifi my h

anrf ifdsf jùoi os jnrefi tn rosf my munyhdtjnrefs oapnsfi nd tgf `fss ifdsf sumsthdef. Ygfenn`fr, anrf ifdsf jùoi j`nws od tn rfp`hef tgfwhrafr, `fss ifdsf jùoi tght rosfs. Ygf rhtf nj j`nwifpfdis upnd tgf iojjfrfdefs od ifdsoty prniuefimy tgf iojjfrfdefs od tfapfrhturf.

My p`heodl ndf nr twn irnps nj iyf od tgfwhtfr, tgf phttfrds nj rosodl hdi sodbodl eurrfdtswo`` mf sgnwd. My tgos endvfetovf eoreu`htond, tgfahss trhdsjfr nj whtfr ehrryodl ots hequorfi gfhtwotg ot fvfdtuh``y gfhts tgf fdtorf phd nj whtfr. Hs

tgf endvfetond endtodufs, tgf iyf mfenafs fvfd`yiostromutfi od tgf whtfr, prniueodl h udojnra en`nr.Ygus, endvfetond os h`sn h aoxodl prnefss,

Endvfetond os tgf odotoh` antond rfspndsom`f jnrtgf ifvf`npafdt nj wodi eurrfdts od tgftrnpnspgfrf, hdi hs h aoxodl prnefss ot os rf-spndsom`f jnr tgf trhdsjfr nj gfht jrna tgf gnttfr tntgf enn`fr pnrtonds nj tgf fhrtg. Ygf rhtf nj gfhttrhdsjfr my endvfetond os golg`y vhrohm`f, mut, òbftgf rhtf nj gfht trhdsjfr my endiuetond, ot ifpfdismhsoeh``y nd tgf tfapfrhturf lrhiofdts rfsu`todljrna udfquh` gfhtodl hdi ennòdl nvfr tgf fhrtg'ssurjhef.

Endvfetond os fxtrfaf`y oapnrthdt od wfhtgfrprnefssfs hdi wo`` mf rfjfrrfi tn jrfqufdt`y od `htfreghptfrs, phrtoeu`hr`y wgfd tgf lfdfrh` eoreu`htondhdi sah``fr seh`f wodis hrf ioseussfi.

]hiohtond os tgf trhdsjfr nj fdfrly myf`fetrnahldftoe whvfs anvodl ht tgf spffi njòlgt, 87:,333 ao`fs pfr sfendi. Ygos prnefss,

Gfhtodl h bftt`f nj whtfr snrt up endvfetond eurrfdts wgoeg trhdsjfr gfhttgrnulgnut tgf whtfr,

udòbf endiuetond hdi endvfetond, infs dnt rfquorftgf prfsfdef nj odtfrvfdodl ahttfr. Yrhdsjfr njfdfrly my rhiohtond neeurs nvfr h woif spfetrua njwhvf`fdltgs rhdlodl jrna vfry `ndl rhion whvfs tn

fxtrfaf`y sgnrt W-rhys, lhaah rhys, hdi ensaoerhys. Zosom`f òlgt hppfhrs dfhr tgf aoii`f nj tgosrhdlf.

\f wo`` mf endefrdfi nd`y wotg tght pnrtond njtgf spfetrua od wgoeg rhiohtond hets hs hgfht-trhdsjfr afeghdosa. Ygos rhiohtond neeupofstgf f`fetrnahldftoe spfetrua jrna tgf sgnrtfstu`trhvon`ft whvf`fdltgs, tgrnulg vosom`f òlgt, tn tgf`ndlfst odjrhrfi whvf`fdltgs. Nd`y rhiohtond od tgosphrt nj tgf spfetrua os oapnrthdt od wfhtgfrprnefssfs od tgf trnpnspgfrf. \f rfjfr tn tgos

rhiohtond hs tgfrah` rhiohtond. Ygfrah` rhiohtond osfaottfi my hdy sumsthdef wgfd ots an`feu`fs hrffxeotfi my tgfrah` fdfrly.

Gfht trhdsjfr my rhiohtond os heenapòsgfi mytgf endvfrsond nj tgfrah` fdfrly tn rhiohdt fdfrly.Ygf rhiohdt fdfrly trhvf`s nutwhri jrna tgffaottodl sumsthdef hdi rfthods ots oifdtoty udto` ot oshmsnrmfi hdi rfendvfrtfi tn tgfrah` fdfrly od hdhmsnrmodl sumsthdef. Ygf faottodl sumsthdef `nsfsgfht hdi mfenafs enn`fr, wgo`f tgf hmsnrmodlsumsthdef lhods gfht hdi mfenafs whrafr od tgf

prnefss. ]hiohdt fdfrly rfj`fetfi my h sumsthdefinfs dnt endtromutf tn ots gfht endtfdt.

H`` sumsthdefs rhiohtf fdfrly wgfd tgfortfapfrhturfs hrf hmnvf hmsnùtf zfrn (-9:33S.),tgf tfapfrhturf ht wgoeg h`` an`feu`hr antondefhsfs. Ygf odtfdsoty hdi whvf`fdltg nj tgfrhiohtond ifpfdi upnd tgf tna-

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pfrhturf hdi tgf dhturf nj tgf rhiohtodl sumsthdef.

Ht `nw tfapfrhturfs, h`` tgf rhiohtond os od tgfodvosom`f `ndl whvf`fdltgs nr odjrhrfi rhdlf. Hs tgftfapfrhturf rosfs, rhiohtond oderfhsfs odprnlrfssovf`y sgnrtfr whvf`fdltgs hs wf`` hs od tgf`ndlfr whvf`fdltgs. Ygf oderfhsf, gnwfvfr, os

jhstfr od sgnrt-whvf rhiohtond tghd od `ndl whvfrhiohtond. Ygfrfjnrf, hs tgf tfapfrhturf nj tgfrhiohtodl surjhef oderfhsfs, tgf ahxoaua rhiohtondodtfdsotofs sgojt tnwhri sgnrtfr hdi sgnrtfr whvf-`fdltgs.

\otg oderfhsodl tfapfrhturf, tgf vosom`fspfetrua hppfhrs od tgf jn``nwodl nrifr; Iu`` rfi,mrolgt rfi, nrhdlf, yf``nw, hdi wgotf. H`` rhiohtondjrna tgf fhrtg os od tgf `ndl whvf nr odjrhrfi rhdlf,wgo`f anst rhiohtond jrna tgf sud os od tgf sgnrtwhvf nr vosom`f rhdlf.

Dnt h`` sumsthdefs hrf lnni rhiohtnrs. Nphquf

sumsthdefs hrf mfttfr rhiohtnrs tghd trhdsphrfdtsumsthdefs. Handl snòi ahtfroh`s, dndafth`s hrfmfttfr rhiohtnrs tghd afth`s, phrtoeu`hr`y ht `nwfrtfapfrhturfs. Ygf oifh` rhiohtnr wnuì mf ndfehphm`f nj faottodl tgf ahxoaua gfht ht h``whvf`fdltgs. Uodef m`heb surjhefs hpprnheg tgosfaotthdef anst dfhr`y, tgf pfrjfet rhiohtnr os eh``fih m`heb mniy. Ygf faossovoty nj hdy sumsthdef ostgf rhton nj ots rhiohtond, ht hdy spfeojofi whvf-`fdltg hdi tfapfrhturf, tn tght nj h m`heb mniy httgf shaf whvf`fdltg hdi tfapfrhturf. Ygfgolgfst vhùf nj faossovoty os ndf, hdi tgf `nwfst

vhùf os zfrn.Ygf odtfdsoty nj tgf tgfrah` rhiohtond faottfimy hdy sumsthdef ifpfdis upnd ots tfapfrhturf.

Hetuh``y, tgf odtfdsoty os prnpnr tondh` tn tgf jnurtgpnwfr nj tgf tfapfrhturf. 8 Oj tgf Bf`vodtfapfrhturf nj tgf faottodl sumsthdef inum`fi, tgfrhiohtond odtfdsoty wnuì oderfhsf = 9 nr 8: toafs.

Ygf odtfdsoty nj rhiohdt fdfrly rfefovfi my hsumsthdef ifpfdis nd twn jhetnrs od hiiotond tn tgfodtfdsoty nj tgf rhiohtond ht tgf snuref. Ygfsf hrftgf iosthdef mftwffd tgf rhiohtnr hdi tgfsumsthdef hdi tgf hdl`f ht wgoeg tgf rhiohtondstrobfs tgf sumsthdef.

Uodef rhiohtond trhvf`s nutwhri od strholgt odfs,tgf odtfdsoty nj tgfrah` rhiohtond rfefovfi

8 Jnr tgf rf`htondsgop tgf tfapfrhturf aust mffxprfssfi my usf nj hmsnùtf (Bf`vod) seh`f wgfrf 3B.os -9:3J.

jrna h pnodt snuref wo`` vhry odvfrsf`y hs tgfsquhrf nj tgf iosthdef nj tgf rfefovodl sumsthdefjrna tgf snuref. Ygf hanudt nj fdfrly rfefovfi 5jfft jrna tgf snuref wo`` mf nd`y ndf-dodtg tgfhanudt rfefovfi 8 jnnt jrna tgf snuref. Jrna h`hrlfr rhiohtodl surjhef, tgf enamodfi fjjfets jrna

h`` nj tgf pnodts wotgod tgf surjhef aust mfendsoifrfi. Ygf rfiuetond od odtfdsoty wotg iosthdefos tgfd snafwght `fss tghd jrna h pnodt snuref.Jnr prhetoeh` purpnsfs wf ahy endsoifr tgf sud hsmfodl h pnodt snuref nj rhiohdt fdfrly.

Ygf hanudt nj rhiohdt fdfrly rfefovfi my hudot hrfh wo`` mf lrfhtfr oj tgf rfefovodl surjhef ospfrpfdioeu`hr tn tgf rhiohtond tghd oj ot os ht hdhdl`f ntgfr tghd pfrpfdioeu`hr. H mfha nj tgfshaf woitg strobodl ht sueg hd hdl`f aust envfr h`hrlfr surjhef hrfh tghd h mfha strobodlpfrpfdioeu`hr`y. Hs wf wo`` sff `htfr, tgf hdl`f dnt

nd`y hjjfets tgf hanudt nj rhiohtond rfefovfi jrnatgf sud ht iojjfrfdt toafs iurodl tgf ihy, mut ot osh`sn tgf ehusf nj nur sfhsnds.

Ygf odtfdsoty nj rhiohtond iferfhsfs hs tgf iosthdef jrnatgf snuref oderfhsfs.


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H mfha nj rhiohtond nj tgf shaf woitg strobodl ht hd hdl`f aust envfr h `hrlfr surjhef hrfh tghd h mfha strobodl pfrpfdioeu`hr`y.

Uumsthdefs vhry od tgfor hmoòty tn hmsnrm, hs wf`` hs tn faot, rhiohtond. Ygnsf tght hrf lnni faottfrs hrfh`sn lnni hmsnrmfrs ht tgf shaf whvf`fdltg. M`heb e`ntgodl, jnr fxhap`f, os h lnni hmsnrmfr nj tgf sudsrhiohtond hdi sgnuì dnt mf wnrd nd gnt ihys. \gotf e`ntgodl os h lnni rfj`fetnr hdi wo`` gf`p bffp tgf mniy

enn`.

UN@H] ]HIOHYOND FJJFLJU OD YGF Y]NSNUSGF]F

]hiohtond os tgf prnefss my wgoeg tgf fhrtgrfefovfs gfht fdfrly jrna tgf sud, hmnut ?5 ao`òndao`fs hwhy. Ygos fdfrly os prniuefi od tgf sud,wgfrf tgf tfapfrhturf os ahdy ao`ònd iflrffs, mydue`fhr jusond, h prnefss od wgoeg gyirnlfd osendvfrtfi odtn gfòua. Od tgf prnefss, snaf nj tgf

sud's ahss os endvfrtfi tn tgfrah` fdfrly. H`tgnulg tgos due`fhr rfhetond os neeurrodl ht htrfafdinus rhtf, tgf ahss nj tgf sud os sn lrfhttght tgf `nss nj ahss od ao`ònds nj yfhrs osdflòlom`f.

Ygf sud faots rhiohtond hs wnuì h m`heb

mniy ht h tfapfrhturf nj hmnut 83,333J. Hs hrfsu`t, tgf ahxoaua sn`hr rhiohtond os od tgf vosom`fpnrtond nj tgf f`fetrnahldftoe spfetrua, hdi `fssfrhanudts hppfhr nd fotgfr soif od tgf u`trhvon`ft hdiodjrhrfi.

]hiohtond Mh`hdef Ihy hdi Dolgt

Ygf odtfdsoty nj sn`hr rhiohtond rfefovfi ht tgfnutfr òaots nj tgf fhrtg's htanspgfrf os quotfendsthdt. Gnwfvfr, tgf hanudt tght rfhegfs tgffhrtg's surjhef os golg`y vhrohm`f,

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ifpfdiodl lrfht`y nd tgf hanudt nj e`nuis od tgfhtanspgfrf. Unaf sn`hr fdfrly os rfj`fetfi mhebjrna tgf tnps nj e`nuis hdi os `nst tn sphef. Od tgfhmsfdef nj e`nuis, anst nj tgf sn`hr rhiohtondphssfs iorfet`y tgrnulg tgf htanspgfrf hdirfhegfs tgf surjhef.

Unaf sn`hr rhiohtond os sehttfrfi od tgfhtanspgfrf my lhs an`feu`fs hdi my aodutfphrtoe`fs nj snòi ahttfr. Nj tgos sehttfrfi rhiohtond,snaf os `nst tn sphef, snaf os hmsnrmfi my lhsfsod tgf htanspgfrf hdi my snòi phrtoe`fs sueg hssanbf, hdi snaf rfhegfs tgf fhrtg's surjhef.\htfr vhpnr, nzndf, hdi ehrmnd ionxoif fheghmsnrm rhiohtond wotgod efrthod whvf`fdltgs. Oje`nuis hrf prfsfdt, whtfr irnp`fts h`sn hmsnrmsnaf rhiohtond. Nj tgf rhiohtond jodh``y rfhegodl tgffhrtg's surjhef, phrt os hmsnrmfi hdi phrt osrfj`fetfi. \gfd e`nuiodfss os hvfrhlf, tgf fhrtg's

surjhef hmsnrms hmnut 95 pfrefdt, tgf htanspgfrfhmsnrms hmnut == pfrefdt (=3 nj tgf == pfrefdtwotgod tgf trnpnspgfrf), hdi 56 pfrefdt os rfj`fetfi.

Hpprnxoahtf iostromutond nj odenaodl sn`hr rhiohtond iurodlhvfrhlf e`nuiodfss.

8=

Ygf rfj`fetfi sn`hr rhiohtond os udeghdlfi odeghrhetfr. Gnwfvfr, tgf sn`hr rhiohtond, wgoeg oshmsnrmfi, fotgfr my tgf htanspgfrf nr my tgf fhrtg,os endvfrtfi mheb tn tgfrah` fdfrly. Ot whras uptgf sumsthdef tght hmsnrms ot, hdi ahy tgfd mfrfrhiohtfi hs rhiohdt fdfrly ht `nwfr tfapfrhturfshdi `ndlfr whvf`fdltgs.

Ygf sn`hr rhiohtond, wgoeg rfhegfs tgf fhrtgssurjhef, whras tgf surjhef. Gnwfvfr, tgf fhrtg'shvfrhlf tfapfrhturf infs dnt eghdlf, mfehusftgf fhrtg od turd rhiohtfs fdfrly tn tgf htanspgfrfhdi tn sphef. Ygf nutlnodl rhiohtond os ht tgffhrtg's tfapfrhturf hdi ghs ots ahxoaua od tgfodjrhrfi rflond nj tgf spfetrua.

Ot os oapnrthdt tn òjf nd fhrtg hdi tn wfhtgfrprnefssfs tght tgf rhiohtond rfefovfi hdi tghtfaottfi my tgf fhrtg hrf ht iojjfrfdt whvf`fdltgs.

Mfehusf nj tgos iojjfrfdef, tgf htanspgfrf hetsaueg òbf tgf l`hss od h lrffdgnusf, trhppodltgf fhrtg's rhiohtond hdi aodoaozodl tgf gfht `nss.Un`hr rhiohtond phssfs jrff`y tgrnulg tgf l`hss, hdistrobfs hdi whras p`hdts hdi nmkfets odsoif. Ygosfdfrly os tgfd rfrhiohtfi nutwhris ht `ndlfrwhvf`fdltgs. Ygf l`hss, wgoeg os dfhr`ytrhdsphrfdt tn tgf vosom`f whvf`fdltgs, os dfhr`ynphquf tn anst nj tgf odjrhrfi whvf`fdltgs.Ygfrfjnrf, aueg nj tgf gfht sthys odsoif, hdi tgflrffdgnusf whras up.

Od tgf htanspgfrf ot os whtfr vhpnr tght osproahro`y rfspndsom`f jnr hmsnrmodl tgf odjrhrfirhiohtond, hdi tgf lrffdgnusf fjjfet vhrofs wotg tgfhanudt nj whtfr vhpnr prfsfdt. Ot os aueg `fss odiry hor nvfr ifsfrts tghd od anost hor nvfr tgfYrnpoes.

Ygf fdfrly tght rfhegfs tgf fhrtg hs iorfetsn`hr rhiohtond hdi iojj usf sby rhiohtond iurodl tgfihy os iossophtfi od sfvfrh` whys. Unaf nj tgosrhiohtond, hs wf ghvf sffd, os rfj`fetfi mheb, hdisodef tgos os sgnrt-whvf rhiohtond, anst nj ot os `nsttn sphef. H `hrlf pnrtond os hmsnrmfi hdi rhiohtfimheb hs `ndl whvf rhiohtond, hdi aueg nj tgosrhiohtond, hs h`rfhiy afdtondfi, os hmsnrmfi hlhodmy tgf whtfr vhpnr od tgf htanspgfrf. Hdntgfr`hrlf pnrtond os usfi od tgf fvhpnrhtond nj surjhefanosturf hdi os trhdsaottfi tn tgf htanspgfrf hs`htfdt gfht. Unaf os usfi tn gfht surjhef hor myendiuetond hdi endvfetond, hdi snaf os endiuetfiinwdwhri odtn tgf sno`. Ygf prfsfdef


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Ygf fhrtg rnthtfs nd ots to`tfi hxos ndef fvfry =9 gnurs hdirfvn`vfs hrnudi tgf sud od hd f`òptoeh` nrmot ndef od hmnut 5:6 ihys.

Ygos odeòdhtond, nr to`t, nj tgf hxos os =58/= iflrffsjrna tgf vfrtoeh`.

Ht h`` toafs tgf sudsgodfs nd gh`j nj tgf fhrtg'ssurjhef. Mut mfehusf nj tgf iojjfrfdt hdl`fs wotgwgoeg tgf sud's rhys strobf vhronus phrts nj tgffhrtg, tgf hanudt nj sn`hr rhiohtond rfefovfi pfrudot hrfh vhrofs woif`y. Ygf lrfhtfst hanudt osrfefovfi wgfrf tgf sud's rhys strobfpfrpfdioeu`hr`y. Ygf hanudt ioaodosgfs tnwhri tgffilf nj tgf o`ùaodhtfi gh`j wgfrf tgf rhys mfenafthdlfdtoh` tn tgf fhrtg's surjhef. Oj tgf fhrtg's hxoswfrf dnt to`tfi, tgf hanudt nj rhiohtond hdy hrfh ndtgf fhrtg wnuì rfefovf wnuì rfahod dfhr`yendsthdt tgrnulgnut tgf yfhr2 tgf rfvnùtond nj tgf

fhrtg hrnudi tgf sud wnuì ghvf òtt`f fjjfet ndeòahtf. (Nj enursf eòahtf wnuì sto`` vhry lrfht`yjrna p`hef tn p`hef.)

Mfehusf nj tgf to`t, gnwfvfr, tgf sud's rhys strobftgf surjhef ht h golgfr (anrf pfrpfdioeu`hr) hdl`fiurodl tgf suaafr tghd iurodl tgf wodtfr2 tgus, anrfgfht os rfefovfi iurodl tgf suaafr. H`sn, mfehusf njtgf odeòdhtond (to`t) nj tgf fhrtg's hxos, tgf ihys hrf`ndlfr iurodl tgf suaafr2 fvfry hrfh hwhy jrna tgfFquhtnr os od tgf o`ùaodhtfi gh`j nj tgf fhrtg anrftghd gh`j nj tgf ihy. Nd Kudf =8 tgf duamfr njihyòlgt gnurs os 8= ht tgf Fquhtnr hdi oderfhsfs tn=9 ht :: 8/=D. hdi dnrtgwhri. Od tgf wodtfr tgfnppnsotf os truf. Nd Ifefamfr ==, tgf duamfr njihyòlgt gnurs os 8= ht tgf Fquhtnr hdi iferfhsfs tn 3ht :: 8/=D. hdi dnrtgwhri. \gfd tgf sud os iorfet`yhmnvf tgf Fquhtnr tgrnulgnut tgf ihy, ht tgf toaf njtgf vfrdh` nr hutuadh` fquodnx (Ahreg =8 hdiUfptfamfr =5), tgf (`hy hdi dolgt hrf 8= gnurs `ndlfvfrywgfrf.

Ht tgf toaf nj fotgfr fquodnx tgf ihys hdi dolgts hrf fquh . Ygfto`t nj tgf fhrtgs hxos ehusfs tgf suds rhys tn strobf tgf fhrtgs

surjhef ht h golgfr hdl`f iurodl suaafr tghd iurodl wodtfr.Ygfrfjnrf, anrf gfht os rfefovfi iurodl tgf suaafr.

Ygf hdduh` ahreg nj tfapfrhturf ghs h `hlsoao`hr tn tgf `hl nj tgf iho`y ahreg nj tfapfrhturfifseromfi hmnvf. Yght os, tgf golgfst dnrah`tfapfrhturfs in dnt neeur ht tgf toaf nj lrfhtfstgfhtodl, dnr in tgf `nwfst dnrah` tfapfrhturfs neeurht tgf toaf nj `fhst gfhtodl. Od tgf DnrtgfrdGfaospgfrf, tgf whrafst andtg os Ku`y hdi tgfenìfst andtg os Khduhry, wgfrfhs tgf lrfhtfstgfhtodl thbfs p`hef nd Kudf =8 hdi tgf `fhst gfhtodlnd Ifefamfr =8. Yn sff wgy, ndf aust `nnb ht tgf

gfht mh`hdef.Iurodl tgf sprodl tgf Dnrtgfrd Gfaospgfrf

rfefovfs anrf gfht fheg ihy tghd ot rhiohtfs mheb tnsphef. Endsfqufdt`y, ots afhd tfapfrhturf rosfs.

Hjtfr Kudf =8, tgf Dnrtgfrd Gfaospgfrf mflodsrfefovodl fss gfht fheg ihy, mut tgf hanudt rfefovfios sto`` lrfhtfr tghd

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tgf hanudt rhiohtfi, sn tgf afhd tfapfrhturf sto``rosfs. Od Ku`y, od tgf Dnrtgfrd Gfaospgfrf, ht tgftoaf tgf hanudt rfefovfi os fquh` tn tgf hanudtrhiohtfi, tgf afhd tfapfrhturf os golgfst.Ygfrfhjtfr, tgf hanudt rfefovfi fheg ihy os `fsstghd tgf hanudt rhiohtfi, sn tgf afhd tfapfrhturfifeòdfs. Ygf toaf nj `nwfst dnrah` tfapfrhturf

ahy mf soao`hr`y fxp`hodfi.

Nj enursf, tgf tfapfrhturf eurvf jnr hdylovfd yfhr ht hdy ndf p`hef ahy vhry endsoifr hm`yjrna tgf dnrah` jnr tght p`hef. Ygos os dnt iuf tn hvhrohtond od tgf hanudt nj gfht rfhegodl tgf nutfrhtanspgfrf jrna tgf sud, mut rhtgfr tn tgfprfinaodhdef nj fotgfr enì nr whra hor ahssfshdi tn tgf prfinaodhdef nj fotgfr e`nuiy nr e`fhr

wfhtgfr, ht vhronus pfronis iurodl tgf yfhr ht tght`nehtond.

]FHEYOND NJ YGF Y]NSNUSGF]F YN GFHYODL

Od tgos eghptfr wf hrf endefrdfi wotg mhsoeendefpts, wgoeg wf wo`` usf od stuiyodl tgf whys njtgf wfhtgfr. Un jhr wf ghvf endsoifrfi tgfstrueturf nj tgf htanspgfrf, tgfrah` fdfrlyprodeop`fs, hdi, od h lfdfrh` why, tgf gfhtodl nj tgffhrtg. Dnw wf wo`` endsoifr mrofj`y gnw tgfhtanspgfrf rfhets tn gfhtodl hdi ennòdl my

`nnbodl ht gnrozndth` hdi vfrtoeh` antond hdihtanspgfroe sthmoòty. Ygfsf otfas wo`` mf trfhtfi odanrf iftho` od `htfr eghptfrs, mut tgfy wo`` mfodtrniuefi gfrf mfehusf nj tgfor mhsoe dhturf.\fhtgfr prnefssfs hrf sn odtfrrf`htfi tght ot os dntpnssom`f tn ioseuss ndf prnefss tgnrnulg`y wotgnutghvodl snaf jhaoòhroty wotg tgf ntgfrs.

\fhtgfr oapòfs antond od tgf htanspgfrf,hdi tgos antond os odotohtfi my udfquh` gfhtodl.Nvfr hdy `ndl pfroni nj toaf, tgf hanudt nj fdfrlyrfefovfi hdi `nst my tgf fhrtg hdi htanspgfrf

aust dfhr`y mh`hdef, sodef tgfrf os vfry òtt`f`ndl-tfra eghdlf od tfapfrhturfs. Mut ht h lovfdanafdt hdi p`hef, tgf lhods hdi `nssfs hrf dnt odmh`hdef. Hd httfapt tn rflhod mh`hdef os `hrlf`yrfspndsom`f- jnr anst iosturmhdefs od tgfhtanspgfrf-tgf wfhtgfr.

Gnrozndth` hdi Zfrtoeh` Antond

Uodef gnrozndth` iosthdefs hrnudi tgf fhrtghrf sn aueg lrfhtfr tghd vfrtoeh` ifptgs od tgf`nwfr htanspgfrf, anst nj tgf hor antond

endefrdfi wotg wfhtgfr os od tgf jnra nj gnrozndth`wodis. Ygfsf wodis enuì dnt m`nw, gnwfvfr, oj otwfrf dnt jnr tgf endtoduodl trhdspnrt nj fdfrly h`njtmy vfrtoeh` antond rfsu`todl jrna gfhtodl ht tgfsurjhef. Vpwhri antonds od tgf htanspgfrf rhdlfjrna òlgt upirhjts

8:

od wfhb endvfetond ef``s tn vfry odtfdsf up irhjts odtgudifrstnras. Enapfdshtodl inwd irhjts hrfneehsondh``y sfvfrf, sueg hs od tgudifrstnras, mutanrf jrfqufdt`y tgfy neeur hs sumsoifdef-hlrhiuh` sfttòdl nj tgf hor nvfr rf`htovf`y `hrlfhrfhs.

Gfhtfi hor rosfs nvfr tgf Fquhtnr hdi j`nwstnwhri tgf pn`fs h`njt. Enn`fi hor od turd sftt`fsnvfr tgf pn`fs hdi odotohtfs rfturd j`nw tnwhri tgfFquhtnr tn enap`ftf tgf eoreu`htond. Ntgfr jhetnrs,proahro`y tgf rnthtond nj tgf fhrtg, hs wf wo`` sff`htfr, enapòehtf tgos soap`f poeturf. Mut hs hd fdirfsu`t, tgos snrt nj gfht fdfrly fxeghdlf infs thbfp`hef.

@hdi hdi whtfr surjhefs whra hdi enn` htiojjfrfdt rhtfs mfehusf nj tgfor iojjfrfdt gfhttrhdsjfr prnpfrtofs. Ygos iojjfrfdtoh` gfhtodl

prniuefs iojjfrfdefs od prfssurf od tgfhtanspgfrf, wgoeg od turd ehusf hor antond. Nd hiho`y mhsos h`ndl tgf enhst, tfapfrhturf hdiprfssurf rfvfrsh`s rfsu`t od `neh` `hdi hdi sfhmrffzfs. Mut nvfr `ndlfr pfronis nj toaf,euau`htovf iojjfrfdefs od tfapfrhturf hdi prfssurfifvf`np mrnhi hrfhs nj golg hdi `nw prfssurf.Mrnhi seh`f iojjfrfdefs od tgf fhrtg's `hdisurjhefs, wgoeg vhry jrna mhrf sno` tn ifdsf envfr,ghvf soao`hr fjjfets.

Od lfdfrh`, hor sodbs od golg-prfssurf hrfhs,j`nws jrna golg- tn `nw-prfssurf hrfhs ht tgfsurjhef, rosfs od `nw-prfssurf hrfhs, hdi rfturdsh`njt. Hlhod, ntgfr jnrefs-tgf fjjfets nj tgf fhrtg'srnthtond, efdtrojulh` jnref, hdi jroetond-enapòehtftgos phttfrd, mut wf wo`` pnstpndf nur iftho`fiendsoifrhtond nj tgfsf jnrefs udto` `htfr eghptfrs.Gfrf ot os sujjoeofdt tn pnodt nut tght antond od tgfhtanspgfrf thbfs p`hef nd vhronus seh`fs-jrna tgfgfao-


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spgfroe antond nj tgf lfdfrh` eoreu`htond, tgrnulgodtfrafiohtf-seh`f antond odvn`vodl mrnhi golg- hdi`nw-prfssurf hrfhs, tgrnulg sah``fr hdi sah``freoreu`htonds, tn sah`` fiiy antond.

Htanspgfroe UthmoòtyZfrtoeh` antond od tgf htanspgfrf fdenudtfrs

rfsosthdef mfehusf nj tgf tfapfrhturf nr ifdsotystrueturf nj tgf htanspgfrf. Od jhet, wf ehd ifjodfhtanspgfroe sthmoòty hs tgf rfsosthdef nj tgfhtanspgfrf tn vfrtoeh` antond. \f ghvf h`rfhiy`fhrdfi tgf twn mhsoe endefpts dfefsshry tnudifrsthdi htanspgfroe sthmoòty -jorst, tghtprfssurf od tgf htanspgfrf if, erfhsfs wotggfolgt, hdi sfendi, tght tgf tfapfrhturf nj h sah`àhss nr phref` nj hor iferfhsfs hs tgf hor fxphdis,prnvoifi dn gfht os hiifi tn tgf phref`. Ygfendvfrsf nj tgfsf endefpts os h`sn truf.

]osodl hor fdenudtfrs `nwfr prfssurfs od tgf

surrnudiodl hor, pfraottodl ot tn fxphdi. Ygffdfrly rfquorfi jnr fxphdsond enafs jrna tgf gfhtfdfrly od tgf rosodl hor. Endsfqufdt`y,

tgf tfapfrhturf nj tgf rosodl hor `nwfrs. If-sefdiodl hor, my tgf rfvfrsf prnefss, os ena-prfssfi hdi whrafi. Oj dn gfht os lhodfi nr `nstmy aoxodl wotg tgf surrnudiodl hor, tgos os hdhiohmhtoe prnefss. Od tgf hiohmhtoe òjtodl prnefss,udshturhtfi hor-enn`s ht tgf joxfi rhtf njhpprnxoahtf`y 6.6J. pfr 8,333 jfft oderfhsf od

h`totuif. Ygos os tgf iry-hiohmhtoe `hpsf rhtf.Vdshturhtfi hor mrnulgt inwdwhri hiohmhtoeh``ywhras ht tgf shaf rhtf.

Oj h òjtfi phref` nj hor, wgoeg ghs enn`fi ht tgfiry-hiohmhtoe rhtf , mfenafs oaafrsfi od whrafr,`fss ifdsf hor, ot wo`` jh`` tn ots nrolodh` `fvf` nr tn tgf`fvf` ht wgoeg ot ghs tgf shaf tfapfrhturf hs tgfsurrnudiodl hor. Uoao`hr`y, oj tgf phref` os `nwfrfihdi os tgfd surrnudifi my enn`fr, anrf ifdsf hor, otwo`` rosf tn ots nrolodh` `fvf`. Ygf surrnudiodlhtanspgfrf os tgfd sthm`f . Oj h phref`, anvfi upnr inwd od tgf htanspgfrf, tfdis tn rfahod ht ots

dfw `fvf`, tgf htanspgfrf os dfutrh` . Oj h phref`,anvfi up nr inwd, tfdis tn endtoduf tn rosf nr jh``nj ots nwd heenri, tgf htanspgfrf os udsthm`f .

]osodl hor fxphdis hdi enn`s. Uodbodl hor os enaprfssfi hdi whrafi. Oj dn gfht os lhodfi nr `nst my aoxodl wotg surrnudiodl hor, tgos oshd hiohmhtoe prnefss.


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Htanspgfroe sthmoòty ehd mf iftfraodfi jrnatgf afhsurfi rhtf nj tfapfrhturf eghdlf wotgeghdlf od gfolgt od tgf jrff hor, eh``fi tgffdvorndafdth` `hpsf rhtf. H eghdlf nj 6.6J. pfr8,333 jfft odioehtfs h dfutrh``y sthm`f htanspgfrf.

H phref` nj iry hor anvfi up nr inwd os tgfd htfxhet`y tgf shaf tfapfrhturf hs tgf surrnudiodl

hor. Oj tgf fdvorndafdth` `hpsf rhtf os `fss tghd6.6J. pfr 8,333 jfft, tgf htanspgfrf os sthm`f wotgrfspfet tn udshturhtfi hor. Od sueg hd htanspgfrf,h phref` nj hor anvfi up (nr inwd) wnuì mf enìfr(nr whrafr) tghd tgf surrnudiodl hor hdi wnuìtfdi tn rfturd tn ots nrolodh` `fvf`. H `hyfr nj hor odwgoeg tgf tfapfrhturf oderfhsfs wotg gfolgt os hdfxtrfaf`y sthm`f `hyfr. Uueg h `hyfr os eh``fi hdodvfrsond. Oj tgf fdvorndafdth` `hpsf rhtf oslrfhtfr tghd 6.6J. pfr 8,333 jfft, hd udshturhtfihtanspgfrf os udsthm`f. H rhosfi (nr `nwfrfi)phref` nj hor wnuì tgfd mf whrafr (nr enìfr) tghd

ots surrnudiodls hdi wnuì endtoduf ots vfrtoehànvfafdt.

H soao`hr prnefss hppòfs tn hd hor phref` tghtghs mffd enn`fi fdnulg tn endifdsf phrt nj otswhtfr vhpnr. Od tgos ehsf, tgf rhtf nj tfapfrhturfeghdlf nj tgf phref` os `fss tghd tgf iry-hiohmhtoerhtf mfehusf nj tgf hiiotond nj tgf `htfdt gfht njvhpnrozhtond . Ygos rhtf vhrofs heenriodl tn tgfhanudt nj whtfr vhpnr od tgf phref` hdi os usuh``y

mftwffd =J. hdi 6J. pfr 8,333 jfft. Ygos os tgfanost-hiohmhtoe rhtf . Ygf surrnudiodl htanspgfrfos tgfd kuilfi tn mf sthm`f, dfutrh`, nr udsthm`f myenaphrodl ots `hpsf rhtf wotg tgf anost-hiohmhtoerhtf.

Anosturf od tgf htanspgfrf, e`nuis,prfeopothtond, hdi ahdy ntgfr wfhtgfr pgfdnafdhhrf iorfet`y rf`htfi tn tgfsf hiohmhtoe rfspndsfs njhor tn òjtodl hdi sodbodl.

\otg tgf mheblrnudi nj tgos eghptfr, wf hrf dnwrfhiy tn endsoifr anrf tgnrnulg`y snaf nj tgfsthtoe prnpfrtofs nj tgf htanspgfrf, sueg hs

tfapfrhturf hdi guaoioty, hdi tgfd wf wo`èndsoifr tgf iydhaoe wfhtgfr prnefssfs.


18/161

Eghptfr =

YFASF]HYV]F

Yfapfrhturf nj jnrfst juf`s, hdi nj tgf horhrnudi hdi hmnvf tgfa, os ndf nj tgf bfyjhetnrs od iftfraododl gnw woì`hdi jorfssthrt hdi sprfhi. Yfapfrhturf iorfet`yhjjfets tgf j`haahmoòty nj jnrfst juf`s, sodeftgf hanudt nj gfht rfquorfi tn rhosf tgftfapfrhturf nj tgf juf`s tn tgf oldotond pnodtifpfdis nd tgfor odotoh` tfapfrhturf hdi tghtnj tgf surrnudiodl hor.

Yfapfrhturf odiorfet`y hjjfets tgf whys jorfsmurd, tgrnulg, ots odjùfdef nd ntgfr jhetnrstght endtrn` jorf sprfhi hdi rhtf njenamustond (f.l., wodi, juf` anosturf, hdihtanspgfroe sthmoòty). Hd udifrsthdiodl nj`neh` tfapfrhturf vhrohtonds os tgf jorst stfptnwhri h mfttfr udifrsthdiodl nj hànstfvfry hspfet nj jorf mfghvonr.


19/161

YFASF]HYV]F

Yfapfrhturf whs ifjodfi od eghptfr 8 hs tgfiflrff nj gntdfss nr enìdfss nj h sumsthdef. \fh`sn `fhrdfi tgfrf tght tgf htanspgfrf os whrafind`y sòlgt`y my iorfet, ahod`y sgnrt-whvf, sn`hrrhiohtond. Anst nj tgf whraodl thbfs p`hef my

endiuetond hdi endvfetond jrna tgf gfhtfi surjhefnj tgf fhrtg hdi jrna `ndl-whvf rhiohtond jrna tgfsurjhef.

\f wo`` sff `htfr tght tfapfrhturf ghs jhr-rfhegodl fjjfets nd lfdfrh` htanspgfroe eoreu`htond,tgf jnrahtond hdi anvfafdt nj hor ahssfs, hdirflondh` wfhtgfr phttfrds. Ygfsf hrf h`` oapnrthdttn jorf wfhtgfr. Mut od jorf wfhtgfr, wf hrf h`snendefrdfi wotg sah``fr seh`f phttfrds-tgnsf tghteghdlf jrna gnur tn gnur, jrna ndf s`npf jheft tnhdntgfr, jrna ndf jnrfst typf tn hdntgfr, jrna h

e`nsfi ehdnpy tn h jnrfst npfdodl, fte. Od tgfsfphttfrds, tfapfrhturf vhrohtonds h`sn hrf njtfd tgf

endtrn`òdl jhetnr.

@hrlf-seh`f wfhtgfr phttfrds hrf enaand`yoifdtojofi my shapòdl tgf wfhtgfr ht rflu`hrwfhtgfr nmsfrvhtond sthtonds. Uah``-seh`f phttfrds

hdi tgfor vhrohtonds, gnwfvfr, ehddnt mf ifjodfijrna afhsurfafdts ahif ht tgf usuh``y woif`ysphefi joxfi sthtonds. Unaftoafs pnrthm`fodstruafdts pfraot shtosjhetnry afhsurfafdts, mutanrf jrfqufdt`y `neh` vhrohtonds aust mf oifdtojofimy kuilafdt mhsfi nd pfrsndh` bdnw`filf nj tgfiftho`fi whys od wgoeg gfhtodl hdi ennòdl njsurjhef ahtfroh`s hdi tgf hor hrnudi tgfa thbfsp`hef, hdi nd gnw tgfrah` fdfrly os trhdsjfrrfimftwffd tgf fhrtg's surjhef hdi tgf `nwfr hor.

Od tgos eghptfr, wf wo`` endsoifr vhrohtonds od

surjhef hdi hor tfapfrhturfs hdi wgy tgfy neeur.

AFHUV]ODL YFASF]HYV]F

Jhgrfdgfot, Ef`sous

\f afhsurf tfapfrhturf od iflrffs ndhrmotrhry seh`fs mhsfi nd joxfi rfjfrfdef pnodts. Ndtgf Jhgrfdgfot seh`f, wgoeg os enaand`y usfi odtgf Vdotfi Uthtfs, tgf af`todl pnodt nj oef os 5=J.hdi tgf mnoòdl pnodt nj whtfr os =8=J. udifr

sthdihri sfh-`fvf` prfssurf, h iojjfrfdef nj 873Jhgrfdgfot iflrffs. Vppfr-hor tfapfrhturfs hrfenaand`y rfpnrtfi nd tgf Ef`sous seh`f. Ygosseh`f os h`sn usfi od anst seofdtojoe wnrb hrnuditgf wnrì. Nd tgos seh`f tgf af`todl pnodt nj oef osNE. hdi tgf mnoòdl pnodt nj whtfr os 833E., hiojjfrfdef nj 833-Ef`sous iflrffs. Ygus, 8 iflrffE. os fquh` tn 8.7J., h rhton nj 6 tn ?. E. osendvfrtfi tn J. my au`top`yodl my 8.7 hdi hiiodl5=.

Ygf npfrhtond nj enaand tgfranaftfrs os mhsfi

nd tgf fxphdsond hdi endtrhetond nj sumsthdefswgfd gfhtfi nr enn`fi. Od tgf jhaoòhr afreury nrhèngn` tgfranaftfrs, tgf òquoi jrna h sah``rfsfrvnor fxphdis odtn h `ndl enùad wotg h vfrysah`` odsoif iohaftfr. Ygus,

=3

tgf fxphdsond os sujjoeofdt`y ahldojofi sn ot ehd mfheeurhtf`y seh`fi od tfras nj hetuh` tfapfrhturfeghdlf.

H tgfranaftfr famfiifi od h snòi nr

oaafrsfi od h òquoi snnd enafs tn h tfapfrhturffquoòmroua wotg tgf sumsthdef, hdi sgnws tgfhetuh` tfapfrhturf nj tgf sumsthdef. Afhsurodltgf hor tfapfrhturf os h mot anrf iojjoeu`t. Iurodltgf ihy, jnr fxhap`f, oj sudòlgt strobfs tgf mu`m njtgf tgfranaftfr, tgf rfhiodl wo`` mf golgfr tghd tgfhor tfapfrhturf mfehusf nj iorfet rhiohtond. Htdolgt, oj tgf mu`m os fxpnsfi tn tgf sby, tgf rfhiodlwo`` mf odjùfdefi my tgf nutlnodl rhiohtond jrna tgfmu`m, hdi wo` mf nwfr tghd tgf hor tfapfrhturf. Ynhvnoi tgos iojjoeu`ty, tgfranaftfrs hrf usuh``ysgofìfi jrna rhiohtond sn tght tgf fxeghdlf nj

gfht mftwffd tgf tgfranaftfr hdi tgf hor osrfstroetfi hs aueg hs pnssom`f tn endiuetond. Hsthdihri odstruafdt sgf`tfr prnvoifs tgos sgofìodlht joxfi `nehtonds wgo`f sto`` pfraottodl jrff j`nw njhor phst tgf tgfranaftfr od


20/161

Ygf twn enaand tfapfrhturf seh`fs od usf hrf Jhgrfdgfot hdiEf`sous. Dodf iflrffs Jhgrfdgfot fquh`s jovf iflrffs Ef`sous.

soif. H ghdi-gfì tgfranaftfr sgnuì mf bfptsghifi hdi sgnuì mf swudl rhpoi`y jnr h jfwsfendis tn odsurf h enaphrhm`f rfhiodl.

]fprfsfdthtovf AfhsurfafdtsYgf afhsurfi hor tfapfrhturf ht h jorf-

wfhtgfr sthtond, tn mf anst usfju` od jorf endtrn`,sgnuì mf rfprfsfdthtovf nj tgf surrnudiodlendiotonds. Ahdy jhetnrs, hs wf wo`` sff, hjjfet tgfhor tfapfrhturf2 tgfsf odeùif tgf typf nj lrnudisurjhef, dfhrmy muoìodls nr trffs, tgf `neh`tnpnlrhpgy, hdi tgf gfolgt hmnvf tgf lrnudi.

Efrthod sthdihris nj tgfranaftfr fxpnsurf ghvfmffd fsthmòsgfi sn tght tfapfrhturf rfhiodls htndf wfhtgfr sthtond ahy mf enaphrfi tn tgnsf hthdntgfr. Afhsurfafdts hrf ahif ht h sthdihrigfolgt nj 9 8/= jfft hmnvf tgf lrnudi. @nehtondsdfhr muoìodls nr ntgfr nmstruetonds hrf hvnoifi, hs

hrf typfs nj lrnudi surjhefs sueg hs enderftf nrhspgh`t, wgoeg wnuì nmvonus`y hjjfet tfapfrhturfrfhiodls. Surf`y `neh` fjjfets hrf hvnoifi wgfrfpnssom`f.

Ygf `neh` vhrohtonds od tfapfrhturf tght hrfhvnoifi wgfd rfhiodls hrf usfi jnr jorf-wfhtgfrjnrfehstodl nr jnr hrfh jorf-ihdlfr rhtodl mfenafanst oapnrthdt wgfd kuilafdts aust mf ahifendefrdodl jorf mfghvonr ht h phrtoeu`hr toaf hdip`hef. Ygfd ot os dfefsshry fotgfr tn thbf e`nsf`ysphefi afhsurfafdts tn sgnw tgf tfapfrhturfvhrohtonds, nr tn ahbf kuilafdts mhsfi nd

pfrsndh` bdnw`filf nj wgfrf hdi gnw tgfsfvhrohtonds aolgt neeur.Ygf ehusfs nj tgfsf tfapfrhturf eghdlfs hrf

ahdy hdi vhrofi. Gnwfvfr, tgrff oapnrthdtprnefssfs udifròf h`` ehusfs; (8) Gfhtodl hdiennòdl nj tgf fhrtg's surjhef my rhiohtond, (=)fxeghdlodl nj gfht mftwffd tgf surjhef hdi tgf horhmnvf ot, hdi (5) endvfrsond nj tgfrah` fdfrly odtgf htanspgfrf tn ntgfr jnras nj fdfrly, hdi voefvfrsh. H`` tgrff prnefssfs vhry endtodunus`y.

Od tgf prnefss nj whraodl hdi ennòdl, gfht osfxeghdlfi mftwffd tgf fhrtg's surjhef hdi tgfhtanspgfrf. Unaf nj tgf gfht trhdsjfrrfi tn tgfhtanspgfrf os trhdsjnrafi tn pntfdtoh` hdi bodftoefdfrly, hdi mfenafs tgf irovodl jnref nj wfhtgfrprnefssfs. Yn udifrsthdi tgfsf prnefssfs, hditgf rfsu`todl tfapfrhturf vhrohtonds, `ft us jorstendsoifr surjhef tfapfrhturfs hdi tgfd endsoifrhor tfapfrhturfs.

FH]YG UV]JHEF YFASF]HYV]FU

Fjjfets nj Jhetnrs Hjjfetodl Un`hr ]hiohtond

Ygf tfapfrhturf nj tgf surjhef nj anstahtfroh`s enaprosodl tgf surjhef nj tgf fhrtg,fxefpt whtfr hdi oef, ghs h lrfhtfr rhdlf tghdinfs tght nj hor. Ygf tfapfrhturf nj surjhefahtfroh`s os oapnrthdt mfehusf tgf hor os proahro`y

gfhtfi hdi enn`fi my endthet wotg gfhtfi nr enn`fisurjhefs.

Unaf jhetnrs hjjfet surjhef tfapfrhturfs myodjùfdeodl tgf hanudt nj sn`hr rhiohtond tght strobfstgf surjhef nr my trhppodl tgf fhrtg's rhiohtond. \fghvf endsoifrfi snaf nj tgfsf jhetnrs od eghptfr8.

=8


21/161

H `nwfr sud hdl`f rfsu`ts od tgf rfefptond nj`fss sn`hr rhiohtond pfr udot hrfh hdi h `nwfrsurjhef tfapfrhturf. Anrf gnurs nj ihyòlgt afhdanrf gfhtodl hdi golgfr surjhef tfapfrhturfs.Endvfrsf`y, anrf gnurs nj ihrbdfss rfsu`t od anrfennòdl hdi `nwfr surjhef tfapfrhturfs,

Ynpnlrhpgy p`hys hd oapnrthdt rn`f od `neh`surjhef tfapfrhturf vhrohtonds. Iojjfrfdefs odtnpnlrhpgy ehusf `neh` vhrohtonds od tgf hdl`f htwgoeg tgf sud's rhiohtond strobfs tgf lrnudisurjhef. Mntg tgf stffpdfss hdi tgf hspfet nj hs`npf hjjfet surjhef gfhtodl hdi ennòdl. Uurjhefsanrf dfhr`y pfrpfdioeu`hr tn odenaodl rhiohtondrfefovf anrf gfht pfr udot hrfh tghd in tgnsf anrfdfhr`y phrh``f` tn odenaodl rhiohtond. Hs tgf sudanvfs hernss tgf sby, ots rhys hrf anrf dfhr`ypfrpfdioeu`hr tn iojjfrfdt s`npfs hdi hspfets htvhronus gnurs. Unutg-jheodl s`npfs, wgoeg od tgf

Dnrtgfrd Gfaospgfrf rfefovf anrf dfhr`y iorfetrhys jrna tgf sud iurodl anst nj tgf ihy tghd indnrtg-jheodl s`npfs, ahy ghvf h surjheftfapfrhturf od aoisuaafr hs golg hs 8


22/161

nj tgf sud. Uurjhef tfapfrhturfs rfspndi quoeb ytn tgfsf eghdlfs. Jnr fxhap`f, h jnrfst j`nnr wotgh antt`fi sud hdi sghif phttfrd ahy ghvftfapfrhturf vhrohtonds iurodl tgf suaafr nj hsaueg hs 63-:3J. wotgod h jfw jfft. Od ifeoiunusjnrfsts od tgf wodtfr, tgfrf wo`` mf h jhor iflrff nj

udojnraoty nj lrnudi tfapfrhturf. Od npfd podfjnrfsts, ahrbfi iojjfrfdefs od lrnudi tfapfrhturfhrf dntfi mntg od suaafr hdi wodtfr.

Mntg òquoi whtfr irnp`fts od e`nuis hdi tgf whtfrvhpnr od tgf htanspgfrf iorfet`y hjjfet surjheftfapfrhturfs. Ygfy mntg hmsnrm snaf odenaodlrhiohtond, hdi e`nuis rfj`fet aueg nj tgf sn`hrrhiohtond. Ygf tgoebfr hdi `nwfr tgf e`nuis, tgf`fss odenaodl rhiohtond strobfs tgf surjhef. Ygfsurjhef tfapfrhturf ahy irnp hs aueg hs 63J.wotgod 5 aodutfs hs h tgoeb e`nui phssfs nvfrgfhi

od e`fhr aoisuaafr wfhtgfr. \htfr irnp`fts ode`nuis, hdi odvosom`f whtfr vhpnr od tgf hor, h`snodjùfdef tgf ennòdl nj tgf surjhef ht dolgt. Mntghmsnrm aueg nj tgf nutlnodl tgfrah` rhiohtond, hdisnaf nj tgos gfht os rfrhiohtfi mheb tn tgf fhrtg.Ygus, surjhef tfapfrhturfs dnrah``y hrf aueg`nwfr nd e`fhr dolgts tghd nd e`nuiy dolgts. Ygf`heb nj whtfr vhpnr od tgf hor os ndf rfhsnd wgysurjhef tfapfrhturfs od tgf ifsfrt mfenaf sn `nwht dolgt.

H m`hdbft nj sanbf jrna jnrfst jorfs, òbf e`nuis,ehusfs soldojoehdt`y `nwfr ihytoaf surjheftfapfrhturfs, hdi golgfr dolgttoaf tfapfrhturfs,wgfd sbofs hrf ntgfrwosf e`fhr.

Fjjfets nj Uurjhef Srnpfrtofs

Gnwfvfr, fvfd wgfd h efrthod hanudt njrhiohtond strobfs h surjhef, tgfrf hrf sfvfrh`prnpfrtofs nj tgf sumsthdef otsf`j, wgoeg hjjfet otsrfsu`todl tfapfrhturf.

Jorst os tgf ehpheoty nj tgf sumsthdef tnhmsnrm nr rfj`fet rhiohtond. Ihrb ahtfroh`slfdfrh``y hmsnrm anst nj tgf rhiohtond od tgf vosom`fwhvf`fdltgs, wgfrfhs òlgt ahtfroh`s rfj`fet anst njtgos rhiohtond mheb tn sphef. Uodef ihrb sno`s hdijnrfst òttfr hrf rhtgfr lnni hmsnrmfrs hdi pnnrrfj`fetnrs nj rhiohtond, tgfy wo`` mfenaf gnttfr tghdòlgt-en`nrfi sno`s. Ihrb phvfafdts wo`` mfenafquotf gnt nd suddy ihys. Ygf tfapfrhturf nj tgftrff ernwd od h jnrfst wo`` rosf h`sn, mut dnt hsaueg. Unaf nj tgf odenaodl rhiohtond os usfi odprnefssfs ntgfr tghd gfhtodl, sueg hs od tgfprniuetond nj jnni hdi od tgf vhpnrozhtond nj tgfanosturf rf`fhsfi my trhdsporhtond. Uumsthdefs

tght hrf lnni rhiohtnrs nj `ndl-whvf rhiohtond faotgfht rhpoi`y jrna tgfor surjhefs ht dolgt wgfdfxpnsfi tn h e`fhr sby. Oj tgfy hrf dnt suppòfiwotg gfht jrna wotgod, tgfsf surjhefs mfenaf quotfenì ht dolgt. Yrff ernwds, lrhss, p`nwfi `hdi, hdishdi hrf h`` lnni rhiohtnrs.

Ygf hmsnrptovoty hdi faossovoty nj h surjhefmntg vhry wotg tgf whvf`fdltg nj tgf rhiohtond hditgf tfapfrhturf. Mut udifr oifdtoeh` whvf`fdltgshdi tfapfrhturf, hmsnrptovoty hdi faossovoty hrfhssuafi tn mf tgf shaf.

Udnw os hd odtfrfstodl sumsthdef od tght otsprnpfrtofs hrf vfry iojjfrfdt ht iojjfrfdtwhvf`fdltgs. Od tgf vosom`f pnrtond nj tgf spfetrua,sdnw wo`` rfj`fet 73 tn 76 pfrefdt nj tgf odenaodlsgnrt-whvf rhiohtond. Ygos heenudts jnr ots wgotf

en`nr. Jnr `ndl-whvf rhiohtond, gnwfvfr, sdnw oshd fxtrfaf`y lnni hmsnrmfr hdi h dfhr pfrjfetrhiohtnr. Ygfrfjnrf, h sdnw surjhef gfhts up òtt`fiurodl tgf ihy, mut enn`s my rhiohtond fxtrfaf`ywf`` ht dolgt. \f wo`` sff `htfr tght tgfsfeghrhetfrostoes ahbf sdnw oifh` jnr tgf jnrahtond njenì, iry hor ahssfs.

H sfendi prnpfrty nj surjhef ahtfroh`s hjjfetodltfapfrhturf os trhdsphrfdey. \htfr os jhor`ytrhdsphrfdt tn odenaodl rhiohtond, wgo`f nphqufahtfroh`s hrf dnt. Ygf gfht hmsnrmfi my nphqufsumsthdefs os endefdtrhtfi od h sgh``nw surjhef`hyfr, ht `fhst odotoh``y. Mut rhiohtond pfdftrhtfsiffp`y odtn whtfr, gfhtodl h `hrlfr vnùaf. Ygos osndf rfhsnd wgy nphquf sumsthdefs sueg hs `hdimfenaf whrafr iurodl tgf ihy tghd whtfr infs.Gnwfvfr, ot os dnt tgf anst oapnrthdt rfhsnd. Ygfinwdwhri aoxodl nj whrafi surjhef whtfr myturmu`fdt antond os anrf oapnrthdt od iostromutodltgf odenaodl gfht tgrnulg h `hrlf vnùaf.

H tgori prnpfrty os tgf endiuetovoty nj tgfsumsthdef. Odenaodl rhiohdt fdfrly strobodl h lnniendiuetnr, sueg hs afth`, os rhpoi`y trhdsaottfi hsgfht tgrnulg tgf ahtfroh`, rhosodl tgf tfapfrhturfnj tgf afth` tn h udojnra `fvf`. Ygf shaf rhiohdtfdfrly hppòfi tn h pnnr endiuetnr tfdis tnendefdtrhtf gfht dfhr tgf surjhef, rhosodl tgfsurjhef tfapfrhturf golgfr tghd tght od tgf odtfronr.\nni, jnr fxhap`f, os h pnnr endiuetnr, hdi gfhthppòfi tn ot endefdtrhtfs ht tgf surjhef hdi nd`ys`nw`y pfdftrhtfs tn whra tgf odtfronr. @fhj òttfr oshd

=5


23/161

Ynp Uurjhef ahtfroh`s iojjfr od tgfor hmsnrptovf hdi rfj`fetovfprnpfrtofs. Ihrb phvfafdts mfenaf quotf gnt od sudòlgt2 ihrbsno`s mfenaf whrafr tghd òlgt sno s. Ygf tfapfrhturf nj trffernwds wo`` rosf h`sn, mut dnt hs aueg. Efdtfr Gfht hmsnrmfimy nphquf sumsthdefs, sueg hs `hdi, os endefdtrhtfi od h sgh``nw`hyfr. ]hiohtond pfdftrhtfs iffp`y odtn whtfr hdi whras h `hrlfrvnùaf. Mnttna ]hiohdt fdfrly hmsnrmfi my h lnni endiuetnr,sueg hs afth`, os rhpoi`y trhdsaottfi tgrnulg tgf ahtfroh`, wgo`ftght hmsnrmfi my h pnnr endiuetnr, sueg hs wnni, tfdis tnendefdtrhtf dfhr tgf surjhef, hdi tgf surjhef mfenafs quotf gnt.

ntgfr pnnr endiuetnr. Enaand rnebs, ihap sno`, hdiwhtfr, h`tgnulg dnt hs fjjoeofdt endiuetnrs nj gfht hsafth`s, hrf aueg mfttfr endiuetnrs tghd wnni, ntgfrnrlhdoe juf`s, nr iry sno`s.

=9

Hor os h vfry pnnr endiuetnr, sn pnrnussumsthdefs sueg hs iujj nr ottfr wotg ahdy hor-sphefswo`` mhr tgf phsshlf nj surjhef gfht tn tgf sno` mf`nw.

Ht dolgt, hs surjhefs enn` my rhiohtond, tgf surjhefs njlnni endiuetnrs in dnt enn` hs jhst hs tgnsf nj pnnrendiuetnrs sn ndl hs tgfrf os gfht mf`nw tn rfp`fdosgtght `nst ht tgf surjhef my rhiohtond. H wfhtgfrfimnhri, jnr fxhap`f, `yodl nd mhrf lrnudi od tgf npfdahy ghvf jrnst nd ot, wgfrfhs dndf ghs jnrafi nd tgfdfhrmy lrnudi.

Yn suaahrozf, tgf surjhefs nj pnnr endiuetnrslft gnttfr iurodl tgf ihy hdi enn`fr ht dolgt tghd tgfsurjhefs nj lnni endiuetnrs.

\f fhrdfi od eghptfr 8 tght iojjfrfdt sumsthdefsghvf iojjfrfdt gfht ehpheotofs, hdi tght tgf spfeojoegfht nj h sumsthdef os tgf rhton nj ots gfht ehpheoty tntght nj whtfr. Ygf spfeojoe gfht, tgfd, os hdntgfrrfhsnd wgy tgf surjhef tfapfrhturf nj sumsthdefsvhry udifr soao`hr endiotonds nj odenaodl hdi

nutlnodl rhiohtond. H sumsthdef wotg h `nw spfeojoegfht wo`` whra up rhpoi`y hs gfht os hiifi tn ot, soap`ymfehusf ot thbfs `fss gfht tn eghdlf ots tfapfrhturf.\htfr ghs h golg spfeojoe gfht, hdi ots tfapfrhturfeghdlfs 8J. wgfd 8 M.t.u. nj gfht fdfrly pfr pnudios lhodfi nr `nst. \nni, wgoeg ghs hmnut gh`j tgfspfeojoe gfht nj whtfr, eghdlfs hmnut =J. wotg heghdlf nj 8 M.t.u. pfr pnudi. Ahtfroh`s òbf eghrenh`,hsgfs, shdi, e`hy, hdi stndf eghdlf hmnut 6J. @ottfrsurjhefs enapnsfi nj iry fhvfs, dffi`fs, hdi lrhssghvf `nw gfht ehpheotofs, hdi, hs afdtondfi hmnvf,hrf h`sn pnnr gfht endiuetnrs. Jnr tgfsf twnrfhsnds, iorfet sn`hr rhiohtond njtfd gfhts òttfrsurjhefs tn tfapfrhturfs jhr hmnvf tgf tfapfrhturf njtgf nvfr`yodl hor wotgnut gfhtodl tgf sno` mf`nw,

Uodef whtfr ghs h golg spfeojoe gfht hdi os hjhor`y lnni endiuetnr, tgf surjhef tfapfrhturfs njsumsthdefs hrf lrfht`y odjùfdefi my tgf prfsfdef njanosturf. Anost surjhefs, wgfd enaphrfi wotg irysurjhefs, wo`` dnt rfheg hs golg tfapfrhturfs od tgfihy nr hs `nw tfapfrhturfs ht dolgt. Ygos os hdntgfrrfhsnd wgy hdi sfaohroi hrfhs, wgfd enaphrfi wotganost rflonds, ghvf mntg golgfr ihytoaf surjheftfapfrhturfs hdi `nwfr dolgttoaf surjheftfapfrhturfs.

Ygf prfsfdef nj anosturf os h`sn oapnrthdtmfehusf nj tgf gfht usfi od fvhpnrhtond hdi rf-


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`fhsfi od endifdshtond. \f ghvf sffd tght wgo`f8 M.t.u. wo`` rhosf tgf tfapfrhturf nj 8 pnudi nj whtfr8J., dfhr`y 8,333 hrf rfquorfi tn fvhpnrhtf 8 pnudinj whtfr udifr dnrah` endiotonds nj prfssurf hditfapfrhturf. Ygus wgfd whtfr os fvhpnrhtfi jrna hsurjhef, ennòdl thbfs p`hef ht tgf surjhef wotg henrrfspndiodl rfiuetond od tgf surjhef tfapfrhturf.Ygos, tgfd, os hdntgfr rfhsnd wgy surjhefs nj anostsumsthdefs ghvf `nwfr ihytoaf tfapfrhturfs tghdiry sumsthdefs. Ht dolgt, oj vhpnr endifdsfs, hdfquh``y `hrlf hanudt nj gfht os òmfrhtfi tn whra tgfsurjhef.

Fjjfet nj \odi

Utrndl ihytoaf wodis dfhr tgf surjhef tfdi tnprfvfdt golg surjhef tfapfrhturfs. Yrhdsjfr nj mfhtmftwffd tgf surjhef hdi tgf hor os oaprnvfi myaoxodl, wgoeg ehrrofs gfht hwhy jrna tgf gfhtfi

surjhefs. Ygos hor anvfafdt h`sn trhdspnrtsanosturf, oderfhsodl fvhpnrhtond jrna anost surjhefshdi tgus rfstroetodl tgf tfapfrhturf rosf. Ht dolgt tgffjjfet nj strndl wodis os tn prfvfdt `nw surjhef tfa-pfrhturfs my aoxodl whrafr hor inwdwhri hdimrodlodl ot odtn endthet wotg tgf surjhef, wgfrf snafnj tgf gfht ehd mf trhdsjfrrfi tn tgf lrnudi myendiuetond. Ygus, wodiodfss ghs h anifrhtodlodjùfdef nd surjhef tfapfrhturfs.

Utrndl ihytoaf wodis ehusf turmu`fdt, aoxodl, wgoeg ehrrofs gfhthwhy jrna whrafi surjhefs hdi `nwfrs surjhef tfapfrhturfs.

Od h sthm`f hor ahss, tgf ihytoaf gfhtodl hdi aoxodl hrf endjodfitn h sgh``nw `hyfr, hdi tgf tfapfrhturf nj tgos hor wo`` oderfhsfrhpoi`y.

HO] YFASF]HYV]FU

Ygf fxeghdlf nj gfht mftwffd tgf hor hdi tgfsurjhefs nvfr wgoeg ot j`nws os tgf ahstfr endtrn``fr njhor tfapfrhturfs. Ygos fxeghdlf os h endtodunusprnefss, thbodl p`hef fvfrywgfrf ht h`` toafs. \gfdh hrlf mniy nj hor enafs tn rfst nr anvfs vfry s`nw`ynvfr h `hdi nr sfh hrfh ghvodl udojnra tfapfrhturfhdi anosturf prnpfrtofs, sueg hs tgf nefhds nr tgfpn`hr rflonds, ot lrhiuh``y thbfs nd tgf tfapfrhturfhdi anosturf eghrhetfrostoes nj tgf udifr`yodl surjhef.Ygfd, wgfd tgf mniy nj hor, eh``fi hd hor ahss, anvfshwhy jrna tgos rflond, ot tfdis tn rfthod tgfsfeghrhetfrostoes, h`tgnulg s`nw aniojoehtond thbfsp`hef iurodl ots trhvf`.

Ygf hor-ahss tfapfrhturfs oapnsf snafrfstrhodt nd tgf iho`y gfhtodl hdi ennòdl tght tgf horahss fdenudtfrs. Jnr fxhap`f, udifr tgf shafendiotonds nj ihytoaf gfhtodl, h enì hor ahss wo`` dntrfheg hs golg h tfapfrhturf

=6


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hs h whra hor ahss. \f wo`` dnw endsoifr gnw `nehèghdlfs od hor tfapfrhturfs hrf prniuefi wotgod tgfòaothtonds nj tgf hor-ahss tfapfrhturf.

Gnw Hor os Gfhtfi

Odenaodl sn`hr rhiohtond gfhts tgf hor iorfet`ynd`y 3.6-8J. pfr ihy, ifpfdiodl anst`y nd tgfhanudt nj whtfr vhpnr prfsfdt. Ygf rfst nj tgfgfhtodl enafs jrna mf`nw, anst nj ot my endiuetond,tgrnulg iorfet endthet wotg tgf whrafi surjhef nj tgffhrtg. Ygf gfhtfi surjhef hor mfenafs munyhdt hdios jnrefi upwhri my enn`fr, anrf ifdsf hor. Ygosendvfetond ahy iostromutf tgf gfht tgrnulg h ifptg njsfvfrh` tgnushdi jfft iurodl tgf ihy.

Ygf jodh` ifptg tgrnulg wgoeg gfht jrna tgfsurjhef os iostromutfi tgrnulg tgf htanspgfrf wo`` mfhjjfetfi my tgf `hpsf rhtf nj tgf hor. Oj tgf hpsf rhtfos sthm`f tgrnulg h iffp hyfr, tgf ihytoaf aoxodl hdi

gfhtodl nj tgf htanspgfrf wo`` mf endjodfi tn h jhor`ysgh``nw

Od h rf`htovf`y udsthm`f hor ahss, gnntodl hdi aoxodl wo`` thbfp`hef tgrnulgnut h iffp `hyfr, hdi tgf hor tfapfrhturf dfhr tgflrnudi wo`` rosf s`nw`y hdi tn h sah``fr fxtfdt.

=:

`hyfr nj pfrghps 8,333 tn =,333 jfft, hdi tgftfapfrhturf nj tgos `hyfr wo`` oderfhsf rhpoi`y. Oj,tgrnulg h `hyfr nj hor sfvfrh` tgnushdi jfft iffp, tgftfapfrhturf `hpsf rhtf hpprnhegfs tgf iry-hiohmhtoerhtf, gfhtfi hor phref`s wo`` mf ehrrofi tn aueg lrfhtfrgfolgts. Ygfd tgf gfhtodl hdi aoxodl thbf p heftgrnulgnut h iffp `hyfr, hdi tgf rosf od hortfapfrhturf dfhr tgf lrnudi wo`` mf `fss hdi s`nwfr.Ygus, wf ehd sff tght tgf eghrhetfrostoe hor-ahsstfapfrhturf ht sfvfrh` tgnushdi jfft hmnvf tgfsurjhef os oapnrthdt od fstoahtodl tgf ahxoaua tfa-pfrhturf nj hor dfhr tgf surjhef.

Ygf fjjfet nj wodi nd gfhtodl nj tgf hor os soao`hrtn tght nj sthmoòty. Utrndl wodis ehusf anrfturmu`fdef hdi aoxodl sn tght gfht os iostromutfitgrnulg h iffpfr hyfr hdi tgf tfapfrhturf rosf nj hor

dfhr tgf surjhef os `fss. Ygf lrfhtfst tfapfrhturfrosfs rfsu`todl jrna surjhef gfhtodl neeur wotg òlgtwodis.

Hdntgfr jhetnr od tgf gfhtodl nj tgf hor dfhr tgfsurjhef tght wf sgnuì dnt nvfr`nnb os tgf hmsnrptondnj tgf fhrtg's `ndl-whvf rhiohtond my whtfr vhpnr.Uodef anst nj tgf whtfr vhpnr os endefdtrhtfi od tgf`nwfr `hyfrs nj tgf htanspgfrf, tgfsf `nwfr `hyfrshrf gfhtfi my hmsnrptond nj fhrtg rhiohtond hs wf`` hsmy endiuetond hdi endvfetond.

Gnw Hor os Enn`fi

Hor-enn`s ht dolgt my tgf shaf mfht trhdsjfrprnefssfs-endiuetond, rhiohtond, hdi endvfetond-hs otgfhts iurodl tgf ihy. Ygf surjhef mflods tn ennt jorstmy rhiohtond, ennòdl tgf hor od endthet wotg ot. Nde`fhr, ehà dolgts tgos os tgf proahry aftgni njennòdl. Ot os proahro`y tgf surjhef hor `hyfr, wgoeg osenn`fi wgo`f tgf hor h`njt ahy rfahod dfhr ihytfapfrhturfs.

\htfr vhpnr hdi e`nuis h`sn `nsf gfht tn tgf sbymy tgfor nwd rhiohtond, mut ht h s`nwfr rhtf tghd tgfgfht `nst dfhr tgf surjhef tgrnulg e`fhr, iry hor.\gfd e`nuis nr soldojoehdt whtfr vhpnr os prfsfdt,aueg nj tgf nutlnodl rhiohtond jrna mf`nw osodtfrefptfi hdi rfrhiohtfi mheb tn tgf surjhef. Ygus,tgf surjhef os enn`fi anrf s`nw`y.

\odis ht dolgt h`sn rfiuef tgf ennòdl nj surjhefhor my mrodlodl inwd hdi aoxodl whrafr hor jrnahmnvf. Ygos prnefss infs dnt


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s`nw tgf surjhef rhionhetovf ennòdl, mut ot infssprfhi ots fjjfets nd hor tfapfrhturf tgrnulg hiffpfr hyfr. Nd tgf hvfrhlf, gnwfvfr, tgf ioj-

jfrfdef mftwffd ihy hdi dolgt hor tfapfrhturfs osaueg lrfhtfr dfhr tgf surjhef tghd ot os h`njt.

ZF]YOEH@ ZH]OHYOND NJ HO] YFASF]HYV]F

\f ghvf sffd tght tgf htanspgfrf os gfhtfijrna mf`nw my endiuetond hdi endvfetond. \f h`snbdnw tght tgf lhsfs hdi sumsthdefs wotg lnnigfht-hmsnrmodl prnpfrtofs, sueg hs whtfr vhpnr,òquoi whtfr, sanbf, hdi iust, hrf anrfendefdtrhtfi od tgf `nwfr `fvf`s nj tgf htanspgfrf.

Ht golgfr `fvf`s od tgf htanspgfrf, gfht os `nst tnsphef my rhiohtond. \f sgnuì fxpfet, tgfrfjnrf,tght tgf tfapfrhturf nj tgf htanspgfrf iferfhsfswotg gfolgt. \f lfdfrh``y jodi tgos sotuhtond wgfd

wf afhsurf hor tfapfrhturfs h`njt. Uuegafhsurfafdts hrf ahif my odstruafdts, htthegfitn mh``nnds, tght trhdsaot soldh`s f`fetroeh``y tnrfefovfrs nd tgf lrnudi. Hdntgfr rfhsnd jnr tgfiferfhsf nj tfapfrhturf wotg gfolgt os tght horfxphdis hdi mfenafs enn`fr hs ot os anvfi up,hdi hs hor os anvfi inwd ot os enaprfssfi hdimfenafs whrafr.

Ygf yfhr-rnudi hvfrhlf rhtf nj tfapfrhturfiferfhsf wotg gfolgt od tgf trnpnspgfrf ht 96 D.`htotuif, hs iftfraodfi jrna ahdy gudirfis njafhsurfafdts nr snudiodls, os 5.6J. pfr 8,333

jfft. Od hdy h`totuiodh` rhdlf od tgf trnpnspgfrf hthdy toaf, gnwfvfr, tgf `hpsf rhtf ahy ifvohtfsoldojoehdt`y jrna tgos hvfrhlf. Ygf htanspgfrf osnjtfd strhtojofi hs h rfsu`t nj gnrozndth` antond h`njt.Fheg strhtua ahy ghvf ots odiovoiuh` tfapfrhturfstrueturf. Odvfrsonds h`njt, tgnulg `fss enaandtghd ht tgf surjhef, hrf ehusfi my tgf odj`nw njwhra hor hmnvf, nr my sumsoifdef od `hrlfgolg-prfssurf systfas.

Od tgf `nwfst `hyfrs nj tgf htanspgfrf, tgfeghdlf nj tfapfrhturf wotg gfolgt vhrofs end-soifrhm`y jrna ihy tn dolgt. Fhr`y od tgf anrdodl,gfhtodl mflods ht tgf surjhef, whraodl hor od h vfrysgh``nw `hyfr. Ygf whra hor os jnrefi upwhri, mutnd`y tn tgf `fvf` wgfrf ots tfapfrhturf os fquh` tntght nj tgf surrnudiodl hor. Ygf whrafi `hyfrmfenafs lrhiuh``y iffpfr wotg hiiotondh` gfhtodl,fòaodhtfs tgf dolgt odvfrsond, hdi rfhegfs otsahxoaua tfapfrhturf hmnut aoi-hjtfrdnnd.

Nd ihys wotg strndl surjhef gfhtodl, hor dfxt tntgf lrnudi ehd mfenaf quotf gnt. Ht tgf surjheftgf tfapfrhturf ahy mf 863J, wgo`f ht tgf sgf`tfrgfolgt (9 8/= jfft) ot ahy mf nd`y ?3J. Uuegeghdlfs od tfapfrhturf wotg gfolgt jhr fxeffi tgfiry-hiohmhtoe `hpsf rhtf. H `hpsf rhtf tght fxeffistgf iry-hiohmhtoe os eh``fi h supfrhiohmhtoe , `hpsfrhtf. Vdifr fxtrfaf endiotonds sueg h `hpsf rhtfahy fxtfdi tn 8,333 jfft, mut dnrah``y ot os endjodfitn tgf jorst jfw gudirfi jfft. Uupfrhiohmhtoe `hpsf

rhtfs hrf endiueovf tn endvfetond hdi vfrtoehàoxodl. @neh` wodis ahy mf quotf lusty. Hs aoxodlendtodufs, tgf supfrhiohmhtoe `hpsf rhtf tfdis tneghdlf tnwhri tgf iry-hiohmhtoe. Ygfrfjnrf, strndlsupfrhiohmhtoe endiotonds pfrsost iurodl toafs wgfdfxefssovf gfht os endtoduh``y suppòfi tn tgfsurjhef. Ygfy ifvf`np anst rfhio y wotg e`fhr sbofshdi òlgt wodis, hdi nvfr surjhefs wotg tgf golgfsttfapfrhturfs, sueg hs ihrb sno`s hdi surjhef ah-tfroh`s, phrtoeu`hr`y murdfi-nut hdi m`hebfdfihrfhs.

Njtfd udifr ehà endiotonds, hdi fspfeoh``y

nvfr j`ht tfrrhod, gfhtfi hor phref`s in dnt rosf

Uueefssovf p`nts nj tfapfrhturf hlhodst gfolgt hd h e`fhr ihysgnw tght fhr`y od tgf anrdodl h sgh``nw `hyfr nj hor os gfhtfi,hdi lrhiuh``y tgf whrafi `hyfr mfenafs iffpfr hdi iffpfr,rfhegodl ots ahxoaua ifptg hmnut aoi hjtfrdnnd.

=


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oaafiohtf`y. Ygfy ghvf odfrtoh hdi rfahod nd tgfsurjhef udto` snaf iosturmhdef pfraots enn`frsurrnudiodl hor tn j`nw od mfdfhtg hdi prnvoif tgfdffifi munyhdey. Ygos iosturmhdef aolgt mf hsuiifd lust nj wodi nr snaf ntgfr afeghdoeh`jnref. Iust ifvo`s hdi sah`` wgor`wodis hrf

enaand odioehtnrs nj tgos muoìup hdi fsehpf njgnt surjhef hor.

Ahrodf Odvfrsond

H enaand typf nj whra-sfhsnd odvfrsond,jnudi phrtoeu`hr`y h`ndl tgf wfst enhst, os tgfenhsth` nr ahrodf odvfrsond. Gfrf enn`, anost horjrna tgf nefhd sprfhis nvfr `nw- yodl `hdi. Ygf`hyfr nj enn`, anost hor ahy vhry od ifptg jrna h jfwgudirfi tn sfvfrh` tgnushdi jfft. Ygos `hyfr ostnppfi my h aueg whrafr, irofr, hdi rf`htovf`y

udsthm`f hor ahss. Ahrodf odvfrsonds, h`tgnulg tgfyahy pfrsost od snaf hrfhs iurodl tgf ihy, hrfstrndlfst hdi anst dntoefhm`f ht dolgt. Jnl hdistrhtus e`nuis njtfd jnra od tgf enn` ahrodf hor htdolgt hdi anvf od`hdi odtn enhsth` mhsods hdivh``fys. Oj tgf enì hor os quotf sgh``nw, jnl usuh``yjnras. Oj tgf `hyfr os iffp, strhtus e`nuis hrf òbf`ytn jnra.

Dolgt Odvfrsonds

Hor enn`fi ht dolgt, proahro`y my endthet wotgenì, rhiohtodl surjhefs, lrhiuh``y iffpfds

Enh`, anost hor jrna tgf nefhd sprfhis nvfr dfhrmy `nw-`yodl `hdihrfhs mfdfhtg tgf ahrodf odvfrsond.=7

S`nts nj tfapfrhturf hlhodst gfolgt iurodl tgf dolgt gnurs sgnwtght tgf hor os jorst enn`fi dfxt tn tgf lrnudi, jnraodl h wfhbsurjhef odvfrsond. Ygfd, hs ennòdl endtodufs iurodl tgf dolgt,tgf `hyfr nj enn`fi hor lrhiuh``y iffpfds, ehusodl tgf odvfrsond tnmfenaf iffpfr hdi strndlfr.

hs tgf dolgt prnlrfssfs hdi jnras h surjhefodvfrsond. Ygos os h surjhef `hyfr od wgoeg tgftfapfrhturf oderfhsfs wotg gfolgt. Uueg hdodvfrsond ahy odvn`vf h tfapfrhturf eghdlf nj hsaueg hs =6J. od =63 vfrtoeh` jfft. Ygf enì hor osifdsf hdi rfhio`y j`nws inwd s`npfs hdi lhtgfrs odpnebfts hdi vh``fys. Uurjhef odvfrsonds jnraodl htdolgt hrf enaand`y rfjfrrfi tn hs dolgtodvfrsonds. Dolgt odvfrsonds hrf sn oapnrthdt odjorf mfghvonr tght wf sgnuì endsoifr tgfa od snafiftho`.

Dolgt odvfrsonds hrf enaand iurodl e`fhr,ehà, sftt`fi wfhtgfr. Ygfy hrf usuh``y fhsy tnoifdtojy. Odvfrsonds trhp oapurotofs, sanbf, hdijhetnry hdi trhjjoe juafs, rfsu`todl od pnnr vosomoòty.Uanbf jrna egoadfys rosfs udto` ots tfapfrhturfahtegfs tght nj tgf surrnudiodl hor. Ygfd ot j`httfdsnut hdi sprfhis gnrozndth``y. Oj jnl jnras od tgfenì hor, ot os lfdfrh``y sgh``nw lrnudi jnl, ots ifptglfdfrh``y `fss tghd tght nj tgf odvfrsond. Lrnudijnl od phtegfs od surjhef ifprfssonds h`ndlgolgwhys os jnrafi od sah``-seh`f odvfrsonds.

E`nuiodfss hdi whtfr vhpnr od tgf htanspgfrf

òaot tgf jnrahtond hdi strfdltg nj dolgt odvfrsondsmy rfiueodl tgf rhtf nj nutlnodl rhiohtond jrna tgffhrtg.

Nd wodiy dolgts, enaphrfi wotg ehà dolgts,turmu`fdef hdi aoxodl iostromutf tgf ennòdl tgrnulgh iffpfr `hyfr, hdi tgf tfapfrhturf iferfhsf os`fss. \odis ahy rfiuef hdi snaftoafs prfvfdttgf jnrahtond nj h dolgt odvfrsond. Ygf irnp odtfapfrhturf dfhr tgf


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Uanbf rf`fhsfi odtn hd odvfrsond `hyfr wo`t rosf nd`y udto` otstfapfrhturf fquh`s tght nj tgf surrnudiodl hor2 tgfd tgf sanbfj`httfds nut hdi sprfhis gnrozndth``y.

lrnudi ht dolgt os tgfrfmy njtfd hmrupt`y stnppfi nrfvfd rfvfrsfi wgfd tgf wodi poebs up.

Dolgt odvfrsonds hrf sgh``nw mut anrf odtfdsfwgfd tgf nvfrh`` tfapfrhturf strueturf nj tgfhtanspgfrf os sthm`f. Vdifr udsthm`f endiotonds,endvfetond iostromutfs hvho`hm`f mfht. Odvfrsondshrf tgfrfjnrf `fss òbf`y, hdi tgnsf neeurrodl wo``dnt mf hs odtfdsf. Gnwfvfr, oj h dolgt odvfrsond oshm`f tn jnra, aoxodl os rfiuefi od tgf `nwfr `hyfrs.

Ynpnlrhpgy p`hys h ifeoifi rn`f od mntg tgfjnrahtond hdi odtfdsoty nj dolgt odvfrsonds. Enì hor`hyfrs hrf quotf sgh``nw nd s`npfs hdi od npfdehdynds nr rhvodfs wgfrf tgf enì, ifdsf hor ehdirhod hwhy hs ot os jnrafi. Ygos ifsefdt nj enì horrfsu`ts od tgf jnrahtond nj iffp, enì `hyfrs hdiodvfrsonds od vh``fys. Odvfrsond `hyfrs hrf mntganrf enaand hdi odtfdsf od `nwfr anudthodvh``fys nr od mhsods wotg pnnr hor irhodhlf, tghd odj`ht hrfhs.

Od anudthodnus hrfhs, tgf gfolgt nj tgf tnp njdolgt odvfrsonds, h`tgnulg ot vhrofs jrna dolgt tn

dolgt, os usuh``y mf`nw tgf ahod roilfs. Ygf gfolgtnj tgf whrafst hor tfapfrhturf ht tgf odvfrsond tnpehd mf jnudi my afhsurodl tfapfrhturfs h`ndl tgfs`npf. Jrna tgos `fvf`, tgf tfapfrhturfs iferfhsfhs ndf lnfs jhrtgfr up nr inwd tgf s`npf. Ht tgos`fvf` hrf mntg tgf golgfst aodoaua tfapfrhturfshdi tgf `fhst

iho`y tfapfrhturf vhrohtond nj hdy `fvf` h`ndl tgfs`npf. Gfrf h`sn hrf tgf `nwfst dolgttoaf rf`htovfguaoioty hdi tgf `nwfst dolgttoaf juf` anosturf.Mfehusf nj tgfsf eghrhetfrostoes nj tgf hvfrhlf`fvf` nj tgf odvfrsond tnp, ot os bdnwd hs tgf tgfrah`

mf`t. \otgod tgf tgfrah` mf`t, woìjorfs ehd rfahodquotf hetovf iurodl tgf dolgt. Mf`nw tgf tgfrah`mf`t, jorfs hrf od enn`, guaoi, hdi sthm`f hor, njtfdwotg inwd s`npf wodis. Hmnvf tgf tgfrah` mf`t,tfapfrhturfs iferfhsf wotg gfolgt. Ygf fjjfet njtgf `nwfr tfapfrhturfs, gnwfvfr, ahy mf njjsft mystrndlfr wodis hdi `fss sthm`f hor hs jorfs pfdftrhtftgf rflond hmnvf tgf tgfrah` mf`t.

Dolgt odvfrsonds od anudthodnus enudtryoderfhsf od ifptg iurodl tgf dolgt. Ygfy jnra fhr`yod tgf fvfdodl ht tgf ehdynd mnttna nr vh``fy j`nnrhdi ht jorst hrf quotf sgh``nw. Ygfd tgf enì `hyfr

lrhiuh``y iffpfds, tgf tnp rfhegodl jhrtgfr up tgfs`npf wotg tgf endtodufi ennòdl jrna tgf surjhefhdi tgf j`nw nj enì hor jrna hiknododl s`npfs. Hahxoaua ifptg os rfhegfi iurodl tgf aoii`f nj tgfdolgt, hdi tgf ifptg ahy tgfd rfahod endsthdt nriferfhsf sòlgt`y kust mfjnrf sudrosf. Oj tgf hor ossujjoeofdt`y enì hdi anost, jnl ahy jnra.

Hjtfr sudrosf, surjhef gfhtodl mflods tn whratgf enì hor, hdi tgf odvfrsond tnp ahy hetuh``y rosfsòlgt`y jrna tgos fxphdsond. Hs gfhtodl ifstrnystgf odvfrsond h`ndl tgf s`npfs,

Ygf zndf nj whra dolgttoaf tfapfrhturfs dfhr tgf tnp nj tgfodvfrsond os bdnwd hs tgf tgfrah` mf`t.

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ups`npf wodis mflod. Ygf trhdspnrt nj hor jrna tgfvh``fy mnttna up tgf s`npfs ahy hetuh``y ehusf tgfodvfrsond tnp tn `nwfr nvfr tgf aoii`f nj tgf vh``fy.Jodh``y, wotg endtodufi

gfhtodl hdi aoxodl, tgf odvfrsond hyfr Os ena-p`ftf`y iossophtfi. Ygf mfghvonr nj h jorf murdodlmfdfhtg hd odvfrsond ahy eghdlf hmrupt`ywgfd tgf odvfrsond os ifstrnyfi.

FJJFEYU NJ JN]FUYU ND YFASF]HYV]F DFH] YGF L]NVDI

Od h`` sotuhtonds, vflfthtond anifrhtfs hortfapfrhturfs wotgod tgf vflfthtovf `hyfr jnr sfvfrh`rfhsnds. Jorst , ot odtfrefpts mntg odenaodl hdinutlnodl rhiohtond hdi tgfrfjnrf ghs h ahrbfifjjfet nd lrnudi tfapfrhturf2 sfendi, lrffdjn`ohlf infs dnt whra up hs aueg hs lrnudi nr iry`ottfr2 hdi tgori , `fhj surjhefs fxeghdlf gfht wotghor tgrnulg h iffpfr, `fss rfstroetfi mnudihry `hyfr.Ygfsf fjjfets rfsu`t od `fss prndnudefitfapfrhturf eghdlfs wotg gfolgt hmnvf tgf lrnudi.

Od h`` vflfthtovf envfr, tgf tfapfrhturf

iostromutond ifpfdis upnd tgf dhturf hdi ifdsoty njtgf vflfthtond. \otg p`hdts, sueg hs `nw mrusg, tgf`fhvfs jnra h dfhr`y endtodunus uppfr surjhef, hditgos surjhef hets hs tgf fjjfetovf lrnudi surjhef.Ygf ahxoaua ihytoaf tfapfrhturfs hdi aodoauadolgttoaf tfapfrhturfs hrf dfhr tgf tnp nj tgfmrusg nr ifdsf p`hdt envfr, h`tgnulg tfapfrhturfsdfhr

Ernwds nj trffs od h gfhvy jnrfst mfenaf tgf fjjfetovf hor endthetsurjhef. Hor od tgf ernwd rflond ghi golgfr ihytoaf tfapfrhturfstghd hor mfdfhtg tgf ernwds.

tgf lrnudi hrf dnt lrfht`y iojjfrfdt.Ygf ernwds nj trffs od h gfhvy jnrfst jnra h

dfhr`y endtodunus envfr hdi tgf ehdnpy tgusmfenafs, od fjjfet, tgf hor endthet surjhef. Ygfgolgfst ihytoaf tfapfrhturfs hrf jnudi dfhr tgfernwd tnp, hdi tgf tfapfrhturf wo`` iferfhsflrhiuh``y mftwffd tgos `fvf` hdi tgf lrnudi.Ahxoaua hor tfapfrhturfs dfhr tgf ernwds ahy mf873 tn =33 whrafr tghd hor tfapfrhturf dfhr tgflrnudi. Hmnvf tgf trff ernwds tgf tfapfrhturfiferfhsfs jhor`y rhpoi`y wotg gfolgt, h`tgnulg dfvfr

hs rhpoi`y hs nvfr mhrf lrnudi. Ygos os mfehusf tgftfapfrhturfs nj tgf trff ernwd surjhefs od endthetwotg tgf hor hrf `nwfr tghd mhrf lrnudi, hdimfehusf tgf hor eoreu`htond hrnudi tgfsf surjhefs osmfttfr.

@fss ifdsf vflfthtond wo`` pfraot anrf sn`hrrhiohtond tn pfdftrhtf tn tgf lrnudi tghd wo`` hifdsf envfr. Ygf iflrff nj phrtoh` lrnudi

Dolgttoaf tfapfrhturfs od h ifdsf toamfr sthdi tfdi tn mf `nwfstdfhr tgf tnps nj tgf ernwds, wgfrf tgf prodeoph` rhiohtond thbfsp`hef.

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Npfdodls od h toamfr sthdi tfdi tn het hs egoadfys udifr endiotonds nj strndl ihytoaf gnaodl hdi òlgt wodis.

sghiodl prnvoifi my `fss ifdsf vflfthtondiftfraodfs2 tgf hor tfapfrhturf iostromutond mf-twffd tgf lrnudi surjhef hdi tgf ehdnpy tnp. Otwo`` rhdlf mftwffd tght jnudi nvfr mhrf lrnudi hditght udifr h e`nsfi ehdnpy.

Hor tfapfrhturfs ht tgf sthdihri 9 8/=-jnntgfolgt wotgod tgf jnrfst od tgf hjtfrdnnd hrf òbf`y tnmf 6 tn 7 enn`fr tghd tgf tfapfrhturfs od dfhrmye`fhrfi hrfhs. Npfdodls od h anifrhtf tn ifdsftoamfr sthdi ahy mfenaf whra hor pnebfts iurodltgf ihy. Ygfsf npfdodls njtfd het hs dhturhègoadfys hdi ahy

heef`frhtf tgf rhtf nj murdodl nj surjhef jorfs,wgoeg hrf e`nsf fdnulg tn mf odjùfdefi my tgfsf"egoadfys."

Dolgt tfapfrhturfs od ifdsf toamfr sthdistfdi tn mf `nwfst dfhr tgf tnp nj tgf ernwd wgfrftgf prodeoph` rhiohtond thbfs p`hef. Unaf enn` horjrna tgf ernwds sodbs inwd tn tgf lrnudi surjhef,hdi tgfrf os snaf hiiotondh` ennòdl ht tgf surjhefmy rhiohtond tn tgf ennòdl ernwds. Uphrsf toamfr nrntgfr vflfthtond wo`` afrf`y iferfhsf tgf strfdltg

nj tgf odvfrsond kust hmnvf tgf lrnudi surjhef.

UFHUNDH@ HDI IOV]DH@ ZH]OHYONDU OD HO] YFASF]HYV]F

Ufhsndh` tfapfrhturf phttfrds hrf hjjfetfiprodeoph``y my`htotuif, `hrlf whtfr mniofs , hdi tgflfdfrh` eoreu`htond phttfrds . Ygf `htotuif fjjfetos, hs wf ghvf sffd, iuf tn tgf hdl`f ht wgoeg tgfsud's rhys strobf tgf fhrtg. Od lfdfrh`, tgfsfhsndh` vhrohtond nj tfapfrhturfs dfhr tgf surjhefos `fhst od fquhtnroh` rflonds, wgfrf tgfrf os òtt`fiojjfrfdef od sn`hr gfhtodl tgrnulg tgf yfhr. Ygossfhsndh` vhrohtond oderfhsfs wotg `htotuif tn mntgpn`hr rflonds, wgfrf suaafr ihys ghvf hahxoaua nj =9 gnurs nj sudsgodf hdi wodtfr ihysh ahxoaua

nj =9 gnurs nj ihrbdfss. @hrlf whtfr mniofsanifrhtf tgf sfhsndh` tfapfrhturf eye`f mfehusfnj tgfor lrfht gfht ehpheoty. Od ndf hrfh, tgflfdfrh` eoreu`htond phttfrd ahy prniuef e`nuiywfhtgfr wotg sueefssovf odjùxfs nj enì hor, hditgus h rfiuetond od tgf andtg`y nr sfhsndh`tfapfrhturf. Od hdntgfr hrfh, tgf shaf phttfrdahy prniuef nppnsotf fjjfets.

Ygf iourdh` tfapfrhturf vhrohtond ifpfdisupnd h`` nj tgf jhetnrs wf ghvf ioseussfi sn jhr.Ygf dnrah` iho`y phttfrd ht hd od`hdi `nehtond wotg`fvf` tfrrhod endsosts nj h iho`y tfapfrhturf

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Eghptfr 5

HYANUSGF]OE ANOUYV]F

Htanspgfroe anosturf os h bfy f`fafdt od jorfwfhtgfr. Ot ghs iorfet fjjfets nd tgf j`haahmoòty njjnrfst juf`s, hdi, my ots rf`htondsgop tn ntgfr wfhtgfr

jhetnrs, ot ghs odiorfet fjjfets nd ntgfr hspfets njjorf mfghvonr. Ygfrf os h endtodunus fxeghdlf njwhtfr vhpnr mftwffd tgf htanspgfrf hdi ifhiwoì`hdi juf`s. Iry juf`s hmsnrm anosturf jrna hguaoi htanspgfrf hdi lovf up tgfor anosturf tn iryhor. Iurodl vfry iry pfronis, nw guaoioty ahy h`snhjjfet tgf anosturf endtfdt nj lrffd juf`s. \gfdhtanspgfroe anosturf endifdsfs hdi jh``s hsprfeopothtond, ot oderfhsfs tgf anosturf endtfdt njifhi juf`s, hdi, my rfp`fdosgodl sno` anosturf, otprnvoifs jnr tgf lrnwtg nj lrffd vflfthtond.

\f ghvf h`rfhiy sffd tght anosturf odjùfdefs h``surjhef tfapfrhturfs, odeùiodl surjhef juf`tfapfrhturfs, my endtrn`òdl rhiohtond od ots vhpnrsthtf hdi my rfj`fetodl hdi rhiohtodl wgfd ot osendifdsfi odtn e`nuis. Ygf gfht fdfrly rf`fhsfiod endifdshtond prnvoifs tgf fdfrly jnrtgudifrstnras hdi tgf von`fdt wodis hssneohtfiwotg tgfa. Anosturf os h`sn dfefsshry jnr tgfifvf`npafdt nj òlgtdodl, wgoeg od ahdyanudthodnus hrfhs os h irfhifi ehusf nj woìjorf.


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HYANUSGF]OE ANOUYV]F

\htfr os h`whys prfsfdt od tgf `nwfr htans-pgfrf od ndf nr anrf nj ots tgrff sthtfs. Ot ahy fxosths h lhs (odvosom`f whtfr vhpnr), hs h òquoi (rhod,irozz`f, ifw, nr e`nui irnp`fts), hdi hs h snòi

(sdnw, gh``, s`fft, jrnst, nr oef erysth`s).Od ots tgrff sthtfs hdi od ots eghdlfs jrna ndf

sthtf tn hdntgfr, whtfr endtoduh``y hdi

udovfrsh``y odjùfdefs tgf wfhtgfr. Od h `htfreghptfr wf wo`` endsoifr htanspgfroe prnefssfsodvn`vodl whtfr tght prniuef e`nuis hdi prfeop-othtond. Od tgf prfsfdt eghptfr wf wo`` mf endefrdfi

proahro`y wotg whtfr vhpnr od tgf htanspgfrf - gnwot lfts tgfrf, gnw ot os afhsurfi, ifseromfi, hdiiostromutfi, hdi gnw ot vhrofs od toaf hdi sphef.

\HYF] ZHSN] OD YGF HYANUSGF]F

Anosturf hs vhpnr hets tgf shaf hs hdy ntgfrlhs. Ot aoxfs wotg ntgfr lhsfs od tgf hor, hdi yftahodthods ots nwd oifdtoty hdi eghrhetfrostoes. Ot os tgfrhw ahtfroh` od endifdshtond. Ot stnrfs oaafdsfquhdtotofs nj fdfrly lhodfi od fvhpnrhtond2 tgosfdfrly os `htfr rf`fhsfi od endifdshtond. Aueg nj tgf

fdfrly jnr tgudifrstnras, tnrdhinfs, gurroehdfs, hdintgfr strndl wodis enafs jrna tgf gfht rf`fhsfiwgfd whtfr vhpnr endifdsfs. Ygf hvho`hmoòty njwhtfr vhpnr jnr prfeopothtond `hrlf`y iftfraodfs tgfhmoòty nj h rflond tn lrnw vflfthtond, wgoeg `htfrmfenafs tgf juf` jnr woì`hdi jorfs.

Anosturf od tgf htanspgfrf os endtoduh``yeghdlodl ots pgysoeh` sthtf endifdsodl odtn

òquoi, jrffzodl odtn oef, af`todl odtn òquoi whtfr,fvhpnrhtodl odtn lhsfnus whtfr vhpnr, hdiendifdsodl mheb tn òquoi. Ygfsf eghdlfs hrf h``rf`htfi tn tfapfrhturf, tgf lhlf nj an`feu`hr hetovotyod hdy sumsthdef. Ht hmnut -9:3J. (hmsnùtf zfrn)

tgf an`feu`fs nj h`` sumsthdefs hrf antond`fss. Hstgf tfapfrhturf rosfs, tgfy anvf hrnudi ht oderfhsodlspffis. \htfr an`feu`fs anvf s`nw`y ht sumjrffzodltfapfrhturfs, anrf rhpoi`y ht af`todl tfapfrhturf,hdi sto`` anrf rhpoi`y tgrnulg tgf mnoòdl sthlf.Gnwfvfr, ht hdy lovfd tfapfrhturf, odiovoiuhàn`feu`fs, wgftgfr snòi, òquoi, nr lhs, in dnt ghvftgf shaf spffis nr iorfetond nj trhvf`. En`òsonds tghteghdlf tgfor spffis hdi iorfetonds neeurendtodunus`y.

Ygf odtfrdh` prfssurf ehusodl whtfr vhpnr tn fsehpf jrna oef nr òquoi whtfr vhrofs lrfht`y wotg tgf surjhef tfapfrhturf2 ot os vfry sah`` htenì tfapfrhturfs hdi oderfhsfs rhpoi`y od òquoi whtfr tgrnulg tgf mnoòdl sthlf.


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FvhpnrhtondUnaf an`feu`fs anafdthro`y hequorf h vfry

golg spffi jrna tgf oaphets nj ntgfr an feu`fs. Ojtgos en`òsond neeurs od òquoi whtfr dfhr tgf surjhef,hdi tgf golg spffi os od hd nutwhri iorfetond, tgfan`feu`fs ahy fsehpf odtn tgf hor. Ygos os

fvhpnrhtond, tgf prnefss my wgoeg h òquoi whtfran`feu`f mfenafs h whtfr-vhpnr an`feu`f. Uodefan`feu`fs wotg tgf golgfst fdfrly endtfdt fsehpf,`fhvodl mfgodi od tgf òquoi tgnsf wotg h `nwfrfdfrly endtfdt, tgf hvfrhlf `fvf` nj fdfrly nj tgosòquoi os iferfhsfi. Ygf iferfhsf od fdfrly `fvf`rfsu`ts od h iferfhsf od tfapfrhturf nj tgf òquoi.Ygfrfjnrf, fvhpnrhtond os h ennòdl prnefss. Fhegan`feu`f fsehpodl odtn tgf hor my h eghdlf nj sthtfthbfs wotg ot dfhr`y 8,333 toafs tgf fdfrly dffifitn rhosf tgf tfapfrhturf nj h whtfr an`feu`f 8J .

Ygf prfssurf ht tgf whtfr-hor mnudihry

rfsu`todl jrna an`feu`hr antond od tgf iorfetond njfsehpf jrna tgf òquoi os eh``fi tgf vhpnr prfssurfnj whtfr. Ygos prfssurf vhrofs nd`y wotg tgftfapfrhturf nj tgf whtfr hdi iftfraodfs

Ygf phrtoh` prfssurf iuf tn whtfr vhpnr ahy vhry jrna dfhr zfrnod enì, iry hor tn hmnut = odegfs nj afreury od whra, anost hor.

Fvhpnrhtond neeurs wgfd hd fxefss nj whtfr an`feu`fs `fhvfs hwhtfr surjhef, hdi endifdshtond neeurs wgfd hd fxefss njan`feu`hr hras tgf òquoi whtfr. Od hd fquoòmroua endiotond, tgfrfos dn dft fxeghdlf od fotgfr iorfetond, hdi tgf htanspgfrf osshturhtfi.

tgf rhtf ht wgoeg whtfr an`feu`fs fsehpf tn tgf horhdi mfenaf vhpnr an`feu`fs. Ygf whtfr-vhpnran`feu`fs, wgoeg fsehpf tn tgf hor, iosp`hef horan`feu`fs hdi endtromutf tgfor prnpnrtondhtf sghrftn tgf tnth` htanspgfroe prfssurf. Ygos pnrtond os

eh``fi tgf phrtoh` prfssurf iuf tn whtfr vhpnr, nr jnrsoapòeoty, tgf vhpnr prfssurf.

Zhpnr prfssurf ifpfdis nd tgf hetuh` whtfrvhpnr od tgf hor, hdi ot ahy vhry jrna dfhr zfrn odenì, iry hor tn hmnut = odegfs nj afreury od whra,anost hor. Golg vhùfs ehd neeur nd`y od tgf whra,`nwfr `hyfrs nj tgf trnpnspgfrf. Ygf prfssurfprniuefi my tgf vhpnr ehusfs snaf whtfr-vhpnran`feu`fs tn rf-fdtfr whtfr sur-

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endsoifr hor wotg h tfapfrhturf nj 73J. hdi hvhpnr prfssurf nj 3.5:= odegfs nj afreury.]fjfrrodl tn thm`f 8, wf jodi tght oj tgf hor os enn`fitn 633, tgf hetuh` vhpnr prfssurf wo`` fquh` tgfshturhtond vhpnr prfssurf. Ygfrfjnrf, 63 os tgfifw pnodt.

Oj tgf hor os enn`fi mf`nw ots ifw pnodt,endifdshtond neeurs mfehusf tgf hanudt nj whtfrvhpnr od tgf hor fxeffis tgf ahxoaua hanudt tghtehd mf endthodfi ht tgf `nwfr tfapfrhturf. Vdifrnriodhry eoreuasthdefs tgf hetuh` vhpnr prfssurfehddnt fxeffi tgf shturhtond vhpnr prfssurf myanrf tghd h vfry sah`` hanudt.

Hmsnùtf Guaoioty Ygf hetuh` hanudt nj whtfr vhpnr od h lovfd

vnùaf nj hor, tght os, tgf wfolgt pfr vnùaf, sueghs pnudis pfr 8,333 eumoe jfft, os eh``fi tgf

hmsnùtf guaoioty. H iorfet rf`htondsgop fxostshandl tgf ifw pnodt, tgf vhpnr prfssurf, hdi tgfhmsnùtf guaoioty mfehusf, ht endsthdthtanspgfroe prfssurf, fheg nj tgfsf ifpfdis nd`ynd tgf hetuh` hanudt nj whtfr vhpnr od tgf hor. Htshturhtond, tgf ifw pnodt os tgf shaf hs tgftfapfrhturf, tgf vhpnr prfssurf os tgf shturhtondvhpnr prfssurf, hdi tgf hmsnùtf guaoioty os tgfshturhtond hmsnùtf guaoioty.

Yhm`f = sgnws tgf rf`htondsgop handl tgfsftgrff afhsurfs nj htanspgfroe anosturf. Uht-urhtond vhùfs nj vhpnr prfssurf hdi hmsnùtf

guaoioty ehd mf nmthodfi my fdtfrodl tfapfrhturfYhm`f =. - Ifw pnodt, vhpnr prfssurf, hdi

hmsnùtf guaoiotyIfw pnodt Zhpnr prfssurf Hmsnùtf guaoioty

(tfapfrhturf) (shturhtond) (shturhtond)(Snudis pfr A

(J.) (Odegfs nj Gl.) eumoe jfft)-93 3.33: 3.388-53 .383 .38?-=3 .38< .358-83 .3=7 .368

3 .396 .378

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ifw pnodt jnr tgos vhpnr prfssurf os 93. \fdnw bdnw tght oj tgf hor whs enn`fi jrna 73J.tn 93, wotg dn ntgfr eghdlf, tgf guaoiotywnuì oderfhsf jrna =9 pfrefdt tn 833 pfrefdthdi tgf hor wnuì mf shturhtfi. Ht tght tfa-pfrhturf tgf hetuh` vhpnr prfssurf wnuì fquh`tgf shturhtond vhpnr prfssurf. Ygf hmsnùtfguaoioty od thm`f = enuì mf usfi od h soao`hrahddfr. Ygus, tgf rf`htovf guaoioty ahyeghdlf endsoifrhm`y wotg dn hiiotond nj anos-turf-kust my ennòdl h`ndf.

AFHUV]ODL GVAOIOY_

Ygf anst woif`y usfi ifvoef jnr heeurhtf`yafhsurodl htanspgfroe anosturf dfhr tgf surjhefos tgf psyegrnaftfr. Ot endsosts nj twn oifdtoeh`

afreuroh` tgfranaftfrs. Ndf tgfranaftfr os usfijnr afhsurodl tgf hor tfapfrhturf2 tgf ntgfrafhsurfs tgf tfapfrhturf nj fvhpnrhtodl whtfrendthodfi od h ausòd woebodl surrnudiodl tgftgfranaftfr mu`m. Ygf hanudt tght tgffvhpnrhtodl surjhef wo`` enn` os iftfraodfi my tgfiojjfrfdef mftwffd tgf vhpnr prfssurf hdi tgfshturhtond vhpnr prfssurf. Ygf jorst rfhiodl osenaand`y rfjfrrfi tn hs tgf iry-mu`m tfapfrhturfhdi tgf sfendi hs tgf wft-mu`m tfapfrhturf. Ygfwft-mu`m tfapfrhturf os tgf stfhiy vhùf rfhegfiiurodl h pfroni nj mrosb vfdto`htond nj tgf

tgfranaftfr mu`ms. Oj tgf hor os shturhtfi, tgfwft-mu`m hdi iry-mu`m tfapfrhturfs hrf tgf shaf.Jrna tgf wft- hdi iry-mu`m afhsurfafdts,

enaputfi vhùfs nj ifw-pnodt tfapfrhturf,hmsnùtf guaoioty, hdi rf`htovf guaoioty ahy mfrfhi jrna thm`fs nr sòif ru`fs. Hs dntfi fhròfr,tgfsf anosturf rf`htonds vhry wotg eghdlfs odprfssurf. Ygf iho`y prfssurf eghdlfs hs sgnwd mytgf mhrnaftfr hrf dnt `hrlf fdnulg tn mfoapnrthdt, mut tgnsf iuf tn iojjfrfdefs od f`fvhtondhrf soldojoehdt. Ygfy ghvf mffd endsoifrfi od tgfendstruetond nj tgf thm`fs nr sòif ru`fs. Ygf ndfs`hmf`fi wotg tgf enrrfet prfssurf aust mf usfi.Yhm`f 5 lovfs tgf rhdlfs nj `hdi f`fvhtonds jnrwgoeg psyegrnaftroe thm`fs jnr iojjfrfdt prfssurfsahy mf usfi.

Yhm`f 9 os h shap`f nj ndf nj tgf soap`fsttypfs nj thm`fs. Fotgfr rf`htovf guaoioty nr ifwpnodt ahy mf nmthodfi iorfet`y jrna wft-mu`m hdiiry-mu`m rfhiodls. Hs hd fxhap`f, suppnsf tgf hortfapfrhturf (iry-mu`m) whs


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Yhm`f 5. Ssyegrnaftroe thm`fs jnr iojjfrfdtF`fvhtonds

F`fvhtond hmnvf sfh `fvf` Ssyegrnaftroe(Fxefpt H`hsbh) (H`hsbh) thm`f

(Jfft) (Odegfs nj gl.)3-633 3-533 53

638-8?33 538-8


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Yhm`f 9. ]f`htovf guaoioty hdi ifw-pnodt thm`f jnr usf ht f`fvhtonds mftwffd 638 hdi 8?33 jfft hmnvf sfh `fvf`. ]f`htovf guaoioty odpfrefdt os sgnwd od m`heb; ifw pnodt od J. os sgnwd od rfi.


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tgf fhrtg's surjhef, tgfy hrf tgf anst oapnrthdtanosturf snuref, mut `hdi snurefs ehd h`sn mfoapnrthdt neh``y.

S`hdts ghvf `hrlf surjhefs jnr trhdsporhtond2neehsondh``y tgfy ghvf hs aueg hs 93 squhrf yhrisjnr fheg squhrf yhri nj lrnudi hrfh. Yrhdsporhtondjrna hd hrfh nj ifdsf vflfthtond ehd endtromutf up

tn folgt toafs hs aueg anosturf tn tgf htanspgfrfhs ehd hd fquh` hrfh nj mhrf lrnudi. Ygf hanudtnj anosturf trhdsporfi ifpfdis lrfht`y nd tgflrnwtg hetovoty. Ygos lrnwtg hetovoty, od turd, usuh``yvhrofs wotg tgf sfhsnd hdi wotg tgf lrnudi whtfrsupp`y. Od hrfhs nj ifjoeofdt rhodjh`` hdi sphrsfvflfthtond, sueg hs ahdy hrfhs od tgf hroi \fst,mntg trhdsporhtond hdi fvhpnrhtond ahy mf hànstdflòlom`f tnwhri tgf fdi nj tgf iry sfhsnd. Ygosahy h`sn mf enaand ht toamfròdf hdi ht `htotuifsod tgf Jhr Dnrtg.

Od fvhpnrhtond jrna whtfr mniofs, sno`, hdi

ifhi p`hdt ahtfroh`, tgf rhtf ht wgoeg anosturf oslovfd up tn tgf hor vhrofs wotg tgf iojjfrfdefmftwffd tgf vhpnr prfssurf ht tgf fvhpnrhtodlsurjhef hdi tgf htanspgfroe vhpnr prfssurf.Fvhpnrhtond wo`` endtoduf hs `ndl hs tgf vhpnrprfssurf ht tgf fvhpnrhtodl surjhef os lrfhtfr tghdtgf htanspgfroe vhpnr prfssurf. Ygf rhtf njfvhpnrhtond oderfhsfs wotg oderfhsfs od tgfprfssurf iojjfrfdef. Ygf vhpnr prfssurf ht tgffvhpnrhtodl surjhef vhrofs wotg tgf tfapfrhturf njtght surjhef. Ygfrfjnrf, fvhpnrhtond jrna tgfsurjhefs nj whra whtfr mniofs, whra sno`, hdi

ifhi p`hdt ahtfroh` wo`` mf lrfhtfr tghd jrna enìsurjhefs, hssuaodl tght tgf htanspgfroe vhpnrprfssurf os tgf shaf.

Yrhdsporhtond jrna òvodl p`hdts infs dnt vhryhs fvhpnrhtond jrna ifhi p`hdt ahtfroh`. @ovodlp`hdts wo`` usuh``y trhdsporf ht tgfor golgfst rhtfsiurodl whra wfhtgfr, mut hd odtfrdh` rflu`htodlprnefss tfdis tn òaot tgf whtfr-`nss rhtf ndfxefssovf`y gnt hdi iry ihys tn tgf p`hdt'sphrtoeu`hr eurrfdt dffis. \f wo`ìoseuss fvhpnrhtond jrna ifhi p`hdt ahtfroh` hdi

trhdsporhtond jrna òvodl p`hdts anrf ju``y od tgfeghptfr nd juf` anosturf (eghptfr 88).

Od sto`` hor iurodl fvhpnrhtond, whtfr vhpnrendefdtrhtfs dfhr tgf fvhpnrhtodl surjhef. Oj tgosendefdtrhtond hpprnhegfs shturhtond, jurtgfrfvhpnrhtond wo`` vortuh``y gh`t, fvfd tgnulg tgfsurrnudiodl hor os rf`htovf`y iry. \odi fdenurhlfs

fvhpnrhtond my m`nwodl hwhy tgfsf sthldhtfi`hyfrs hdi rfp`heodl tgfa wotg irofr hor. Hjtfr hsurjhef ghs irofi tn tgf pnodt wgfrf jrff whtfr osdn `ndlfr fxpnsfi tn tgf hor, tgf fjjfet nj wodi ndfvhpnrhtond iferfhsfs. Od jhet, jnr surjhefs òbfenaphrhtovf`y iry sno` nr wnni, wodi ahy hetuh``ygf`p rfvfrsf tgf prnefss my ennòdl tgf surjhefshdi tgus `nwfrodl tgf vhpnr prfssurf nj anosturfwgoeg tgfsf surjhefs endthod.

\odi fdenurhlfs fvhpnrhtond my m`nwodl hwhy sthldhtfi `hyfrsnj anost hor hdi my aoxodl anost hor wotg irofr hor h`njt.

ZH]OHYONDU OD HMUN@VYF GVAOIOY_

Ygf hetuh` hanudt nj anosturf od tgf hor wo``vhry jrna ndf hor rfdth` tn hdntgfr, hdi fvfd wotgodhd hor ahss tgfrf wo`` mf endtoduodl vhrohtonds odtoaf hdi sphef.

Ygf anosturf endtfdts nj hor ahssfs hrfmhsoeh``y rf`htfi tn tgfor rflonds nj nrolod. Horahssfs nrolodhtodl od endtodfdth` hrfhs hrfrf`htovf`y iry. Ygnsf enaodl jrna tgf Ht`hdtoe

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nr tgf Lu`j nj Afxoen hrf anost, hdi tgnsf jrna tgfSheojoe hrf anost nr anifrhtf`y anost. Hs tgfsfahrotoaf hor ahssfs odvhif tgf endtodfdt, `hdisthtonds wo`` nmsfrvf hmrupt rosfs od hmsnùtfguaoioty. Hs hdy hor ahss trhvfrsfs hrfhs iojjfrfdtjrna ots snuref rflond, lrhiuh` eghdlfs thbf p`hef

hs fvhpnrhtond, trhdsporhtond, endifdshtond, hdiprfeopothtond hii nr sumtrhet anosturf.

Ygrnulg h iffp `hyfr wotgod hd hor ahss, tgfhmsnùtf guaoioty, òbf tgf tfapfrhturf, usuh``yiferfhsfs wotg gfolgt. Ygfrf hrf sfvfrh`rfhsnds jnr tgos iostromutond. Jorst , anosturf oshiifi tn tgf htanspgfrf jrna tgf surjhef hdi osehrrofi upwhri my endvfetond hdi ups`npf hdi upvh``fy wodis. Ufendi, wgfd hor os òjtfi, tgf whtfrvhpnr, hs wf`` hs tgf hor, fxphdis prnpnrtondhtf`ysn tght tgf anosturf od hdy lovfd vnùaf mfenafs

`fss hdi `fss. Ygus, tgf hmsnùtf guaoiotyiferfhsfs hs tgf hor os òjtfi. Ygori, sodeftfapfrhturf usuh``y iferfhsfs upwhri, tgfehpheoty jnr hor tn gnì anosturf iferfhsfs upwhri.Jodh``y, tgf prfeopothtond prnefss rfanvfs endifdsfi anosturf jrna golgfr `fvf`s od tgfhtanspgfrf hdi ifpnsots ot ht tgf surjhef.

Ygf dnrah` phttfrd nj iferfhsf nj anosturfwotg h`totuif ahy mf h`tfrfi neehsondh``y wgfdgnrozndth` j`nw ht odtfrafiohtf `fvf`s h`njt mrodls odanost hor. Uueg j`nw os rfspndsom`f jnr aueg nj tgf

suaafr tgudifrstnra hetovoty nvfr `hrlf phrts njtgf \fst. Fxtrfaf`y `nw hmsnùtf guaoioty os jnudiod sumsoiodl hor h`njt. Ygos iry hor nrolodhtfs dfhrtgf tnp nj tgf trnpnspgfrf hdi s`nw`y sodbs tn `nwfr`fvf`s. Oj ot rfhegfs tgf lrnudi, nr os aoxfiinwdwhri, ot ahy prniuef heutf`y `nw guaoiotydfhr tgf surjhef hdi hd hmrupt oderfhsf od jorfihdlfr. \f wo`` endsoifr sumsoifdef od anrfiftho` od tgf dfxt eghptfr.

Oj wf endsoifr nd`y h vfry sgh``nw `hyfr nj hordfhr tgf surjhef, wf jodi tght tgf vfrtoeh` vhrohtondnj hmsnùtf guaoioty wotg gfolgt wo`` eghdlf iurodlfheg =9-gnur pfroni hs endiotonds jhvnrodlfvhpnrhtond h`tfrdhtf wotg endiotonds jhvnrodlendifdshtond. Iurodl e fhr ihys, anosturf usuh``yos hiifi tn tgf hor my fvhpnrhtond

9=

Hs anost hor rosfs, ot fxphdis, hdi tgf anosturf od h lovfd vnùaf,tgf hmsnùtf guaoioty, mfenafs `fss hdi `fss.

jrna whra surjhefs2 tgfrfjnrf, tgf hmsnùtf guaoiotyiferfhsfs upwhri.

Ht dolgt, anosturf os usuh``y thbfd jrna tgf hordfhr tgf surjhef my endifdshtond nd enì surjhefshdi hmsnrptond my enì sno` hdi ntgfr sumsthdefs2tgus, tgf hmsnùtf guaoioty ahy oderfhsf upwhritgrnulg h vfry sgh``nw `hyfr.

Uegfahtoe rfprfsfdthtond nj surjhef hmsnùtf guaoioty enaphrfitn tght ht sgf`tfr gfolgt. Hor dfhr tgf surjhef os òbf`y tn endthod`fss anosturf tghd hor ht sgf`tfr gfolgt iurodl tgf dolgt, hdi anrfanosturf iurodl tgf ihy.


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IOV]DH@ HDI UFHUNDH@ EGHDLFU OD ]F@HYOZF GVAOIOY_

]f`htovf guaoioty os aueg anrf vhrohm`f tghdhmsnùtf guaoioty. Ot njtfd eghdlfs rhpoi`y hdi odsoldojoehdt hanudts jrna ndf gnur tn tgf dfxt hdijrna p`hef tn p`hef. ]f`htovf guaoioty os aueg

anrf vhrohm`f mfehusf ot ifpfdis dnt nd`y ndhmsnùtf guaoioty mut h`sn nd hor tfapfrhturf. Otvhrofs iorfet`y wotg anosturf endtfdt hdi odvfrsf`ywotg tfapfrhturf. Mfehusf nj tgfsf rf`htondsgops,ot os njtfd dnt pnssom`f tn ahbf lfdfrh` sthtfafdtshmnut rf`htovf guaoioty vhrohtonds, phrtoeu`hr`yvfrtoeh` vhrohtonds wotgod sgnrt iosthdefs hmnvf tgflrnudi.

Iurodl tgf ihy dfhr tgf surjhef, phrtoeu`hr`ywotg e`fhr sbofs, mntg tgf tfapfrhturf hdi hmsnùtfguaoioty usuh``y iferfhsf wotg gfolgt. Ygfsf twnvhrohm`fs ghvf nppnsotf fjjfets nd tgf rf`htovfguaoioty. \goeg fjjfet os inaodhdt ifpfdis upndtgf irydfss nj tgf surjhef. Ygf rf`htovf guaoiotyusuh``y oderfhsfs wotg gfolgt nvfr dnrah` surjhefsmfehusf tgf fjjfet nj tgf iferfhsf od tfapfrhturfos lrfhtfr tghd tght nj tgf iferfhsf od hmsnùtfguaoioty. Nvfr h anost surjhef, gnwfvfr, tgf fjjfetnj tgf iferfhsf od hmsnùtf guaoioty ahynvfrmh`hdef tght nj tfapfrhturf iferfhsf, hdi tgfrf`htovf guaoioty od tgf surjhef `hyfr wo`` iferfhsfwotg gfolgt.

Uegfahtoe rfprfsfdthtond nj surjhef rf`htovf guaoioty enaphrfitn tght ht sgf`tfr gfolgt. Iuf tn tgf fjjfet nj tfapfrhturf, rf`htovfguaoioty dfhr tgf lrnudi os usuh``y `nwfr tghd ht sgf`tfr gfolgtiurodl tgf ihy, hdi golgfr ht dolgt.

Ht dolgt, tgf eghdlf nj tfapfrhturf wotg gfolgtusuh``y prfinaodhtfs, hdi tgf rf`htovf guaoioty wo`ìferfhsf wotg gfolgt tgrnulg tgf `nwfst `hyfrs.

Hmnvf tgf `nwfst `hyfrs, tgf rf`htovf guaoioty

lfdfrh``y oderfhsfs wotg gfolgt od tgf ihy tgrnulgaueg nj tgf `nwfr trnpnspgfrf. Endvfetond h`ndfwnuì heenudt jnr tgos oderfhsf. Hs hor os òjtfi, tgftfapfrhturf iferfhsfs 6.6J. pfr 8,333 jfft, hditgf ifw pnodt iferfhsfs ht hmnut 8J. pfr 8,333jfft. Ygfrfjnrf, tgf ifw pnodt hdi tgf tfapfrhturfmfenaf 9.6J. e`nsfr pfr 8,333 jfft, hdi tgf rf`h-tovf guaoioty oderfhsfs udto` shturhtond os rfhegfi.

H sumsoiodl `hyfr nj hor od tgf trnpnspgfrfwhras my tgf hiohmhtoe prnefss hdi jnras hsumsoifdef odvfrsond . Ygf rf`htovf guaoioty wo``

iferfhsf upwhri tgrnulg tgf tfapfrhturf od-vfrsond ht tgf mhsf nj tgf sumsoiodl `hyfr. Ygfahrodf odvfrsond h`ndl tgf wfst enhst, jnr fxhap`f,os h sumsoifdef odvfrsond. Ygf ahrodf hor mf`nwghs `nw tfapfrhturfs hdi golg guaoiotofs, hdi tgfhiohmhtoeh``y gfhtfi sumsoiodl hor ahss hmnvf ghsgolgfr tfapfrhturfs hdi `nwfr guaoiotofs. Ygosprndnudefi eghdlf od tfapfrhturf hdi guaoioty osfvoifdt h`ndl tgf s`npfs nj enhsth` anudthods wgfdtgf ahrodf odvfrsond os prfsfdt.

]f`htovf guaoioty os anst oapnrthdt hs hjorf-wfhtgfr jhetnr od tgf `hyfr dfhr tgf lrnudi,wgfrf ot odjùfdefs mntg juf`s hdi jorf mfghvonr.Dfhr tgf lrnudi, hor anosturf endtfdt, sfhsnd, toafnj ihy, s`npf, hspfet, f`fvhtond, e`nuis, hdivflfthtond h`` ehusf oapnrthdt vhrohtonds od rf`htovfguaoioty.

Uodef gnur`y hdi iho`y eghdlfs nj rf`htovfguaoioty hrf dnrah``y afhsurfi od h sthdihriodstruafdt sgf`tfr, wf wo`` endsoifr vhrohtonds httght `fvf` hdi odjfr jrna nur bdnw`filf nj surjheftfapfrhturfs wght tgf endiotonds hrf dfhr tgfsurjhef hrnudi jnrfst juf`s.

H typoeh` jhor-wfhtgfr phttfrd nj rf`htovfguaoioty, hs sgnwd nd h gylrntgfranlrhpg fx-pnsfi od

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