Final sugar addiction poster 2015
1
Evaluation of the Addictive Potential of Artificial Sweeteners Miller, W.O., Deere, V.W., Sheets, K.M., Bedi, N., Mayes, K.J, Becker, L. A. Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN • Between 1980 and 1994, the prevalence of obesity in adolescent children increased by 100% 1 . • Such exponential growth in the prevalence of childhood obesity necessitates a need to determine a probable mechanism by which this obesity occurs. This study aims to suggest a mechanism for this relationship: sugar addiction. • Research has indicated that excess sugar consumption directly affects the neurochemical makeup of the brain in ways similar to drugs of abuse such as nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and opioids 2,3,4 . • With an appropriate feeding pattern, sugar addiction can be induced using a rat model 2 . • By comparing and contrasting the addictive effects of saccharin (Sweet’ N Low ® ), sucrose, and sucralose (Splenda ® ) to nicotine, a known addictive drug, and to control group rats, this study seeks to promote further research exploring sugar addiction in the context of adolescent health. • 91 Sprague-Dawley rats • Weaned from their dam after 3 weeks and housed in pairs in reverse light-dark 12h conditions • Exposed to 12h food and water deprivation for six weeks and placed in one of six treatment groups to develop potential addiction from repeated bingeing and withdrawal behaviors • Water • 10% sucrose • 30% sucrose • 0.4% sucralose • 0.8% saccharin • Daily i.p. injections of nicotine (1.2 mg/kg). • After this six-week period, each rat underwent a series of three behavioral tests (one weekly) Open Field, Elevated Plus-Maze, and Porsalt Forced Swim tests • Prior to each test, each subject received an i.p. injection of naloxone (3mg/kg) to induce withdrawal symptoms • Behaviors were recorded and analyzed with EthoVision XT monitoring • After a 12h daily deprivation period, fluid intake was measured over the next 12h period. • 10% sugar, 0.8% saccharin, and 0.4% sucralose were consumed at the highest rates, with saccharin having the largest increase from PD 28-46 to PD 66-84. • Rats were weighed once weekly beginning at the first exposure to the variables. • No significant difference is noted between groups. • This test measured anxiety levels that resulted from inducing withdrawal. • Time spent in the center of the open field is inversely related to anxiety level. That is, less time in the center indicates a more anxious rat. • Nicotine, sucralose, and saccharin groups demonstrated higher levels of anxiety than the sugar and control groups. • By extension, this finding suggests that artificial sweeteners are more addictive than sugar. = • Anxiety-typical behavior was measured using the Porsalt Forced Swim Test by recording the total distance traveled during the test, which reflects escape attempts. • Those groups with the greatest average distance traveled are correlated with higher anxiety levels. • Time was recorded on the open arms versus the closed arms of the maze. While rats are thigmotaxic by nature, increased time in the closed arms of the maze indicated higher levels of anxiety. • Evaluation of the behavioral pharmacology of the commonly used artificial sweeteners, sucralose and saccharin, provides insights into the addictive potentials of these sugar substitutes and their likelihood to affect adolescents. • Anxiety-typical behaviors (e.g., thigmotaxic tendencies) suggest addiction. • Degree of addiction-suggesting behaviors observed in response to sucralose vs. saccharin varied by test. • Preliminary data suggest the addictive potential of artificial sweeteners is greater than that of common table sugar (sucrose). • Further directions include evaluation of grooming and rearing behaviors, which can serve as further indicators of addiction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES • Funding provided by the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN. • We would like to thank Evan Decrane and Madie Mettler for assistance with animal care. • We would also like to thank Nathan Winters for his assistance with presentation design. PD 28-46 PD 47-65 PD 66-84 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Average Fluid Intake Nicotine Control 10% Sugar 30% Sugar Sucralose Saccharin Postnatal Day Volume (Oz.) Nicotine Control Saccharin Sucralose 30% sugar 10% sugar 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Open Field- Time in Center Sweetener Seconds METHODS DISCUSSION RESULTS INTRODUCTION Nicotine Control Saccharin 30% Sugar 10% Sugar Sucralose 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Forced Swim- Total Distance Traveled Sweetener Distance (cm) O O OH HO HO HO O OH OH HO OH O O OH Cl HO HO O Cl OH HO Cl Sucrose Sucralose S NH O O O Saccharin Nicotine Control Saccharin 30% Sugar 10% Sugar Sucralose 0 50 100 150 200 250 Elevated Plus-Maze Open Closed Test Group Time (sec.)
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Transcript of Final sugar addiction poster 2015
Evaluation of the Addictive Potential of Artificial SweetenersMiller, W.O., Deere, V.W., Sheets, K.M., Bedi, N., Mayes, K.J, Becker, L. A.
Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN
• Between 1980 and 1994, the prevalence of obesity in adolescent children increased by 100%1.
• Such exponential growth in the prevalence of childhood obesity necessitates a need to determine a probable mechanism by which this obesity occurs. This study aims to suggest a mechanism for this relationship: sugar addiction.
• Research has indicated that excess sugar consumption directly affects the neurochemical makeup of the brain in ways similar to drugs of abuse such as nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and opioids2,3,4.
• With an appropriate feeding pattern, sugar addiction can be induced using a rat model2.
• By comparing and contrasting the addictive effects of saccharin (Sweet’ N Low®), sucrose, and sucralose (Splenda®) to nicotine, a known addictive drug, and to control group rats, this study seeks to promote further research exploring sugar addiction in the context of adolescent health.
• 91 Sprague-Dawley rats• Weaned from their dam after 3 weeks and housed in pairs in
reverse light-dark 12h conditions• Exposed to 12h food and water deprivation for six weeks and
placed in one of six treatment groups to develop potential addiction from repeated bingeing and withdrawal behaviors
• Water• 10% sucrose• 30% sucrose• 0.4% sucralose• 0.8% saccharin• Daily i.p. injections of nicotine (1.2 mg/kg).
• After this six-week period, each rat underwent a series of three behavioral tests (one weekly) Open Field, Elevated Plus-Maze, and Porsalt Forced Swim tests
• Prior to each test, each subject received an i.p. injection of naloxone (3mg/kg) to induce withdrawal symptoms
• Behaviors were recorded and analyzed with EthoVision XT monitoring
• After a 12h daily deprivation period, fluid intake was measured over the next 12h period.
• 10% sugar, 0.8% saccharin, and 0.4% sucralose were consumed at the highest rates, with saccharin having the largest increase from PD 28-46 to PD 66-84.
• Rats were weighed once weekly beginning at the first exposure to the variables.
• No significant difference is noted between groups.
• This test measured anxiety levels that resulted from inducing withdrawal.
• Time spent in the center of the open field is inversely related to anxiety level. That is, less time in the center indicates a more anxious rat.
• Nicotine, sucralose, and saccharin groups demonstrated higher levels of anxiety than the sugar and control groups.
• By extension, this finding suggests that artificial sweeteners are more addictive than sugar.
=
• Anxiety-typical behavior was measured using the Porsalt Forced Swim Test by recording the total distance traveled during the test, which reflects escape attempts.
• Those groups with the greatest average distance traveled are correlated with higher anxiety levels.
• Time was recorded on the open arms versus the closed arms of the maze. While rats are thigmotaxic by nature, increased time in the closed arms of the maze indicated higher levels of anxiety.
• Evaluation of the behavioral pharmacology of the commonly used artificial sweeteners, sucralose and saccharin, provides insights into the addictive potentials of these sugar substitutes and their likelihood to affect adolescents.
• Anxiety-typical behaviors (e.g., thigmotaxic tendencies) suggest addiction.
• Degree of addiction-suggesting behaviors observed in response to sucralose vs. saccharin varied by test.
• Preliminary data suggest the addictive potential of artificial sweeteners is greater than that of common table sugar (sucrose).
• Further directions include evaluation of grooming and rearing behaviors, which can serve as further indicators of addiction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES • Funding provided by the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience,
University of Evansville, Evansville, IN.• We would like to thank Evan Decrane and Madie Mettler for assistance with
animal care.• We would also like to thank Nathan Winters for his assistance with
presentation design.• Thanks to Noldus.com for the image of the sleeping rats.
1Ebbeling, C. B., Feldman, H. A., Osganian, S. K., Chomitz, V. R., Ellenbogen, S. J., & Ludwig, D. S. (2006). Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics, 117, 673–680.2 Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(1), 20-39.3Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine addiction. The New England journal of medicine, 362(24), 2295.4Crocq, M.A. (2003). Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 5(2), 175–185.
PD 28-46 PD 47-65 PD 66-840
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Average Fluid Intake
NicotineControl10% Sugar30% SugarSucraloseSaccharin
Postnatal Day
Volu
me
(Oz.)
Nicotine Control Saccharin Sucralose 30% sugar 10% sugar0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Open Field- Time in Center
Sweetener
Seco
nds
METHODSDISCUSSION
RESULTSINTRODUCTION
Nicotine Control Saccharin 30% Sugar 10% Sugar Sucralose0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Forced Swim- Total Distance Traveled
Sweetener
Dist
ance
(cm
)
O
O
OH
HO
HO
HOO
OH
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OH
Cl
HO
HOO
Cl
OH
HO
Cl
Sucrose Sucralose
S
NH
OO
O
Saccharin
Nicotine Control Saccharin 30% Sugar 10% Sugar Sucralose0
50
100
150
200
250
Elevated Plus-Maze
OpenClosed
Test Group
Tim
e (s
ec.)
