Final Thesis Law1

8/17/2019 Final Thesis Law1

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Contents

S.No Title P. No1 Introduction 22 THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW:

PROGRAM RELATED TO NATIONAL

ANDINTERNATIONAL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

2

! RIGHTS OF PRE"TRIAL DETENUEES #1$ HUMAN RIGHTS OF UNDERTRIAL WOMEN IN CUSTOD% 121& RE'UIREMENTS OF WOMEN INMATES 1&() Conc*u+ion 2,1, -i.*io/r03 2,2

1


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List of Cases:

S. No Cases

1 Cherra Nallur Murder Case by CPO Police

2Rajasthan workers deaths in olice station

! !elhi boy killed in olice station

$ "ujrat "o#hara Scandal

& $hu%eneshwar "irl Rae Case

) Rajsthan $hawari !a%i and Minister Scandal

, Madhya Pradesh Loan &icti' Case

( (P wo'an rae Case in )annoj

# "irl Rae case in $anda and Minister Scandal

1 *shara' Scandal and custodial torture case

11 +aryana %icti' scandal of #irl

12 Noida doctor,s Scandal of her !au#hter )illin#

1! Lucknow olice trial and torture in olice Station

1$ )erella labour %icti' case and Custodial )illin#

1& Orissa Police torture of Peasant,s fa'ily

1) !elhi !a'ini Scandal and %icti's trial and !eath

1, !elhi wo'an Torture in Custody

1# $ihar !alits $eatin# and death in Police Station

2 *ssa' Rae case in Police head -uarter

21 a''u and )ash'ir awan rae case of "irl

2


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2! Punjab olice torture of labour

C+*PT/R 01

2NTRO!(CT2ON

Proosed Research3 Research Proble'3 Scoe and Methodolo#y

1.1 Custodial Torture: 2'ortance of the Proble'

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Cu*tur0* Ri/t+ ICESCRB o5 1#)) 9ic c046 into 5orc6 *0t6r 9it t6 con+6nt 0nd

0ro0* o5 t6 Unit6d N0tion+ 1#,)B;

Ti+ i+toric0* n0rr0tion und6r+cor6+ 64iric0* r60*iti6+ o5 40n+ +tru//*6 5or ri/t+

.6in/ 0+ o*d 0+ t6 i+tor3 o5 40n


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authority by virtue of being a member of human family irrespective of any other

consideration. Those rights that are inherent in all citizens because of their human being.

These are rights that are inalienable because the enlightened conscience of the community

could not be permitted to surrender those rights by any citizen even of hisher own

volition. These are the rights that are inviolable because they are not only vital for

development and inflorescence of human personality for ensuring its dignity but also

without them people would be reduced to the level of animals. Human rights are neither

privileges not gifts given at the whim of a ruler or government. !either can they be ta"en

away by any arbitrary power. They cannot be denied nor can they be ta"en away or

forfeited because an individual has committed an offence or a breach under any law.

T6 9ord “right” not on*3 i4*i6+ “lawful entitlement” 8 .ut 0*+o “a #ust

entitlement”; “Human rights” 0r6 ri/t+ 66r3on6 0+ ; -3 irtu6 o5 t6ir 6r3

u40nit3 A.A. said 8 Hu40n ri/t+ 0r6 conc6rn6d 9it t6 di/nit3 o5 indiidu0*+ t6

*66* o5 +6*5 6+t664 t0t +6cur6+ 6r+on0* id6ntit3 0nd ro4ot6+ u40n co44unit3; -ut

P*0 to 0nd o5t6n +0id t0t u40n ri/t+ 0r6 to+6 ri/t+ 9ic 0r6 con+id6r6d to .6

0.+o*ut6*3 6++6nti0* 5or t6 +uri0*8 67i+t6nc6 0nd 6r+on0*it3 d66*o46nt o5 0 u40n

.6in/; H6nc6 it i+ +u446d u t0t u40n ri/t+ 96t6r r6co/ni6d or not .6*on/ to 0**

u40n .6in/+ 0t 0** ti46+ 0nd 0t 0** *0c6+; T63 0r6 ri/t+ +o*6*3 .3 irtu6 o5 .6in/ u40n

irr6+6cti6 o5 di+tinction+; It i+ t6 ro*6 o5 t6 +t0t6 to uo*d 8 ro4ot6 0nd rot6ct t64

in 0ccord0nc6 9it t6 67i+tin/ +t0tu6+ 6+t0.*i+6d .3 *09;

4.1.1. Theories of hu'an ri#hts

To 06 t6 .0+ic und6r+t0ndin/ o5 u40n ri/t+ on6 +ou*d *oo< 0t c6rt0in t6ori6+

on t6 +u.=6ct; T6 t6ori6+ roid6 0n0*3tic0* too* to /0u/6 t6 +u.=6ct 40tt6r o5 t6

27


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conc6t u on 9ic t6r6 4i/t .6 0n 0/r6646nt; A r6ci+6 in+i/t into t6 40=or t6ori6+

o5 u40n ri/t i+ 0+ 5o**o9+:

4.1.4. 7a8 The theory of natural ri#hts

Ti+ i+ t6 60r*i6+t t6or3 tr0c6d .0c< to 0nci6nt Gr66


29/288

Accordin/ to t64 ri/t 0r6 uti*it0ri0n conc6t+ 0nd tu+ t6 ru*6+ 0nd r6/u*0tion+ 0r6

n6c6++0r3 5or rot6ction o5 on6+ ri/t+; U to 6r6 6o*6 06 to +0cri5ic6 +o46 ri/t+ 0nd

5r66do4 5or t6 96*50r6 o5 +oci6t3;

Ti+ t6or3 0+ .66n critici6d .3 t6 0r/u46nt t0t *09 0*on6 c0nnot cr60t6

ri/t .ut cu+to48 tr0dition 0nd 4or0*it3 0*+o 06 .0+i+ 5or ri/t;

4.1.6. 7c8 The *nti ? utilitarian Theory of Ri#hts

T6 riorit3 o5 t6 96** .6in/ o5 t6 40=orit3 0+ +t0t6d .3 t6 uti*it0ri0n i+ not t6

ri46 o.=6cti6 o5 t6 +t0t6; A4on/ t64 Do9r


30/288

+056/u0rd+ t6 int6r6+t o5 t6 do4in0nt /rou in t6 +oci6t3; 0r* M0r7 .6*i66+ t0t ri/t+

c0n 67i+t 0nd 5*ouri+ in 0 c*0++*6++ +oci6t3 96r6 0** 0r6 6@u0* 0nd no on6 i+ 0n 67*oit6r;

Ho966r8 t6 contri.ution o5 M0r7i+t tou/t to t6 d66*o46nt o5 int6rn0tion0* conc6rn

on 6cono4ic8 +oci0*8 0nd cu*tur0* ri/t+; It 0+ 0*+o .66n 5ound in t6 Int6rn0tion0*

Co6n0nt on Econo4ic Soci0* 0nd Cu*tur0* Ri/t+8 6n+rin6d in t6 Int6rn0tion0* Conc6rn

on Econo4ic8 Soci0*8 0nd Cu*tur0* Ri/t+8 0+ .66n 5ound in t6 Int6rn0tion0* Co6n0nt on

Econo4ic Soci0* 0nd Cu*tur0* Ri/t+ ICESCRB in 1#)); Ti+ t6or3 do6+ not inc*ud6

r6*i/ion8 cu+to48 tr0dition 0nd 4or0*it3 0+ t6 int6/r0* co4on6nt+ o5 u40n ri/t+;

To +u4 u t6 +oci6t3 i+ 0n or/0nic unit 0nd 96*50r6 o5 t6 co44unit3 i+ .ui*t uon

t6 96*50r6 o5 t6 indiidu0*+; -ot /o 0nd in 0nd; H6nc6 0 /ood t6or3 o5 ri/t+ +ou*d

t0


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0*+o ri/t+ o5 0ctin/ 0+ 0n indiidu0* 5or i+ o9n co45ort 0nd 0in6++ roid6d t63 0r6

not in=uriou+ to t6 n0tur0* ri/t+ o5 ot6r+;

4.4.4 Moral ri#hts

T6+6 ri/t+ 0r6 .0+6d on t6 /6n6r0* rinci*6+ o5 50irn6++ 0nd =u+tic6; T6+6 0r6

+i4*3 0+ir0tion+ 0nd id60*+ o5 6o*6; So46ti46+8 6o*6 =u+ti53 ti+ ri/t .3 t6 ro*6

t63 *03 in t6 504i*3 or t6 o+ition in t6 +oci6t3; Mot6r+ o5 t6 504i*3 4u+t .6

con+u*t6d 0.out 90t i+ /oin/ on in t6ir 504i*3; So it i+ 4or0* dut3 o5 ot6r 464.6r+ o5

t6 504i*3 to +uort ti+


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o966r8 inc*ud6 t6 ri/t to 5r66do4 o5 +66c8 o5 0++64.*38 t6 ri/t to 4o6 5r66*38 to

o*d ro6r*38 0nd r0ctic6 tr0d6 or ro56++ion8 0nd t6 ri/t to t0


33/288

in+titution+8 0 +3+t64 o5 6r+on0* *i.6rt3 0nd +oci0* =u+tic6 .0+6d on r6+6ct o5 6++6nti0*

ri/t+ o5 40n;

R6co/niin/ t0t t6 6++6nti0* ri/t+ o5 40n 0r6 not d6ri6d 5ro4 on6+ .6in/ 0

n0tion0* o5 0 c6rt0in +t0t68 .ut 0r6 .0+6d uon 0ttri.ut6+ o5 t6 u40n 6r+on0*it3 0nd t0t

t63 t6r65or68 =u+ti53 int6rn0tion0* rot6ction in t6 5or4 o5 0 con6ntion r6in5orcin/ or

co4*646ntin/ t6 rot6ction roid6d .3 t6 do46+tic *09 o5 t6 A46ric0n St0t6+;

T6+6 rinci*6+ 06 .66n +6t 5ort in t6 c0rt6r o5 t6 or/0ni0tion o5 A46ric0n

St0t6+ in t6 A46ric0n D6c*0r0tion o5 t6 Ri/t+ 0nd duti6+ o5 40n 0nd in t6 uni6r+0*

d6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+; T63 06 .66n r6055ir46d 0nd d65in6d in ot6r Int6rn0tion0*

In+tru46nt+ 9or*d9id6 0+ 96** 0+ r6/ion0* on .0+i+;

A** t6+6 r6055ir4in/8 r6co/niin/ 0nd con+id6r0tion too< *0c6 in A46ric0n

r6o*ution o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ in 1,,) durin/ t6 D6c*0r0tion o5 A46ric0n Ind66nd6nc6;

T6 US 64.odi6d 0 -i** o5 Ri/t+ 0t t0t ti46;

In 1#2# t6 In+titution o5 Int6rn0tion0* L098 N69 %or


34/288

Fin0**38 in t6 A46ric0n R6o*ution o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ con+id6rin/ t0t t6 tird

+6ci0* Int6r"A46ric0n Con56r6nc6 -u6no+ Air+ 1#),B 0ro6d t6 incoror0tion into t6

c0rt6r o5 t6 or/0ni0tion it+6*5 o5 .ro0d6r +t0nd0rd+ 9it r6+6ct to 6cono4ic8 +oci0* 0nd

6duc0tion0* ri/t+ 0nd r6+o*6d t0t 0n Int6r"A46ric0n Con6ntion on Hu40n Ri/t+

+ou*d d6t6r4in6 t6 +tructur6 co46t6nc6 0nd roc6dur6 o5 t6 or/0ni0tion r6+on+i.*6

5or t6+6 40tt6r+;

4.5.4. =rench Re%olution 7!e%elo'ent of +u'an Ri#hts8

T6 d66*o46nt o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ 9ic 0d +t0rt6d 0+ 0n o55"+oot o5 t6 M0/n0

C0rt0 in 121& AD in En/*0nd +r60d to Fr0nc6; T6 Fr6nc R6o*ution 9ic too< *0c6 in

1,(# /06 .irt to t6 d6c*0r0tion o5 Ri/t+ o5 46n 0nd citi6n+; T6 M0/n0 C0rt0 9ic

0d +t0rt6d in -rit0in +r60d to 0** countri6+ in Euro6 inc*udin/ Fr0nc6;

T6 M0/n0 C0rt08 i5 c*o+6*3 6704in6d8 i+ +0id to .6 0 6tition ur/in/ t6 in/ to

conc6d6 ri/t+ o5 t6 0rticu*0r +6ction+ o5 t6 6o*6 tou/ it+ cont6nt+ 0d no

uni6r+0*it3 to t6 .0+ic 5r66do4+ to t6 co44on 40n;

Fin0**38 96n UN 90+ 5or46d 0nd 05t6r 1#$&+ IInd Wor*d W0r 9ic *65t 0

r040/6 o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ io*0tion o5 Pri+on6r+ o5 90r 0nd t6 Fr6nc R6o*ution 9ic

90+ 5or46d 0nd ino*6d it+6*5 in Hu40n Ri/t+ 4o646nt8 unit6d in t6 5or4u*0tion o5

UN c0rt6r o5 d6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+;

T6 C0rt6r d6c*0r6d t0t8 W6 t6 6o*6 o5 t6 Unit6d N0tion+ d6t6r4in6;;; to

r6055ir4 50it in t6 5und046nt0* Hu40n Ri/t+8 in t6 di/nit3 0nd 9ort o5 u40n 6r+on8

in t6 6@u0* ri/t+ o5 46n 0nd 9o46n 0nd o5 t6 n0tion+ *0r/6 or +40**;;;;

T6 uro+6 90+ to 0ci66 int6rn0tion0* coo6r0tion in +o*in/ int6rn0tion0*

ro.*64+ o5 6cono4ic8 +oci0*8 cu*tur0* or u40nit0ri0n c0r0ct6r 0nd ro4otin/ 0nd

34


35/288

6ncour0/in/ r6+6ct 5or Hu40n Ri/t+ 0nd 5or 5und046nt0* 5r66do4+ 5or 0** 9itout

di+tinction+ 0+ to t6 r0c68 +678 *0n/u0/6 or r6*i/ion T6 Unit6d N0tion+ 0*+o roc*0i46d

t6 Uni6r+0* D6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ in 1#$(: Tu+8 t6 conc6t o5 Hu40n Ri/t+

90+ .orn;

4.6. (ni%ersaliAation of +u'an Ri#hts:

T6 Uni6r+0* D6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ i+ t6 .0+ic int6rn0tion0* +t0t646nt o5

t6 in0*i6n0.*6 0nd inio*0.*6 ri/t+ o5 0** 464.6r+ o5 t6 u40n 504i*3; It i+ int6nd6d to

+6r6 0+ t6 co44on +t0nd0rd o5 0ci6646nt 5or 0** 6o*6+ 0nd 0** n0tion+ in t6 655ort

to +6cur6 uni6r+0* 0nd 6556cti6 r6co/nition 0nd o.+6r0nc6 o5 t6 ri/t+ 0nd 5r66do4+ it

*i+t+;

T6 t9o co6n0nt+ r6*0tin/ to u40n ri/t+ roid6 int6rn0* rot6ction 5or +6ci5i6d

ri/t+ 0nd 5r66do4+; -ot co6n0nt+ r6co/ni6 t6 ri/t o5 6o*6+ to +6*5 "d6t6r4in0tion;

-ot 06 roi+ion+ .0rrin/ 0** 5or4+ o5 di+cri4in0tion in t6 676rci+6 o5 u40n ri/t+;

-ot 06 t6 5orc6 o5 *09 5or t6 countri6+ 9ic r0ti53 t64;

T6 5ir+t tr60t38 t6 Co6n0nt On Econo4ic8 Soci0* And Cu*tur0* Ri/t+8 r6co/ni6+

t6 ri/t to 9or< 0nd to 5r66 coic6 o5 64*o346nt8 to 50ir 90/6+8 to 5or4 0nd =oin union+8

to +oci0* +6curit3 0nd to 0d6@u0t6 +t0nd0rd+ o5 *iin/ condition+ 5or t6ir 6o*6; St0t6+

r6ort+ on t6ir ro/r6++ in ro4otion o5 t6+6 ri/t+ 0r6 r6i696d .3 0 co44itt66 o5

676rt+ 0oint6d .3 t6 Econo4ic 0nd Soci0* Counci*;

T6 Co6n0nt $n %ivil And Po*itic0* Ri/t+ r6co/ni6+ t6 ri/t o5 66r3 u40n

6r+on to *i568 *i.6rt3 0nd +6curit3 o5 6r+on8 to ri0c38 to 5r66do4 5ro4 cru6*8 inu40n or

d6/r0din/ tr60t46nt 0nd 5ro4 tortur68 to 5r66do4 5ro4 +*06r38 to i44unit3 5ro4 0r.itr0r3

0rr6+t8 to 0 50ir tri0*8 to r6co/nition 0+ 0 6r+on .65or6 t6 *098 to i44unit3 5ro4 r6tro0cti6

35


36/288

+6nt6nc6+8 to 5r66do4 o5 tou/t8 con+ci6nc6 0nd r6*i/ion to 5r66do4 o5 oinion 0nd

67r6++ion8 to *i.6rt3 o5 4o646nt8 inc*udin/ t6 ri/t to 64i/r0t68 to 60c65u* 0++64.*3

0nd to 5r66do4 o5 0++oci0tion;

T6 Co6n0nt on Cii* 0nd Po*itic0* Ri/t+ +6t+ u 0 Hu40n Ri/t+ Co44itt66 to

con+id6r ro/r6++ r6ort+ 5ro4 St0t6+ 9ic 06 r0ti5i6d t6 Co6n0nt; T6 Co44itt66

403 0*+o 60r co4*0int+ .3 +uc St0t6+ t0t ot6r St0t6+ 9ic 06 r0ti5i6d t6 Co6n0nt

06 50i*6d in uo*din/ t68 o.*i/0tion+ und6r t6 Co6n0nt;

Und6r t6 $ptional &rotocol to t6 Cii* 0nd Po*itic0* Co6n0nt8 indiidu0*+ und6r

c6rt0in circu4+t0nc6+ 403 5i*6 co4*0int+ o5 u40n ri/t+ io*0tion+ .3 r0ti53in/ St0t6+;

Und6r t6 'econd $ptional &rotocol to t6 Cii* 0nd Po*itic0* Co6n0nt8 St0t6+

4u+t t0


37/288

T6 D6c*0r0tion cont0in+ 0 r604.*6 0nd ! 0rtic*6+; It *03+ do9n t6 .0+ic u40n

ri/t+ 0nd 5und046nt0* 5r66do4+ to 9ic 0** 46n 0nd 9o46n 66r396r6 0r6 6ntit*6d

9itout 0n3 di+tinction 0+ to r0c68 +678 co*our8 *0n/u0/68 r6*i/ion8 o*itic0* or ot6r

oinion+; It +t0t6+ t6 co44on +t0nd0rd+ o5 0ci6646nt+ 5or 0** 6o*6+ 0+ 0n 67r6++ion

o5 *6/0* con+ci6nc6 o5 40n


38/288

Durin/ t6 Wor*d W0r II 96n A7i+ o96r 0ci66d 0*4o+t co4*6t6 contro* o5

Euro60n contin6nt8 Pr6+id6nt Roo+66*t o5 Unit6d St0t6+8 in i+ 46++0/6 to t6 Con/r6++

on K0nu0r3 )8 1#$18 d65in6d 5our 5r66do4+ o5 40n i;6; 5r66do4 o5 +66c8 5r66do4 o5

9or+i8 5r66do4 to ot6 0nd 5r66do4 5ro4 560r8 66r396r6 in t6 9or*d;

Ti+ in+ir6d t6 +t0t646nt+ o5 +oci0* 0nd 90r 0i4+ o5 t6 At*0ntic C0rt6r o5

Au/u+t 1$8 1#$1 0nd t6 D6c*0r0tion .3 t6 Unit6d N0tion+ o5 K0nu0r3 18 1#$2; Ti+

D6c*0r0tion 90+ +i/n6d .3 2) countri6+ inc*udin/ t6 o96r+ " USA8 U8 USSR Sur0B

0nd Cin0; It 90+ 0/r66d 0t t6 Du4.0rton O0


39/288

Art; && o5 t6 C0rt6r +03+ t0t Unit6d N0tion+ i+ .ound to ro4ot6 uni6r+0* r6+6ct 5or

0** 0nd o.+6r0nc6 o5 u40n ri/t+ to cr60t6 +t0.i*it3 0nd 6@u0* ri/t+ 0nd +6*5

d6t6r4in0tion o5 6o*6;

Art; &) *03+ t6 *6d/6 o5 t6 UN 464.6r+ to t0


40/288

In 1#2# t6 In+titution o5 Int6rn0tion0* L09+8 N69 %or


41/288

5ir+t con6ntion 90+ dr09n in T6 H0/u6 1#2B 5or ri/t+ in c0+6 o5 diorc6 0nd t6 ri/t+

o6r cu+tod3 o5 4inor+;

In 1#$ 0nd 1#1 t6r6 90+ .0n on 9o46n tr055ic


42/288

2;&;! 0B To ro4ot6 t6 uni6r+0* r6co/nition o5 t6 di/nit3 0nd 9ort o5 t6 u40n

6r+on 0nd o5 t6 6@u0* ri/t o5 46n 0nd 9o46n in 0ccord0nc6 9it t6 C0rt6r 0nd

t6 Uni6r+0* D6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+;

2;&;! .B To 6n0.*6 9o46n to 0rtici0t6 5u**3 in t6 d66*o46nt o5 +oci6t3 +o t0t it

403 .6n65it 5ro4 t6 contri.ution o5 0** it+ 464.6r+;

2;&;! cB And to +ti4u*0t6 0n 090r6n6++ 04on/ .ot 46n 0nd 9o46n o5 9o46n+ 5u**

ot6nti0* 0nd o5 t6 i4ort0nc6 o5 t6ir contri.ution to t6 d66*o46nt o5 t6 +oci6t3;

In 1#, on t6 r6co446nd0tion o5 t6 Co44i++ion8 t6 UN G6n6r0* A++64.*3

0dot6d 0 ro/r04 o5 conc6rt6d int6rn0tion0* 0ction 5or t6 0d0nc646nt o5 9o46n; T6

ro/r04 +o96d t6 t0r/6t+ 0nd o.=6cti6+ to 0ci66 durin/ t6 +6cond Unit6d N0tion+

D66*o46nt D6c0d6 1#," 1#(B; A++64.*3 0*+o 0dot6d 0 +tr0t6/3 o5 5u** int6/r0tion

o5 9o46n in t6 tot0* d66*o46nt 655ort: i;6;

i; R0ti5ic0tion o5 or 0cc6++ion to t6 Int6rn0tion0* Con6ntion+ r6*0tin/ to t6 +t0tu+ o5

9o46n;

ii; En0ct46nt o5 L6/i+*0tion to .rin/ n0tion0* *09+ in con5or4it3 9it t6 r6*60nt

int6rn0tion0* in+tru46nt+8 in 0rticu*0r8 t6 d6c*0r0tion on t6 6*i4in0tion o5

di+cri4in0tion 0/0in+t 9o46n;iii; A++6++46nt o5 Wo46n+ Contri.ution to t6 0riou+ 6cono4ic 0nd +oci0* +6ctor+ in

r6*0tion to t6ir countri6+;

i; O6r0** d66*o46nt *0n+ 0nd ro/r04+;; Stud3 o5 t6 6556ct+ o5 +ci6nti5ic 0nd t6cno*o/ic0* c0n/6 + on t6 +t0tu+ o5

9o46n;

At t6 +u//6+tion o5 t6 Co44i++ion on t6 +t0tu+ o5 9o46n 0nd 0 nu4.6r o5

NGO+8 t6 UN G6n6r0* A++64.*38 in 1#,28 roc*0i46d t6 360r 1#,& 0+ Int6rn0tion0*

Wo46n+ %60r; T6 A++64.*3 d6ot6d t6 360r to ro4otin/ 6@u0*it3 .6t966n 46n 0nd

42


43/288

9o46n on 40tt6r+ r6*0t6d to *i568 *i.6rt38 6@u0*it3 0nd di/nit3 to 6n+ur6 t6 5u** int6/r0tion

o5 9o46n in t6 tot0* d66*o46nt 655ort+ 0nd to r6co/ni6 t6 i4ort0nc6 o5 9o46n+

incr60+in/ contri.ution to t6 d66*o46nt o5 5ri6nd*3 r6*0tion+ 0nd coo6r0tion 04on/

+t0t6+ 0nd to t6 +tr6n/t6nin/ o5 9or*d 60c6; T6 40=or 66nt o5 t6 360r 9o+6 t646

90+ E@u0*it38 D66*o46nt 0nd P60c6 90+ Wor*d Con56r6nc6 +on+or6d .3 UN 6*d in

M67ico cit3 5ro4 Kun6 1# to Ku*3 2; T6 con56r6nc6 0dot6d t6 d6c*0r0tion o5 6@u0*it3

.6t966n 46n 0nd 9o46n 0nd t6ir contri.ution to d66*o46nt 0nd 60c6;

T6 Wor*d 0ction 5or t6 *0n *u+ tirt3 5our ot6r r6*0t6d r6+o*ution+ on +u.=6ct+

r0n/in/ 5ro4 i4ro6d 6duc0tion 0nd 60*t +6ric6+ to P0*0+ti0n+;

T6 D6c*0r0tion cont0in+ +66nt66n rinci*6+ 9ic 04on/ ot6r tin/+8 d65in6 t6

460nin/ o5 6@u0*it3 .6t966n 9o46n 0nd 46n +tr6++ t6 +6ci5ic r6+on+i.i*it3 o5 t6 +t0t6

to 5ind 903+ 0nd 460n+ to 6n0.*6 9o46n to .6 5u**3 int6/r0t6d into t6 +oci6t3 0nd +tr6++

t6 r6+on+i.i*iti6+ o5 46n in t6 cont67t o5 504i*3 *i56; T6 Wor*d P*0n o5 Action +6t+ out

/uid6*in6+ 5or i4roin/ t6 +t0tu+ o5 9o46n 0nd +66


44/288

In 1#,)8 t6 UN G6n6r0* A++64.*3 6*d t0t o*unt0r3 5und+ +ou*d .6 uti*i6d

in ro=6ct+ .6n65itin/ rur0* 9o46n8 oor 9o46n in ur.0n 0r60+ 0nd ot6r +i4i*0r /rou+;

On 1)t Ku*3 1#(& t6 Wor*d Con56r6nc6 90+ 6*d in N0iro.i to r6i69 0nd 0r0i+6 t6

0ci6646nt+ o5 t6 UN D6c*0r0tion 5or 9o46n8 6@u0*it38 d66*o46nt 0nd 60c6; GA

R6+; $!J1, o5 D6c64.6r (8 1#(( 90+ r6*0t6d to t6 i4*646nt0tion o5 t6 N0iro.i 5or90rd

*oo


45/288

Indi0n cii*i0tion 6nco40++6+ 4or0* cod68 ri/t6ou+n6++ 0nd r6+on+i.i*iti6+ 0nd it

90+ 9id6r 0nd .ro0d6r t0n t6 conc6t o5 r6*i/ion 0+ u+6d in t6 96+t6rn i+torio/r03; It

90+ on t6 .0+i+ o5 to+6 67i+tin/ rinci*6+ t0t t6 d6t0i*6d ru*6+ 96r6 *0id do9n 5or t6

/uid0nc6 o5 t6


46/288

d666+t +6n+6 i+ trut8


47/288

ri/t+ 0nd di/nit3 to *i6 0 *i56 0+ 0 6r+on8 .ut in+t60d 96r6 tr60t6d 0+ +u."u40n 6r+on+

i;6; “Untouchable”;

In t6 46di60* 6riod ti+ c0+t6 +3+t64 90+ 5ou/t 0/0in+t .3 t6 introduction o5

I+*04 5o**o9in/ t6 Mu+*i4 'u6+t; Durin/ t6 1t C6ntur3 A;D; A.du* Ai +0id t0t

u40n ri/t+ 0r6 conc6rn6d 9it t6 di/nit3 o5 t6 indiidu0* 0t t6 *66* o5 +6*5 6+t664

t0t +6cur6+ 6r+on0* id6ntit3 0nd ro4ot6+ u40n co44unit3; H6 0*+o 0r/u6+ t0t it 0*+o

6+t0.*i+6d 0 +oci0* ord6r d6+i/n6d to 6n*0r/6 5r66do48 =u+tic6 0nd oortunit3 5or t6

6r56cti.i*it3 o5 u40n .6in/+


48/288

Indi0n con+titution *09 0+ 0rt III8 5und046nt0* ri/t 0nd dir6cti6 rinci*6+ o5 +t0t6 o*ic3

0rt IV r6+6cti6*3;

To conc*ud68 Indi0n 6rc6tion o5 u40n ri/t+ do6+ not 640n6t6 5ro4 t6 t6or3

o5 0 rior or n0tur0* ri/t+ doctrin6; It 0+ it+ o9n .0+6 in 0nci6nt Indi0n cu*tur6 0nd

cii*i+0tion; T6 Indi0n i+ion o5 ri/t+ 640+i6+ not on*3 t6 indiidu0* .ut 0*+o t6

tot0* 6r+on8 0 6r+on 9o+6 int6rd66nd6nt ri/t 0nd duti6+ 0r6 d6t6r4in6d .3 i+J6r

o+ition8 9itin 0 i6r0rcic0* n6t9or< o5 r6*0tion+i; T6 i40ct o5 I+*04ic r6*i/ion

r6n0i++0nc6 0nd r65or4 4o646nt; -riti+ co*oni0*i+4 0nd t6 n0tion0*i+t id6o*o/3 *036d

0 it0* ro*6 in t6 5or40tion 0nd r0ctic6 o5 u40n ri/t+ in Indi0;

Fro4 t6 0.o6 it c0n .6 +u446d u t0t ri/t+ 0r6 not o6r 0nd 0.o6 t6 +t0t6

r0t6r t63 0r6 /i5t 5ro4 t6 +t0t6 it+6*5;

4.; The 2ndian constitution and hu'an ri#hts

T6 con+titution o5 Indi0 9ic c046 into 5orc6 in 1#& i+ 0n 6*o@u6nt t6+ti4on3 to

t6 n0tion+ d66 co44it46nt to u40n ri/t+>&1"&,?; It roc*0i4+ .0+ic u40n ri/t+ 0nd

5und046nt0* 5r66do4+ 0nd /u0r0nt66+ t6ir 6n=o346nt .3 0**8 irr6+6cti6 o5 c0+t68 co*our8

+678 or r6*i/ion; It 0+ cr60t6d *6/0* in+titution to 6n5orc6 t6 5und046nt0* ri/t+

co4ri+in/ *i.6rt38 6@u0*it3 0nd +oci0* =u+tic6;

-6c0u+6 o5 t6 ro=6ct6d +oci0* di+0riti6+ t6 con+titution 0+ d6*i.6r0t6*3 5r046d

to roid6 o+iti6 di+cri4in0tion 0nd 055ir40ti6 0ction in 50our o5 to+6 9o 9ou*d not

676rci+6 t6ir u40n ri/t+ un0id6d; T6r6 0r6 0*+o con+titution0* +056/u0rd+ to 6n+ur6

6556cti6 r6r6+6nt0tion o5 t6 +oci0**3 0nd 6cono4ic0**3 d6ri6d +6ction+ o5 t6 +oci6t3 in

t6 *6/i+*0tion 0+ 96** 0+ u.*ic +6ric6+;

48


49/288

Sinc6 ind66nd6nc68 Indi0 0d +ou/t to in+titution0*i6 it+ co44it46nt to u40n

ri/t+ .3 0 d6*i.6r0t6 coic6 o5 0n o6n +oci6t3 0nd 0 d64ocr0tic o*ic3 .0+6d on uni6r+0*

0du*t +u55r0/68 r6+6ct 5or t6 di/nit3 o5 t6 indiidu0*8 t6 ro*6 o5 *09 0nd 4u*ti" 0rt3

+3+t64;

Indi0 0+ .66n 5ir4 in it+ coniction t0t d64ocr0c3 i+ t6 .6+t /u0r0ntor o5 u40n

ri/t+ 0nd it roid6+ on oti40* o*itic0* 5r0469or< 5or d66*o46nt; Poor countri6+ *i


50/288

Indi0 i+ 0*+o 0 +i/n0tor3 to t6 UDHR8 0nd 0rt3 to 0riou+ int6rn0tion0* co6n0nt+

0nd tr60ti6+; Furt6r4or68 /r60t6r 0cc6++ to t6 +t0t6+46n o5 0riou+ countri6+ 0nd

int6rn0tion0* u40n ri/t 0/6nci6+ 0+ .66n 50ci*it0t6d; It i+ to r6055ir4 t6 0t4o+6r6 o5

5r66do4 0nd Indi0+ co44it46nt to it+ o9n c0t0*o/u6 o5 ri/t+;

D6+it6 0** t6+6 in+tru46nt0*iti6+ 0nd in+titution0* 0rr0n/646nt+ 460nt 5or t6

rot6ction o5 u40n ri/t+ +t0nd0rd in Indi0 8 t6r6 06 .66n *0r/6 +c0*6 r6ort+ o5

io*0tion+ o5 u40n ri/t+ in di556r6nt 0rt+ o5 t6 countr3; T6+6 06 .66n o.+6r6d

0rticu*0r*3 0t tr66 di556r6nt *66*+ i;6; indiidu0*8 +oci6t3 0nd +t0t6;

In t6 +t0t6 o5 Gu=0r0t 40=orit3 o5 t6 ou*0tion *i6+ in rur0* 0r60+; A+ t63 0r6

oor 0nd i**it6r0t6 0nd 0r6 not 090r6 o5 t6ir .0+ic ri/t+8 t63 0r6 60+i*3 67*oit6d .3 t6

.6tt6r conc6rn tod03 0+ t6 +t0t6 +664+ to .6 t6 9or+t


51/288

0nd ci*dr6n; Tou/ t6 0.o6 46ntion6d .odi6+ 0r6 t6r6 5or t6 rot6ction o5 u40n

ri/t+ +ti** t6r6 i+ +6riou+ io*0tion o5 ri/t+8 o5 9o46n in cu+tod3 i;6; o*ic6 =udici0r3 c0r6

o46+8 =0i*+ or und6r 0n3 ot6r d6t0inin/ 0utoriti6+ 0utori6d .3 *09 to 0rr6+t d6t0in 0nd

int6rro/0t6 t64 5or 0n3 o556nc6; T6 50i*ur6 .3 0utorit3 conc6rn6d to rot6ct u40n

ri/t+ o5 9o46n in cu+tod38 0+ ro4t6d t6 r6+60rc6r to conduct 0 r6+60rc +tud3 on

Cu+todi0* 0trociti6+ 0nd t6 +t0tu+ o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ : An An0*3tic0* Stud3 9it R656r6nc6

to Wo46n in t6 +t0t6 o5 Gu=0r0t 0nd to 0+c6rt0in t6 0trociti6+ co44itt6d 0/0in+t 9o46n

in cu+tod3 0nd co46 u 9it t6 +u//6+tion+ on o9 t6 c6co'en in 2ndia.

Wo46n+ Hu40n Ri/t+ d66*o46nt did not +t0rt c6rt0in*3 in Indi0 tou/ t63

96r6 0nd 0r6 50cin/ 40n3 0trociti6+; T6 +046 90+ +t0rt6d 0nd 0/it0t6d 5ro4 out+id6 0nd i+

0+ 0 r6+u*t o5 0n o55+oot o5 90t 0d t0


52/288

t6ir 6r+on0*it3; Tou/ 96 06 +6 6n 0nd 9itn6++6d +oci0* r65or4+8 4o646nt+ in t6

nin6t66nt c6ntur3 0rou+in/ con+id6r0.*6 090


53/288

A46nd46nt+ in t6 Indi0n Con+titution roid6 5or r6+6r0tion o5 +60t+ 5or 9o46n in

6*6ction to P0nc030t+ 0nd Munici0*iti6+; Artic*6 2! roi.it+ tr055ic


54/288

t6 6556cti6 i4*646nt0tion o5 +056/u0rd+ 5or i4roin/ t6 condition+ o5 9o46n .3 t6

Union or 0n3 +t0t68 r6i69in/ o5 t6 67i+tin/ roi+ion+ o5 t6 Con+titution 0nd ot6r *09+

0556ctin/ 9o46n 0nd r6co446ndin/ 046nd46nt +o 0+ to +u//6+t r646di0* *6/i+*0tion+8

460+ur6+ to 466t 0n3 *0cun068 in0d6@u0c3 or +ortco4in/ in +uc *6/i+*0tion+; T0


55/288

A/6nc3 o5 i4*646nt0tion to .6 6ntru+t6d 9it t6 t0+< o5 90tcin/ o6r t6 /6n6r0*

o.+6r0nc6 o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ in ord6r to r66nt t6 r6curr6nc6 o5 0ct+ 0+ to+6 o5 +6cond

Wor*d W0r; It r6co446nd6d t0t 6ndin/ t6 66ntu0* 6+t0.*i+46nt o5 0n 0/6nc3 o5

i4*646nt0tion8 t6 co44i++ion on u40n ri/t+ 4i/t .6 r6co/ni6d 0+ @u0*i5i6d to 0id

t6 0rori0t6 or/0ni0tion+ o5 t6 Unit6d N0tion+ in t6 t0+< d65in6d 5or t6 G6n6r0*

A++64.*3 0nd t6 6cono4ic0* 0nd +oci0* counci*+ in Art+;1!8 && Q )2 o5 t6 C0rt6r

conc6rnin/ t6 ro4otion 0nd o.+6r0nc6 o5 u40n ri/t+ 0nd 5und046nt0* 5r66do4+ 5or

0** 0nd to +6curit3 counci* in t6 t0+< 6ntru+t6d to it .3 Art; !# o5 t6 C0rt6r .3 ointin/ to

c0+6+ 96r6 io*0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ co44itt66 in on6 countr3 4038 .3 it+ /r0it38

5r6@u6nc3 or +3+t640tic n0tur68 con+titut6 0 tr60t to t6 60c6;

A5t6r con+id6rin/ t6 r6ort8 t6 ECOSOC 0+


56/288

0B G6n6r0* A++64.*3 0nd ot6r or/0ni0tion+ inc*udin/ co44i++ion on Hu40n

Ri/t+ to 06 t6 ri/t to di+cu++ 0nd 40orkin# "rou

T6 Dr05tin/ Co44itt66 0cc6t6d t6 rinci*6 o5 t6 r6+on+i.i*it3 o5 t6

Int6rn0tion0* Co44unit3 5or o.+6r0nc68 .ut not t6 40nn6r in 9ic it 0+ to .6

0ci66d; T6 +u.=6ct o5 i4*646nt0tion t0t 90+ r656rr6d to t6 9or


57/288

0*+o .6 40d6 to ICK Int6rn0tion0* Court o5 Ku+tic6B 5or 0di+or3 oinion; In 1#$# t6

S6cr6t0ri0t8 in it+ 0n0*3+i+ o5 t6 roo+0*+ o5 i4*646nt0tion 9ic 96r6 40d6 r6iou+*38

+u//6+t6d t6 6+t0.*i+46nt o5 0 6r40n6nt conci*i0tion co44itt66 0nd o5 *oc0* 0/6nci6+ o5

t6 Unit6d N0tion+ in 0riou+ +t0t6+ 9it o96r+ to +u6ri+6 0nd to 0*3 t6 roi+ion+

o5 t6 Co6n0nt; T6 U Q US d6*6/0t6+ roo+6d 5or t6 6+t0.*i+46nt o5 0 u40n ri/t

0n6* co4o+6d o5 t9o 6r+on+ d6+i/n6d .3 60c +t0t6 8 0rt3 to t6 co6n0nt 5ro4 9ic 0

5i6 464.6r o5 u40n ri/t+ co44itt66 9ou*d .6 +6*6ct6d 5or 60c .0+6 .3 t6 St0t6

conc6rn6d or in t6 0.+6nc6 o5 t6 0/r6646nt .3 t6 S6cr6t0r3 G6n6r0*; T6 Co44itt66+

r6ort 9ou*d .6 *i4it6d to 5indin/+ o5 50ct+;

T6 Indi0n 6+t0.*i+46nt roo+6d 5or40tion o5 0 St0ndin/ Co44itt66 o5 5i6

ind66nd6nt 6r+on+ 6*6ct6d .3 ECO SOC 9ic 9ou*d 06 t6 dut3 to +u6ri+6 t6

o.+6r0nc6 o5 t6 roi+ion+ o5 t6 co6n0nt 0nd


58/288

T6 Co44i++ion r6=6ct6d .ot t6 roo+0*+ o5 0d"oc .od3 0+ 0*+o 5or t6

6+t0.*i+46nt o5 6r40n6nt .od3 to con+id6r io*0tion+ o5 u40n ri/t+; Ho966r8 t6

co44i++ion 0/r66d un0ni4ou+*3 on 6+t0.*i+46nt o5 0 u40n Ri/t Co44itt66 co4o+6d

o5 6r+on+ o5 Hi/ +t0ndin/ 9it r6co/ni6d 676ri6nc6 in t6 5i6*d o5 u40n ri/t+; -ut

t6r6 90+ no 0/r6646nt r6/0rdin/ t6 46tod o5 +6*6ction; Mr; C0++in Fr0nc6B 90+ o5 t6

i69 t0t t6 co44itt66 +ou*d .6 6*6ct6d .3 t6 ICKB Int6rn0tion0* Court o5 Ku+tic6; Mr+;

M6t0 Indi0B 90+ o5 t6 i69 t0t it +ou*d .6 6*6ct6d .3 t6 G6n6r0* A++64.*3; Mr+;

Roo+66*t USB +tr6++6d t0t t6 +t0t6 0rti6+ to t6 co6n0nt +ou*d .6 6ntit*6d to 6*6ct

t6ir o9n co44itt66; T6 i69 90+ 0cc6t6d .3 t6 Co44i++ion 0nd *0t6r incoror0t6d in

t6 co6n0nt; Wit r6/0rd to o96r+ 0nd 5unction+ o5 t6 Co44itt668 Mr+; M6t0 Indi0B

+u//6+t6d t0t t6 5unction+ o5 t6 n69 co44itt66 +ou*d not .6 *i4it6d to t6

con+id6r0tion o5 co4*0int+ .ut +ou*d 0*+o .6 to t6 67t6nt 0+ to o9 t6 +t0t6+ +0** 5u*5i**

roi+ion+ o5 t6 Co6n0nt; It 90+ 56*t t0t it i+ ind66d .6tt6r to r66nt 0 io*0tion o5

u40n ri/t t0n to r646d3 it onc6 it 0+ t0


59/288

Hu40n Ri/t+ o5 Ind66nd6nt 6r+on+ o5 int6rn0tion0* r6ut6 to r6c6i6 indiidu0* 0nd

NGO 6tition+ 0/0in+t io*0tion;

In 1#&8 Uru/u03 roo+6d cr60tion o5 Attorn63 G6n6r0* 9it o96r to r6c6i6

0nd 6704in6 6tition+ o5 indiidu0*+ " n0tion0* 0nd int6rn0tion0* " 0nd NGO+; H6 9ou*d

n6/oti0t6 9it +t0t6+ 0nd conduct in@uiri6+8 +u44on 0nd 60r 9itn6++6+ to 5ind out t6

50ct+;

At it+ VIIt S6++ion8 t6 Co44i++ion on Hu40n Ri/t+ 0ro6d 0 n69 C0t6r in

t6 dr05t o5 t6 co6n0nt d60*in/ 9it 6riodic r6ort+ .3 +t0t6 0rti6+ to t6 co6n0nt

conc6rnin/ t6 ro/r6++ 40d6 in 0ci6in/ t6 o.+6r0nc6 o5 u40n ri/t+; Ho966r8

+o46 o5 t6 co6n0nt+ 9ic 96r6 i4*646nt6d durin/ t6 5or40tion o5 UDHR 0r6:

1B I4*646nt0tion und6r t6 Co6n0nt on cii* 0nd o*itic0* ri/t+8 1#));

2B I4*646nt0tion und6r t6 Co6n0nt on 6cono4ic8 cu*tur0* 0nd +oci0* ri/t+;!B I4*646nt0tion und6r t6 Con6ntion on 6*i4in0tion o5 0** 5or4+ o5 R0ci0*

Di+cri4in0tion o5 1#)&;

$B I4*646nt0tion und6r con6ntion 0/0in+t di+cri4in0tion in 6duc0tion o5 1#);

2;(;2;2; 7a8 2'le'entation under the Co%enant on Ci%il and Political Ri#hts3 1B

T6 5unction+ 0++i/n6d to ti+ Co44itt66 i+ o5 +tud3in/ t6 r6ort +u.4itt6d .3 t6

St0t6 0rti6+ und6r Art;$ +t0tin/ t6 460+ur6+ 0dot6d .3 t64 to /i6 6556ct to t6 ri/t+

r6co/ni6d und6r t6 Co6n0nt8 t6 ro/r6++ 40d6 in t6 6n=o346nt o5 t6+6 ri/t+ 0nd

indic0t6 t6 50ctor+ 6ncount6r6d .3 t64 in t6 i4*646nt0tion o5 t6 Co6n0nt;

4.


60/288

o.+6r0nc6 o5 t6 ri/t+ r6co/ni6d in it8 0nd 0*+o indic0t6 50ctor+ 0nd di55icu*ti6+ 0556ctin/

t6 d6/r66 o5 5u*5i**46nt o5 o.*i/0tion+ und6r t6 r6+6nt co6n0nt;

4.


61/288

4.< "eneral Nations of >o'en,s *ncient +istory in 2ndia

T6 o+ition o5 9o46n in t6 Indi0n Soci6t3 0+ .66n 0 6r3 co4*ic0t6d on6; In

50ct8 it 9ou*d not .6 0n 670//6r0tion to +03 t0t t6 r6c6nt c0n/6+ in t6 +t0tu+ o5 9o46n

in Indi0 i+ not 0 +i/n o5 ro/r6++ .ut it i+ r60**3 0 r6c0turin/ o5 t6 o+ition t0t t63 6*d

in t6 60r*3 V6dic 6riod; Durin/ ti+ 6riod 9o46n 0d di556r6nt +t0tu+ in di556r6nt

6riod+ 0nd t6 6riod 96r6 diid6d into Pr6 "0r30n P6riod -C"!" -C 2 V6dic P6riod

-C 2" -C ) "8 A/6 o5 R6o*t -C )" ! AD8 M0di60* P6riod AD 12"AD 1,&,8

-riti+ Ru*6 A;D; 1,&, A;D; 1#$, 0nd 05t6r ind66nd6nc6 AD 1#$,;

4.o'en durin# &edic Period 74 to $C8.

Hi+toric0**3 r6+60rc6r+ 06 6+t0.*i+6d t0t durin/ t6 V6dic P6riod 9o46n 6*d

0 o+ition o5 6@u0*it3 9it 46n; Durin/ t6 V6dic P 6riod in +oci6t3 t6 /ir*+ 0+ 96** 0+

.o3+ 96r6 r6@uir6d to und6r/o U0n0304: C6r64oni6+ in ord6r to .6 initi0t6d to t6 V6dic

+tudi6+; In 50ct8 t6 6duc0tion o5 9o46n 90+ *oo


62/288

F0r 5ro4 6duc0tion i40rt6d to t6 /ir*+ durin/ t6 V6dic P6riod8 /ir*+ 96r6 40rri6d

*on/ 05t6r t63 0d r60c6d u.6rt3; T63 0d con+id6r0.*6 5r66do4 in t6 coic6 o5 t6ir

u+.0nd+; M0rri0/6 n66r 90nt6d 6++6nti0* con+6nt o5 t6 0r6nt+ tou/ it 90+ 6++6nti0*

r6*i4in0r3 to t6 40rri0/6 c6r64on3; A*+o durin/ ti+ ti46 do9r3 90+ /i6n 96n t6

/ir* 0d +o46 3+ic0* d656ct+; M0rri0/6 c6r64on3 90+ 6r5or46d t6 +046 903 in V6dic

P6riod 0+ it i+ 6r5or46d tod03; T6 0i4 o5 40rri0/6 90+ to incr60+6 t6 ro/6n3;

Mono/043 90+ in r0ctic6 in Ri/ V6dic P6riod 0nd Po*3/043 0*+o 67i+t6d .ut on*3 04on/

t6 in/+ 0nd Ci65+; T6r6 90+ no r656r6nc6 to Po*30ndr3 in Ri/ V6d0; Wido9 r640rri0/6

90+ 0*+o 0**o96d durin/ ti+ 6riod;

4.o'en durin# Ri# &eda Period

Durin/ ti+ 6riod Ri/ V6d0B t6r6 96r6 /r60t -r0400d0ni+ 9o 96r6 *on/ *i6d

+tud6nt+8 66n in t6 -uddi+t 9o46n +co*0r+; Accordin/ to t6 K0in tr0dition %030nt8 0

rinc6+ r640in6d un40rri6d 0nd r6c6i6d ordin0nc6 5ro4 M00ir0 i4+6*5; On t6 .0+i+

o5 ti+ *it6r0tur6 A*t6


63/288

L0t6r on8 05t6r ! -;C; t6r6 90+ 0 /r60t c0n/6 in t6 +oci6t3 +o 50r 0+ 9o46n

conc6rn6d; Son+ 9o 96r6 not r6/0rd6d 0+ 4or6 0*u0.*6 r6/0rd6d t0n8 96r6 d0u/t6r+

c0n/6d t64 to .6 o5 4or6 0*u6 t0n d0u/t6r+; Educ0tion 5or /ir*+ in t6 2 -;C;

.6c046 0 t0.oo 0nd .6c0u+6 o5 ti+ 60r*3 40rri0/6 r0ctic6+ 96r6 0dot6d 0t ci*dood

*66*;

L0t6r on Ni3o/0 0nd 9ido9 r640rri0/6 96r6 roi.it6d; T6 S4riti Writ6r+

r60c6d t0t t6 9i56 +ou*d *oo< uon 6r u+.0nd 0+ 0 God; So46 o5 t64 96nt to t6

67t6nt o5 0++6rtin/ t0t +6 +ou*d 9or+i i4 66n i5 6 90+ 0 r0


64/288

Wo46n+ ro/r6++ i+ 0*+o +66n in U;; durin/ t6 r6i/n o5 'u66n Victori0 durin/

9ic 9o46n 96r6 r6r6+6nt6d in t6 9ritin/+ o5 t6 -ront6 Si+t6r+ 0nd 0** t6 *i56 0nd

9or< o5 F*or6nc6 Ni/tin/0*68 9o t0*


65/288

Hindu L0di6+ C*u. 0nd o6n6d c*0++6+ 5or t6 i**it6r0t6; M0d04 C040 1()1"1#!)B

+tru//*6d 5or 5r66do4; S6 *65t Indi0 in 1#2 0nd +6tt*6d in En/*0nd; Toru Dutt 1(&&"

1(,,B 646r/6d 9it o64+ o5 roo*t; Ot6r out+t0ndin/ 5i/ur6+ *i


66/288

Tou/8 0+ co40r6d to t6 0+t8 t6 r6+6nt ro*68 +t0tu+ 0nd o+ition o5 9o46n in

t6 +oci6t3 06 i4ro6d8 +oci0**38 6cono4ic0**38 o*itic0**3 0nd +3co*o/ic0**3 9o46n

0r6 +ti** do9ntrodd6n in t6 +oci6t3; T63 0r6 o6r*oo


67/288

T6 Co44i++ion+ H60d@u0rt6r+ 9i** .6 0t D6*i 0nd t6 Co44i++ion 4038 9it

rior 0ro0* o5 t6 C6ntr0* Go6rn46nt +i5t it to ot6r *0c6+ in Indi0;

T6 C0ir6r+on 0nd ot6r 464.6r+ o5 t6 Co44i++ion 9i** .6 0oint6d .3 t6

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court 0nd 40


79/288

4.14.6 !e' !ile''a of the Police

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80/288

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4.14.9 Role of Para0Military =orces in +u'an Ri#hts Protection

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81/288

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84/288

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85/288

T6 N0tion0* Hu40n Ri/t+ Co44i++ion8 0+ co46 to t6 conc*u+ion t0t r65or4+

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86/288

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87/288

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88/288

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Or/0ni0tion+ +ou*d +66 t0t 0** cri46+ 0r6 r6/i+t6r6d 9it t6 o*ic6 0nd 0r6 5o**o96d

46ticu*ou+*3; In6+ti/0tion+ +ou*d 0*+o .6 c0rri6d out corr6ct*3 0nd +66di*3; NGO+

+ou*d 4o.i*i+6 oin ion o5 t6 6o*6 or u.*ic8 or/0ni+6 d64on+tr0tion to /6t u.*ic

+uort 0nd *03 ro*6 o5 90tc do/ ti** =u+tic6 i+ don6 to t6 icti4;

Non"Go6rn46nt0* Or/0ni0tion+ 4u+t 40


89/288

+ou*d .6 /i6n *6/0* in5or40tion to 40


90/288

C+*PT/R05

R2"+TS O= PR/0TR2*L !/T/N(//S

5. 2ntroduction

For t6 40int6n0nc6 o5 *09 0nd ord6r in t6 +oci6t3 0nd to r66nt8 d6t6ct 0nd

contro* cri46+ t6 +t0t6 roid6+ it+ *09 6n5orcin/ 40cin6r3 0rticu*0r*3 t6 o*ic6 9it

9id6 r0n/in/ o96r+; I5 u+6d 0r.itr0ri*38 t6+6 o96r+ 9ou*d i4in/6 on t6 di/nit3 0nd

*i.6rt3 o5 t6 6o*6; To r6+6r6 u40n ri/t+ o5 t6 citi6n+8 it i+ n6c6++0r3 to .ui*d

+056/u0rd+ in t6 cri4in0* =u+tic6 0d4ini+tr0tion;

5.1 Pro%isions in the old scritures:

In 0nci6nt Indi0 t6 )edas 0nd +critur6+ roid6d t6 .0+i+ 5or Hindu

#urisprudence 0nd cri4in0* =u+tic6 0d4ini+tr0tion; Vi**0/6 0++64.*i6+ 0nd t6 in/

0d4ini+t6r6d =u+tic6 9it 0++i+t0nc6 o5 +6*6ct6d i**0/6r+ 0nd to9n+5o*orld >ar 22

Durin/ t6 -riti+ Ru*6 in Indi08 6/0*it0ri0n rinci*6+ o5 A/*o " S07on

=uri+rud6nc6 0nd t6 cri4in0* =u+tic6 +3+t64 96r6 introduc6d; Tou/ t6 -riti+ 0dot6d

dou.*6 +t0nd0rd+ in t6 0d4ini+tr0tion8 it +ou*d /o to t6ir cr6dit t0t =u+tic6 90+

90


91/288

di+6n+6d 66n*3; Wor*d W0r II +09 u40n .60ior 0t it+ 9or+t 0nd t6 n0tur0* ri/t+ o5

t6 6o*6 co46 to .6 5in6 tun6d into u40n ri/t+; T6 Unit6d N0tion+ too< uon it+6*5 to

.6 t6 int6rn0tion0* cru+0d6r 5or u40n ri/t+; A+ t6 r604.*6 o5 t6 Unit6d N0tion+

C0rt6r d6c*0r6d8 it 90+ d6t6r4in6d to r6055ir4 50it in 5und046nt0* u40n ri/t+ in t6

di/nit3 0nd 9ort o5 u40n 6r+on+ 6@u0* ri/t+ o5 40n 0nd 9o46n 0nd o5 t6 n0tion

*0r/6 0nd +40** ;;;; T6 Uni6r+0* D6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+ 90+ 0dot6d in 1#$(8

5o**o96d .3 co6n0nt+ on o*itic0* 0nd cii* ri/t+ 0nd +oci0*8 6cono4ic 0nd cu*tur0* ri/t+

in 1#)); A5t6r 0ci6in/ Ind66nd6nc6 on 2)t K0nu0r3 1#$, Indi0 inc*ud6d 0 +6ci0* 0rt

in 5und046nt0* ri/t+8 in tun6 9it t6 int6rn0tion0* 6nd60or+ 0nd roid6d t6 5o**o9in/

to /o6rn t6 cri4in0* =u+tic6 +3+t64:

5.4.1 Presu'tion of 2nnocence:

In u40n ri/t+8 96r6 t6 640+i+ i+ on t6 .0+ic u40n di/nit38 t6 .0+ic

rinci*6 i+ t0t 0n indiidu0* i+ r6+u46d to .6 innoc6nt ti** t6 contr0r3 i+ ro6d 0/0in+t

i4; Ti+ t6or3 0+ .66n 6n+rin6d in Artic*6 21 o5 t6 Indi0n Con+titution 9ic 0+ it+

=udici0* int6rr6t0tion+ o5 t6 Sur646 Court t0t No 6r+on +0** .6 d6ri6d o5 i+ *i56

or 6r+on0* *i.6rt3 67c6t 0ccordin/ to t6 roc6dur6 6+t0.*i+6d .3 *09; Artic*6 111B o5

UDHR Uni6r+0* D6c*0r0tion o5 Hu40n Ri/t+B 1#$( 0nd Artic*6 1$2B o5 ICCPR

Int6rn0tion0* Co6n0nt on Cii* 0nd Po*itic0* Ri/t+B1#)) 06 di+cu++6d t6 d656n+6+ or

rot6ction o5 66n on6 9it cri4in0* o556nc6 t0t:

91


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2veryone charged with penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent till proved

guilty according to law where all guarantee is necessary for his defense. 2veryone charged

with criminal offence should have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty4.

At t6 +046 ti46 t6 innoc6nc6 o5 0 6r+on or indiidu0* i+ 96** +uort6d .3 t6

u40n ri/t+ 0nd t6 640+i+ i+ *0id uon Artic*6 1$2B o5 ICCPR+ur0B 9ic +03+ A**

6r+on+ +0** .6 6@u0* .65or6 t6 Court+ 0nd Tri.un0*+ 0nd 66r3on6 +0** .6 6ntit*6d to 0

50ir 0nd u.*ic 60rin/ .3 0 co46t6nt8 ind66nd6nt 0nd i40rti0* tri.un0*+ 6+t0.*i+6d .3

*09; E6r3on6 c0r/6d 9it 0 cri4in0* o556nc6 +0** 06 t6 ri/t to .6 r6+u46d innoc6nt

unti* ro6d /ui*t3 0ccordin/ to *09; So 6o*6 9o 0r6 0t t6 r6"tri0* +t0/6 0r6 or 4u+t .6

r6+u46d innoc6nt ti** ro6d /ui*t38 .3 not unn6c6++0ri*3 r6+tr0inin/ 0n 0ccu+6d 9itout

5o**o9in/ t6 rinci*6+ o5 n0tur0* =u+tic68 in5or4in/ 0n 0ccu+6d /round+ o5 0rr6+t8

roducin/ 0n 0ccu+6d .65or6 t6 40/i+tr0t6 9itin ti46 /0 o5 2$ our+ o5 i+J6r 0rr6+t8

0**o9in/ 0n 0ccu+6d to i446di0t6*3 cont0ct 0nd .6 r6r6+6nt6d .3 *6/0* coun+6* o5 i+J6r

o9n coic68 00i*in/ 50ci*iti6+ o5 46dic0* c6c


93/288

In cri4in0* =u+tic6 0d4ini+tr0tion t6 o*ic6 trou/ t6ir r6+tricti6 0nd co6rci6

0utorit38 6556ct 0rr6+t8 int6rro/0t68 +60rc8 +6i6 0nd d6t0in 6o*6 rior to tri0*; A** t6+6

0ction+ 0556ct+ 0n indiidu0*+ *i.6rt3 0nd 96n don6 0r.itr0ri*3 t6 indiidu0*+ di/nit3; To

r66nt 0r.itr0rin6++ t6 5o**o9in/ +056/u0rd+ 06 .66n roid6d:"

5.4.5 "rounds of arrest3 to be infor'ed:

T6 Sur646 Court 90+ 6r3 c*60r 9i*6 int6rr6tin/ Art; 21 o5 t6 Indi0n

Con+titution in Vi


94/288

In !itabar &arida t6 Sur646 Court int6rr6t6d +6c;1), o5 Cr; PC; 1#,!B to

cont0in t6 roi+ion+ 5or t6 0rr6+t6d 6r+on+ 96r6.3 t6 Kudici0* M0/i+tr0t6 0+ to

in@uir6 96t6r 6 0+ .66n in5or46d on t6 /round+ o5 i+ 0rr6+t; A*+o Art;11 o5 UDHR8

Art;1$!B.B Princi0* 18 1,8 0nd 1(;

E6r3on6 0+ 0 ri/t to *i56 0nd 6r+on0* *i.6rt3 0nd no on6 +0** .6 d6ri6d i+

*i56 or 6r+on0* *i.6rt3 67c6t in 0ccord0nc6 9it t6 roc6dur6 6+t0.*i+6d .3 *098 So

in5or4in/ 0 6r+on on t6 /round+ o5 i+ 0rr6+t i+ 0 5und046nt0* ri/t 6+t0.*i+6d in t6

Indi0n Con+titution 0nd in Art;2 o5 t6 Int6rn0tion0* Con6ntion+ ;

In Udayabhan5s c0+6 t6 Sur646 Court int6rr6t6d S6c; &!B o5 Cr; PCB 1#,!

0nd +0id t0t8 everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly in a language which he

understands of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him.

5.4.6. *ccess to Counsel:

A+ 0 co6rci6 0rr6+t io*0t6+ t6 rinci*6 o5 ri/t to *i56 0nd 6r+on0* *i.6rt3 o5 0n

indiidu0*8 Artic*6 221B o5 t6 Indi0n Con+titution roid6+ t0t No 6r+on 9o i+

0rr6+t6d +0** .6 d6ni6d t6 ri/t to con+u*t 0nd to .6 d656nd6d .3 0 *6/0* r0ctition6r o5

o9n coic6; Ti+ *6/0* 0nd 5und046nt0* ri/t i+ 0*+o 5ound in t6 Cod6 o5 Cri4in0*

Proc6dur6 S6ction !!; T6 court+ 06 6*d t0t 5ro4 t6 ti46 o5 0rr6+t ti+ ri/t 0ccru6+

to t6 0rr6+t6d 6r+on 0nd 6 0+ t6 ri/t to con+u*t 0 *0936r o5 i+ coic6; T6 0ccu+6d

403 r65u+6 to 06 0 *0936r .ut t6 court 0+ to roid6 0n amicus curie to d656nd i4J6r

in +6riou+ c0+6+; Court+ 0*+o 06 6*d t0t t6 indi/6nt 0ccu+6d 0+ 0 ri/t to *6/0* 0id;

Ti+ r6@uir646nt i+ to 6n+ur6 t0t o6rt3 do6+ not co46 in t6 903 o5 0n3 on6 /6ttin/ 0

50ir tri0*;

94


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In t6 0+t t6r6 90+ 0 conc6t und6r cri4in0* =uri+rud6nc6 o5 A46ric0 t0t on*3

indi/6nt 6r+on+ 9i** .6 6r4itt6d to 06 0 coun+6* 5r66 o5 co+t 5ro4 t6 F6d6r0*

Go6rn46nt 9o 0+ co44itt6d +6riou+ o556nc6+ *i


96/288

Ho966r8 i5 +6 do6+ not d6+ir6 0nd /6t+ coun+6* o5 6r coic68 t6r6 c0nnot .6 0n3

o.=6ction; -ut 96n +6 0+ non6 0nd 0+ .66n r65u+6d to /6t 0 *0936r 0+ 0 *6/0* 0id 5ro4

t6 +t0t68 +uc r65u+0* .3 t6 +t0t6 9i** 5orc6 6r to 06 t6 +046 to r6r6+6nt 6r; T6

court+ 06 0*+o 6*d t0t t6 indi/6nt 0ccu+6d 06 0 ri/t to *6/0* 0id; T6 r6@uir646nt i+

to 6n+ur6 t0t o6rt3 do6+ not co46 in t6 903 o5 0n3on6 /6ttin/ 0 50ir tri0*;

Art;#!B o5 Int6rn0tion0* Co6n0nt o5 Cii* 0nd Po*itic0* Ri/t ICCPRB8 0n3on6

0rr6+t6d or d6t0in6d on cri4in0* c0r/6+ +0** .6 .rou/t ro4t*3 .65or6 0 =ud/6 or ot6r

o55ic6r 0utori6d .3 L09 to 676rci+6 =udici0* o96r 0nd 9itin 0 r60+on0.*6 ti46 or to

r6*60+6;

5.4.. Ri#ht to be taken to the 'a#istrate without delay:

An 0ccu+6d 6r+on i+ not /ui*t3 unti* ro6d /ui*t38 t0t i+ 0+ 6r t6 Con+titution

0nd t6 Indi0n Cod6+; An 0rr6+t6d 6r+on 0+ i+ o9n u40n ri/t+ 0nd rot6ct6d .3 t6

NHRC8 UDHR 0nd St0t6 Hu40n Ri/t+ Co44i++ion; Hu40n Ri/t+ C6**+ 5or +t0t6+

9ic 06 not con+titut6d Hu40n Ri/t+ co44i++ion *i


97/288

Fro4 t6 0.o68 it i+ c*60r t0t i446di0t6*3 05t6r t6 0rr6+t o5 0 6r+on8 t6

Con+titution und6r Art;22 +9in/+ into 0ction 0nd t6 roc6++ o5 rot6ction o5 t6 indiidu0*

or 0ccu+6d 0nd 6n+urin/ i+J6r +056t3 .6/in+; To+6 6o*6 9o 0r6 0rr6+t6d 0r6 u40n

.6in/+ 0nd 0ccordin/ to UDHR Sur0B 0** 46n 0nd 9o46n 0r6 6@u0* 0nd 6@u0**3

r6r6+6nt6d 0nd 6ntit*6d to 0** u40n ri/t+ n6c6++0r3; -6c0u+6 o5 t6+68 0n 0ccu+6d 4u+t

.6 .rou/t to t6 M0/i+tr0t6 9o c0n +t0rt t6 roc6++ o5 .0i*in/ out or o5 coniction

d66ndin/ on t6 c0+6; T6 Cr; P;C; 5or.id+ d6t6ntion o5 t6 6r+on 0n396r6 6*+6 t0n

o*ic6 +t0tion;

Con+id6rin/ t6 0.o6 roi+ion+ 0.out t6 rot6ction 0nd +056t3 o5 0n 0ccu+6d8 t6

con+titution 0+ 5i76d ti46 o5 2$ our+ 9itin 9ic on6 4u+t .6 roduc6d .65or6 t6

M0/i+tr0t6 0nd t0t inc*ud6+ t6 ti46 n6c6++0r3 5or t6 =ourn63 5ro4 t6 *0c6 o5 0rr6+t to

t6 M0/i+tr0t6; Ti+ i+ to 0oid incon6ni6nc6 o5 t6 0ccu+6d 0nd 40


98/288

+crutin3 +o t0t on t6 .0+i+ o5 t0t 6 i+ 0**o96d to /6t 0 *6/0* r0ctition6r o5 i+ o9n

coic6 0nd in5or4 t6 r6*0ti6+ 0nd +9in/ into 0ction to r6/0in 6r 5r66do4 0+ it i+ 6r

5und046nt0* ri/t not to .6


99/288

67r6++ion i+ to r6=6ct t6 .0+ic u40n d6+ir6 5or r6co/nition 0nd 055ront t6 indiidu0*

9ort 0nd di/nit3;

W6n t6 ri+on /0t6+ +*04 on in40t68 6J+6 do6+ not *oo+6 i+J6r u40n @u0*it38

6r 4ind n0tur6B do6+ not .6co46 c*o+6d to id60+ 6r int6**6ct do6+ not c60+6 to 566d on 0

5r66 0nd o6n int6rc0n/68 i+ ri/t 5or +6*5 r6+6ct do6+ not 6nd nor i+ @u6+t 5or +6*5

r60*i0tion /6t+ conc*ud6d; I5 t6r6 i+ +o46tin/ 9ic n66d+ 5or t6 id6ntit3 0nd +6*5

r6+6ct 0nd 4or6 co46**in/ in t6 d6"u40niin/ ri+on 6niron46nt t6n it i+ 0 dut3 o5

t6 court to rot6ct t6 r6ciou+ 6r+on0* ri/t+ o5 t6 indiidu0*;

In &ucunier v. +artinez, t6 Sur646 Court 0+ di+cu++6d 0t 0 /r60t6r *6n/t8 t6

ri/t to 40i* 0nd c6n+or+i; In ti+ c0+68 0 c*0++ 0ction 90+ in+titut6d in t6 Unit6d St0t6+

di+trict court 5or t6 Nort6rn di+trict o5 C0*i5orni0 .3 in40t6 o5 t6 C0*i5orni0 P6n0*

In+titution; It 90+ c0**6n/6d t0t 0 c6rt0in ri+on r6/u*0tion r6*0tin/ to t6 c6n+or+i o5

t6 ri+on6r+ inco4in/ 0nd out/oin/ 6r+on0* 40i* 0nd r6+trictin/ ri/t to 0cc6++ to 0

ri+on6r .3 in6+ti/0tor+ o5 t6 0ttorn63 o5 r6cord+ to in6+ti/0tor+ 9o 96r6 t6 464.6r+

o5 t6 .0r or *ic6n+6d ri0t6 in6+ti/0tor+ 90+ ultravires t6 con+titution; T6 .0n o5 t6

u+6 o5 L09 or 0r0"*6/0* ro56++ion0*+ to conduct 0ttorn63 c*i6nt int6ri69+ i+ 0*+o

o.=6ction0.*6; T6 tr66" =ud/6 di+trict court u6*d t6 0*idit3 o5 t6+6 r6/u*0tion+ 0nd

ord6r6d t6 +u.4i++ion o5 n69 r6/u*0tion+ 5or t6 court+ 0ro0* o*din/ t0t t6 40i*+

c6n+or+i r6/u*0tion+ io*0t6d t6 5ir+t A46nd46nt+ Prot6ction o5 *095u* 67r6++ion 96r6

oid 5or 0/u6n6++ 0nd 50i*6d to roid6 4ini4u4 roc6dur0* +056/u0rd+ 0/0in+t 0r.itr0r3

c6n+or+i o5 rot6ct6d +66c;

Ho966r8 co44unic0tion 0+ .66n +6t 5r66 .3 t6 *098 Sti** co44unic0tion .3

d6t6nu6+ 0nd r6"tri0*+ 06 +o46 *i4it+ .63ond 9ic it 4u+t not /o i;6;

99


100/288

T6*6on6" A*tou/ t6r6 0r6 no +6ci5ic roi+ion+ 5or t6 t6*6on6 c0**+ o5 t6

ri+on6r+ 0nd /6n6r0**3 t6*6on6 c0**+ 0r6 not 0**o96d .ut in 67c6tion0* circu4+t0nc6+

t6+6 c0**+ 403 .6 0**o96d; T6 K0in Su6rint6nd6nt 0+ di+cr6tion to 0**o9 c0**+ 96r6

ur/6nt do46+tic ro.*64+ 9ou*d .6 60+6d .3 t6 ri+on6r cont0ctin/ 6r 504i*3 or 96r6

i+it+ 0r6 i4r0ctic0.*6 6it6r du6 to t6 in5ir4it3 o5 t6 i+itor or /6o/r0ic0*

in0cc6++i.i*it3; T6+6 c0**+ 9ou*d nor40**3 .6 4onitor6d .3 0 ri+on o55ic6r;

L6tt6r+ " In Ru*6 !$2B o5 t6 Pri+on Ru*6+ 1#)$: It 90+ roid6d t0t 0 conict6d

ri+on6r +0** .6 6ntit*6d to +6nd 0nd r6c6i6 *6tt6r+ on i+ r6c6tion into 0 ri+on 0nd

t6r605t6r onc6 0 966


101/288

Pri+on6r+ 0r6 not 6r4itt6d to 9rit6 to t6 r6++ or to t6 40rri0/6 .ur60u or to 6n

5ri6nd+; A ri+on6r i+ 0*+o r66nt6d 5ro4 corr6+ondin/ i4J6r 9o 0+ .66n r6c*ud6d

5ro4 i+itin/ 9it on6 5or 0n3 r60+on;

G6n6r0**3 t6 out/oin/ 0nd inco4in/ 40i*+ o5 t6 ri+on6r+ 0r6 r60d und6r ru*6

!!!B o5 t6 Pri+on Ru*6+; -ut t6r6 i+ 0n 67c6tion0* to ti+ ru*6 r6/0rdin/ t6

corr6+ond6nc6 o5 0n3 in40t6 9o46nB 9it 6r +o*icitor und6r Ru*6 !,AB1B;

It i+ no9 c*60r 5ro4 t6 0.o6 ru*6+ t0t t6 ri+on6r+ 0r6 not 5r66 in 9ritin/ *6tt6r+

5or co44unic0tin/ 9it out+id6r+; R6+triction+ 0r6 i4o+6d not on*3 9it r6/0rd to

6r+on+ to 9o4 0 ri+on6r c0n co44unic0t6 trou/ i+it+8 *6tt6r+ or t6*6onic c0**+ .ut

0*+o on t6 n0tur6 0nd nu4.6r o5 +uc co44unic0tion+ 9ic 0r6 n6it6r 5r66 nor 0 ri0t6

0550ir .ut 0r6 4o+t*3 c6n+or6d .3 t6 0utoriti6+;

5.4.1. Ri#ht of wo'en in custody to be tried without delay :

Ku+tic6 d6*036d i+ =u+tic6 d6ni6d; Tou/ t6r6 0r6 no +6ci5ic roi+ion+ 5or

+66d3 tri0* in t6 Indi0n Con+titution8 .ut .3 Kudici0* int6rr6t0tion t6 Sur646 Court in

*ovinda &rasad5s c0+6 0+ 6*d t0t Art;21 0nd t6 Ru*6 !, A1B con56r+ ti+ ri/t on t6

0ccu+6d;

T6 rinci*6 o5 o6nn6++ o5 =udici0* roc66din/+ 0ct+ 0+ 0 c6c< 0/0in+t c0ric6 or

0/0ri6+ 0nd .ui*d+ u t6 con5id6nc6 o5 t6 u.*ic in t6 Kudici0* Ad4ini+tr0tion; T6

ri/t to =udici0* u.*ic tri0* i+ i4*icit in Art;1$8 #1B0B 0nd 21 o5 t6 Con+titution 0nd in

t6 Cr; P; C;

T6 ri/t to +66d3 tri0* o5 0n 0ccu+6d 9o46nB in cu+tod3 o5 Po*ic68 Kudici0* or

ot6r d6t0inin/ 0utorit3 0+ 46ntion6d in Art;22 o5 t6 Indi0n Con+titution0* roi+ion+ *03

do9n t0t 0n 0ccu+6d 9o40n in cu+tod3 +ou*d .6 roduc6d .65or6 t6 n60r6+t 40/i+tr0t6

101


102/288

9itin 2$ our+ o5 6r 0rr6+t 0nd ti+ inc*ud6+ t6 ti46 n6c6++0r3 5or t6 =ourn63 5ro4 t6

*0c6 o5 0rr6+t to t6 court o5 t6 40/i+tr0t6; It 460n+ 0 ri/t to +66d3 tri0* o5 0n 0ccu+6d

i+ inc*ud6d 0+ 0 5und046nt0* ri/t in t6 Indi0n Con+titution; T6 n0tur6 o5 ti+ ri/t i+

6n+rin6d in t6 con+titution 5or t6 rot6ction o5 t6 0ccu+6d 9o40n in cu+tod3;

5.5. Need for re0thinkin# on 'isuse of ower by olice:

Arr6+t i+ 0n 0ct o5 0r66ndin/ 0 6r+on 5or t6 0**6/6d co44i++ion o5 0n o556nc6

or .3 t6 0ction o5 0n 0utorit3 in 40


103/288

o5 o*ic6 o96r in doin/ t6 0rr6+t; W6n 0rr6+tin/8 t6 o*ic6 co44it+ 40n3 cri46+

0/0in+t t6 0ccu+6d 0+ und6r:

5.5.1. *rrest of wo'en:

T6r6 4u+t .6 +6riou+ r6"tin


104/288

4i+r6r6+6nt0tion8 t6r6 i+ n66d 5or r6 "tin


105/288

T6r6 i+ n66d 5or r6"tin


106/288

*i.6rt3 on .0i*: or r640nd d6t0inB to o*ic6 cu+tod3 or r640nd 6r to =udici0* cu+tod38 ti**

t6 in6+ti/0tion i+ co4*6t6d 0nd 40tt6r i+ +6nt to court;

5.6.1. $ail as substitute for confine'ent to wo'en in custody:

-0i* in En/*i+ Co44on L09 i+ t6 5r66in/ or +6ttin/ 0t *i.6rt3 o5 on6 0rr6+t6d or

i4ri+on6d uon 0n3 0ction8 6it6r cii* or cri4in0* on +ur6t3 t0


107/288

t6 .ond; In t6 0+t .0i* u+6d to .6 r65u+6d on 5*i4+3 /round+ +o t0t t6 0ccu+6d 90+

uni+6d to .6 in ri+on ti** t6 c0+6 90+ di+o+6d o55;

Wit t6 0d6nt o5 Art;21 in t6 Con+titution /u0r0nt66in/ 6r+on0* 5r66do4 o5

.ot citi6n+ 0nd non"citi6n+ 0*i


108/288

co46n+0tor3 c*0i4+ cou*d .6 40d6 on t6 =ud/6 i4+6*5 5or *o++6+ +u+t0in6d .3 t6

0//ri66d 0rt3;

T6 0d6nt o5 t6 -riti+ ru*6 in Indi0 +09 /r0du0* 0dotion o5 t6 rinci*6+ 0nd

r0ctic6+


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*09+; A+ 0 n6c6++0r3 coro**0r3 to t6 0.o6 t6 L09 Co44i++ion o5 Indi0 dir6ct6d it+

0tt6ntion to90rd+ t6 67i+tin/ roc6dur0* cod6 0nd roi+ion+ /o6rnin/ t6 +3+t64 o5 .0i*;

T6 L09 Co44i++ion ro4u*/0t6d in it+ $1+t R6ort +o46 r6co446nd0tion+ 9ic

96r6 con+id6r6d 0nd incoror0t6d .3 P0r*i046nt 9i*6 6n0ctin/ t6 n696r Cod6 o5

Cri4in0* Proc6dur6 1#,! in r6*0tion to roi+ion+ /o6rnin/ .0i*; T6 L09 Co44i++ion

r6it6r0t6d t6 n66d to r6+6r6 t6 .0+ic 0nd .ro0d rinci*6+ in r6/0rd to .0i* 0nd

+u//6+t6d t0t:

-0i* i+ 0 40tt6r o5 ri/t i5 t6 o556nc6 i+ .0i*0.*6; -0i* i+ 0 40tt6r o5 di+cr6tion i5 t6

o556nc6 i+ non".0i*0.*6; -0i* i+ not to .6 /r0nt6d i5 t6 o556nc6 i+ uni+0.*6 9it d60t or

i4ri+on46nt 5or *i56 .ut t6 court 0+ di+cr6tion in *i4it6d c0+6+ to ord6r r6*60+6 o5 0

6r+on;

T6 L09 Co44i++ion 0*+o +t0t6+ t0t 66n in r6+6ct o5 o556nc6+ uni+0.*6 9it

d60t or i4ri+on46nt 5or *i568 t6 +6++ion+ court 0nd t6 Hi/ Court+ ou/t to 06 66n 0

9id6r di+cr6tion in t6 40tt6r o5 /r0ntin/ .0i* .3 i4o+in/ n6c6++0r3 condition+>,)"($?;

Sinc6 t6n r6*i0nc6 on =udici0* di+cr6tion 0+ .66n t6


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5.6.4. $ailable offence as a substitute for confine'ent for wo'en in custody:

W6n 0 6r+on 0ccu+6d o5 0 .0i*0.*6 o556nc6 i+ 0rr6+t6d or d6t0in6d 9itout 0

90rr0nt .3 0n o55ic6r in c0r/6 o5 0 o*ic6 +t0tion or .rou/t to court 0nd r60r6d to /i6

.0i* 6 i+ r6*60+6d on .0i*; -ut +uc 0n o55ic6r or court 403 di+c0r/6 6r 05t6r 676cutin/ 0

.ond 5or 6r 060r0nc6; I5 +6 50i*+ to co4*3 9it t6 condition+ o5 t6 .0i* .ond 0+ to

ti46 0nd *0c6 o5 0tt6nd0nc68 t6 court 403 in +u.+6@u6nt occ0+ion in t6 +046 c0+6 r65u+6

to r6*60+6 i4J6r on .0i* 0nd 403 0*+o c0** uon t6 6r+on .ound .3 t6 .ond to 03

6n0*t3 und6r S6c;$$) o5 Cr; P;C; S6c;$!)B o5 Cr; P;C;

5.6.4.1. $ail in the case of bailable offences:

Princi*6+ und6r*3in/ t6 +6ction o5 .0i*0.*6 o556nc6+: T6 Court in Hutchinson5s4?

c0+6 +0id t0t8 /r0nt o5 .0i* i+ not 0 46r6 90+t6 o5 ti46 or ti46 0++ .ut it i+ .6c0u+6 0n

0ccu+6d 6r+on i+ r6+u46d in *09 to .6 innoc6nt8 un*6++ 6 i+ ro6d to .6 /ui*t3; So8 0+ 0

r6+u40.*3 innoc6nt 6r+on8 6 i+ 6ntit*6d to i+ ri/t o5 5r66do4 9ic i+ 6ni+0/6d .3

t6 5und046nt0* ri/t+ 6n+rin6d in t6 con+titution; H6 4u+t .6 /i6n 0** o++i.*6

oortuniti6+ to *oo< 05t6r i+ c0+6; T6 /r0nt o5 .0i* 9i** 50ci*it0t6 i4 to d656nd i4+6*5

ro6r*3 .6tt6r t0n i5 6 96r6


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5.6.4.4. Conditions recedent for #rant of bail under bailable offence.

W6n 0n 0ccu+6d 0+ to .6 /r0nt6d .0i*8 t6 cri4in0* =uri+rud6nc68 t6

con+titution0* *09 o5 t6 n0tion 4u+t .6 con+id6r6d .3 t6 067 court8 Hi/ Court 0nd

S6++ion+ to int6rr6t8 0*3 0nd +6** out t6 condition+ r6c6d6nt 5or t6 +046;

T6 Honour0.*6 Court in -0+90nt R0o+ c0+6 c046 u 9it t6 5o**o9in/

condition+ t0t on6 4u+t +0ti+53 .65or6 t6 @u6+tion o5 /r0ntin/ .0i* to i4 i+ con+id6r6d;

T6 tr66 condition+ to .6 con+id6r6d 0r6:

iB H6 0+ .66n 0ccu+6d o5 0 .0i*0.*6 o556nc6;

iiB H6 0+ .66n 0rr6+t6d or d6t0in6d 9itout 0 90rr0nt .3 0n o55ic6r"in"c0r/6 o5 0

Po*ic6 St0tion or 060r+ or i+ .rou/t .65or6 0 court 0nd

iiiB H6 i+ r60r6d to /i6 .0i* 0t 0n3 ti46 9i*6 in t6 cu+tod3 o5 +uc o55ic6r or 0t

0n3 +t0/6 o5 t6 roc66din/+ .65or6 +uc court;

Wit t6 0.o6 tr66 condition+ 6nu46r0t6d .3 t6 Court o5 L09 r6+6nt8 it 9i** .6

0 9or+t 5or4 o5 Hu40n Ri/t io*0tion8 i5 .0i*6d i+ not /r0nt6d 6nc6 in5rin/in/ 0rt;21 o5

t6 Indi0n Con+titution;

T6 Honour0.*6 Court in 'anta &ra"ash hagwandas5s c0+6 6*d t0t8 96n 0

6r+on 0+ .66n 0rr6+t6d ot6r t0n 0 6r+on 0ccu+6d o5 non.0i*0.*6 o556nc6 0nd i5 6 i+

r60r6d to /i6 .0i* 6 +0** .6 r6*60+6d on .0i* 0+ ti+ roi+ion i+ 40nd0tor3; In 'hri

(harma !ai"5s@8 c0+6 t6 Court +0id t0t8 t6 o*ic6 o55ic6r 0+ no di+cr6tion 0t 0** to

r65u+6 to r6*60+6 t6 0ccu+6d on .0i* +o *on/ 0+ 6 i+ r60r6d to 5urni+ +ur6t3; W6n 0

6r+on i+ 0rr6+t6d .3 t6 o*ic6 5or 0 .0i*0.*6 o556nc68 6 0+ to .6 roduc6d .65or6 t6

M0/i+tr0t6 0in/ =uri+diction in t6 .0+6 +u.=6ct to t6 roi+ion+ 0+ to .0i*; -ut .65or6 6

i+ roduc6d .65or6 0 M0/i+tr0t68 i5 6 i+ r60r6d to /i6 .0i*8 t6 o*ic6 o55ic6r conc6rn6d

0+ to r6*60+6 i4 on .0i*; W6r68 o966r8 t6 0ccu+6d i+ in o*ic6 cu+tod3 0nd not

111


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r60r6d to /i6 .0i*8 6 4u+t .6 roduc6d .65or6 t6 M0/i+tr0t6 9itin 2$ our+ 0+

roid6d in S6ction &, o5 t6 Cri4in0* Proc6dur6 Cod6; W6n 6 i+ roduc6d .65or6 t6

M0/i+tr0t6 0nd i+ r60r6d to /i6 .0i*8 6 +0** .6 r6*60+6d on .0i*; In :anubhai5s c0+6 t6

Honuor0.*6 Court 6*d t0t8 t6 M0/i+tr0t6 0+ no di+cr6tion to 0utori6 i+ d6t6ntion in

t6 o*ic6 cu+tod3 5or t6 uro+6 o5 in6+ti/0tion nor i+ 6 co46t6nt in r6+6ct o5

.0i*0.*6 o556nc6+ to i4o+6 0 condition t0t t6 0ccu+6d +ou*d 060r .65or6 t6 o*ic6;

5.6.5. $ail in the case of non0bailable offence:

A non".0i*0.*6 o556nc6 i+ 0n o556nc6 96r6.3 on6 i+ /ui*t3 o5 .6in/ uni+6d 9it

d60t or i4ri+on46nt 5or *i568 or 96r6 0n 0ccu+6d o5 0n o556nc6 0+ co44itt6d 0

co/ni0.*6 o556nc6 0nd 6 0d .66n r6iou+*3 conict6d o5 0n o556nc6 uni+0.*6 9it

d60t i4ri+on46nt 5or *i56 or i4ri+on46nt 5or +66n 360r+ or 4or68 or 6 0d .66n

r6iou+*3 .66n conict6d on t9o or 4or6 occ0+ion+ o5 0 non".0i*0.*6 0nd co/ni0.*6

o556nc6>(!"#1?;

S6ction $!, o5 Indi0n Cri4in0* Proc6dur6 Cod6 in it+ d65inition o5 non".0i*0.*6

o556nc6 +0id t0t W6n 0 6r+on 0ccu+6d o58 or +u+6ct6d o58 t6 co44i++ion o5 0n3 non"

.0i*0.*6 o556nc6 i+ 0rr6+t6d or d6t0in6d 9itout 0 90rr0nt .3 0n o55ic6r"in"c0r/6 o5 0

o*ic6 +t0tion or 060r+ or .rou/t .65or6 0 court ot6r t0n t6 Hi/ Court or Court o5

S6++ion+8 6 403 .6 r6*60+6d on .0i*8 .ut"Suc 0 6r+on +0** not .6 +o r6*60+6d i5 t6r6

060r+ r60+on0.*6 /round+ 5or .6*i6in/ t0t 6 0+ .66n /ui*t3 o5 0n o556nc6 uni+0.*6

9it d60t or i4ri+on46nt 5or *i56;

Suc 6r+on +0** not .6 +o r6*60+6d i5 +uc o556nc6 i+ 0 co/ni0.*6 o556nc6 0nd 6

0d .66n r6iou+*3 conict6d on t9o or 4or6 occ0+ion+ o5 0 non".0i*0.*6 0nd co/ni0.*6

o556nc6;

112


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T6 Court 9i*6 /oin/ trou/ t6 S6ction $!,8 it 5in0**3 conc*ud6+ 9it +o46

67c6tion+ 0nd 5urt6r +t0t6+ t0t t6 court 403 dir6ct t6 r6*60+6 o5 0n 0ccu+6d o5 0 non"

.0i*0.*6 o556nc6 on .0i* i5 +uc 6r+on i+ und6r t6 0/6 o5 +i7t66n 360r+ or i+ 0 9o40n or i+

+ic< or in5ir4;

T6 S6ction +ti** 9i*6 d60*in/ 9it t6 67c6tion+ roid6d t0t t6 court 403 0*+o

dir6ct t0t 0 6r+on8 0ccu+6d o5 0 non".0i*0.*6 o556nc68 .6 r6*60+6d on .0i*8 i5 it i+ +0ti+5i6d

t0t it i+ =u+t 0nd ro6r +o to do 5or 0n3 ot6r +6ci0* r60+on+8 +o *on/ 0+ t6 0ccu+6d /i6+

0n und6rt0


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!))8 !))"A8 !))"-8 !),8 !)(8 !)#8 !,18 !,28 !,!8 !,)8 !,,8 !,#8 !(8 !(18 !(28 !()8 !(,8

!#28 !#!8 !#$8 !#&8 !#)8 !#,8 !#(8 !#8 $8 $18 $28 $)8 $,8 $(8 $#8 $118 $128 $1!8

$1$8 $$#8 $&8 $&18 $&28 $&!8 $&$8 $&&8 $&)8 $&,8 $&(8 $ $)8 $))8 $),8 $)(8 $,)8 $,,8

$(#"A8 $(#"-8 $(#"D8 $#!8 &&8&11; Fro4 t6 0.o6 +6ction+8 +6ction $!, i+ 5r046d in

+uc 0 903 t0t t6 /r0nt o5 .0i* +ou*d .6 0 ru*6 0nd 0 r65u+0* o5 .0i* +ou*d .6 0n

67c6tion; In


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r6*60+6d on .0i* un*6++ t6 40/i+tr0t6 dir6ct+8 I5 05t6r conc*u+ion o5 0 tri0* t6 0ccu+6d i+

not /ui*t3 +6J6 9i** .6 r6*60+6d 0*on/ 9it 6r .ond 676cut6d;

5.6.6. *nticiatory bail:

S6ction $!( : W6n 0 6r+on 0r66nd+ or 0+ r60+on to .6*i66 t0t 6J+6 403

.6 0rr6+t6d on 0n 0ccu+0tion o5 0in/ co44itt6d non.0i*0.*6 o556nc68 6 403 0*3 to t6

Hi/ Court or t6 Court o5 S6++ion+ 5or 0 dir6ction 0nd t0t court8 i5 tin


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.0i*8 90t court do6+ i+ to 401,"121?; T6 Honour0.*6 Court in al %hand -ain5s@ c0+6 6*d t0t8

0 6r+on 9o40nB 4u+t 0*3 to t6 court 0nd r6nd6r 6r+6*5 0rr6+t6d t6n 0nd t6n on*3

t6 ord6r o5 /r0ntin/ 0ntici0tor3 .0i* .6co46+ o6r0ti6;

5.6.6.1. Objecti%e of the anticiatory bail to the society:

S6ction $!( o5 Cr; P;C; i+ i4ort0nt 0nd *03+ 0 ro*6 to 40int0in t6 +oci0*

.0c


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T6 0*ic0nt 4u+t +o9 t0t 6 0+ r60+on to .6*i66 t0t 6 403 .6 0rr6+t6d 5or

non".0i*0.*6 o556nc6; T6 .6*i65 4u+t .6 on r60+on0.*6 /round; A =u+t 46r6 560r i+ not 0

.6*i65>12"1!1?;

I5 0n 0*ic0tion 5or 0ntici0tor3 .0i* i+ 40d6 to t6 Hi/ Court or t6 Court o5

S6++ion+8 it 4u+t 0*3 it+ o9n 4ind+ 0nd d6cid6 96t6r 0 c0+6 0+ .66n 40d6 out 5or

/r0ntin/ +uc r6*i65 .ut i5 t6 @u6+tion i+ *65t to t6 40/i+tr0t6 96n 0n occ0+ion 0ri+6+8

+uc cour+6 9i** d6560t t6 6r3 o.=6ct o5 S6c; $!(;

T6 5i*in/ o5 0 Fir+t In5or40tion R6ort i+ not 0 condition r6c6d6nt to t6 676rci+6

o5 t6 o96r und6r S6c;$!(; T6 64in6nc6 o5 0 *i


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Li


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Dir6ctin/ i++uin/ o5 notic6 to t6 u.*ic ro+6cutor o5 t6 0*ic0tion 5or .0i* 96n

t6 0*ic0nt i+ 0ccu+6d o5 0n o556nc6 9ic i+ tri0.*6 67c*u+i6*3 .3 t6 court o5 +6++ion+

or i5 not +o tri0.*68 i+ uni+0.*6 9it i4ri+on46nt 5or *i56;

Dir6ctin/ 0rr6+t o5 0n3 6r+on 9o 0+ .66n r6*60+6d on .0i* und6r C0t6r III

o5 t6 Cod6 0nd to co44it i4 to cu+tod3;

Wi*6 S6ction $!# t0*


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5or /ood .60iour; A/0in+t 0n ord6r und6r S6c; 1!1 r65u+in/ to 0cc6t or r6=6ctin/ 0

+ur6t3; A/0in+t 0 coniction .3 t6 M6troo*it0n M0/i+tr0t6 or 0n 0++i+t0nt +6++ion+ =ud/6

or 40/i+tr0t6 o5 t6 Fir+t C*0++ or o5 S6cond C*0++ or 0/0in+t 0 +6nt6nc6 und6r S6c; !2& or

0/0in+t 0n ord6r or +6nt6nc6+ 0++6d und6r S6c; !) .3 0n3 M0/i+tr0t6; A/0in+t 0n3 ot6r

6r+on conict6d 0t t6 +046 tri0*;

5.6.9.5. 2nherent ower

Final Thesis Law1

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Transcript of Final Thesis Law1