Final Assnigmnent

8/6/2019 Final Assnigmnent

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Name of Group Members

Group-D

Abu Saief Md.Towiudul Anam,Roll no-960

Sal-Sabila Ferdousi Saba,Roll no-944

Md.Solaiman Ali,Roll no-1271

Md.Tanvir Alam,Roll no-971

Jannatul Ferdous,Roll no-1506

Mahfujur Rahman,Roll no-963

Lily Debnath,Roll no-1512


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Table of Content

List of Tables

Acknowledgement

Executive Summary

Part One

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. Theoretical Perspective of Rural-Urban Migration

Part Two

5. Statistical Data of Survey

6. Survey Analysis

Part Three

7. Policy Recommendations to reduce Rural-Urban migration

Part Four

8. Conclusion

References

Annexure I: Questionnaire of the Research Project


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List ofTables

Table 1: Income level in accordance with education

Table 2: Frequency of Age Limit and Marital Status of Migrated People

Table 3: Causes of Migration-according to questionnaire (M)

Table 4: Causes for Choosing Dhaka City- according to questionnaire (M)

Table 5: Residential Condition

Table 6: Comparison in Living

Table 7: Frequency of maintaining family

Table 8: Frequency of returning to village and joining formal job

Table 9: People from Different Areas

Acknowledgement


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Man is a wanting being. He wants more as he get more. The mean to fulfill his increasing

demand is economic activity. He wants to reach the apex level of success , despite he get it or not. As a

social being he is also acquainted for social status. In todays world money making and status is deeply

interrelated. To get such kind of objectives people migrate themselves from one place to another. In this

paper, it focuses on the different causes and challenges of migration specifically on Rural-urban

Migration. The aim of this paper is to show how this challenge can be faced from policy makingperspective of developing country especially Bangladesh centered on Dhaka city.

We are thankful to our course teacher Md. Ashraful Haq Lecturer, Department of Public

Administration, Jahangirnagar University. We express our sincere thanks and profound gratitude to him.

We are indebted to the interviews that have helped us to collect information.

At last, we pray to almighty for the success of our work and submission

Executive summary


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We have studied on 30 peoples at Farmgate in Dhaka. According to the survey, we have identified that

majority peoples are migrated from the areas which are close to Dhaka and Barisal division, Majority age

limit of migration is 20-29. And their education level is from class 1-5. By considering their city

dwelling environment it is identified that 63% people live with many families in a small house & area are

most slum. Most of the people live with their family members. After discussing the findings & percentage

of the city dwelling environment of the migrated people it is easy to understand that the living conditionof the migrated peoples is not better. They are suffering from various problems. Poverty, job searching

and natural calamities were the main push factors for migration, while better opportunity, prior migrants

and availability of job were the main pull factors behind migration. Education of the migrant and their

occupation at the Place of origin was significantly related with the push factors of the migrant. Poverty

was found to be the main push factor for illiterates and moderately educated migrants and job searching

was the main push factor among the migrants having graduate level education or more. Lastly we have

identified some policies for minimizing rural- urban migration

Part One

Introduction:


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Migration between urban and rural areas is seen as a central element in the livelihoods of many

households in Bangladesh. Much of the literature focuses on movements of people as a result of

environmental, economic or demographic crisis. The rapid growth of rural-urban migration has been a

common feature of developing countries. In Bangladesh, too, migration flows to major cities have

alarmed observers. A study of migration is of key importance in social science, particularly in population

studies. The importance emerges not only from the movement of people between places but also from its

influence on the lives of individuals and urban growth. Rural-urban migration flows increased

dramatically during the famine of 1974 (BBS, 1996). As a consequence, the share of rural migrants as a

share of the urban population rose to 8.9% from 5.2% in 1961(Daily Ittefaq, 1999). A distinct selectivity

with respect to age, sex, caste, marital status, education and occupation is evident in rural - urban

migration (Millington, 2000). Migration differentials have significant role in identifying the nature and

strength of the socio-economic and demographic impacts of the population concerned. Many researchers

have tried to establish some uniformly applicable migration patterns for all countries at all times.

However, only migration by age has been found to be more or less similar for developed as well as

developing countries. Several studies reported that determinants of migration vary from country to

country and even within a country, it varies depending on the socio-economic, demographic and cultural

factors. High unemployment rate, low income, high population growth, unequal distribution of land,

demand for higher schooling, prior migration patterns and dissatisfaction with housing have been

identified as some of the prominent determinants of rural out-migration The propensity of migration is

usually influenced by a combination of push-pull factors. People migrated to cities and towns because

they are attracted by livelihood opportunities. Studies on migration have established a positive association

between levels of infrastructural development of a region and the magnitude of out-migration (CUS,

1990). Regardless of skill, the migrated population can find diversified livelihood opportunities with

various incomes in the towns and cities. Thus, the poor rural population considers migration a livelihood

coping strategy. On the other hand, a considerable number of the population migrates to urban areas from

villages for higher/better education, employment and investment opportunities. These privileged migrants

occasionally create employment opportunities in urban areas for the poor migrants mostly in the form of

wage laborer. Nevertheless, both these categories are driven preponderantly by economic reasons.

Information and communication also influence the decisions of migration (CUS, 1990).

Migration:

Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place to another (within country or between

countries) for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence. . In another word


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migration is a natural process and should not provide cause for concern. There are two types of migration

Internal: within country, External: between countries. Both the internal and external may be forced or

voluntary. Some dominant push factors of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh, which included

population pressure, adverse person to land ratio, landlessness, poverty, natural calamities, law and order

situation, and lack of social and cultural opportunities. On the contrary, job opportunities and higher

wages are the dominant pull factors.

Scholars Definition

Scholars of different disciplines have tried to define migration distinctly because of their different

approaches. Very few of them are agreed on one idea. Literally the term migration means settlement or

shifting of an individual or a group of individuals from one cultural area or physical aspects to another,

more or less permanently.

In the New Webster Dictionary as The act or an instance of moving from one country, region or place

to settle in another(2) the act or an instance of moving from one area to another in search of work.

According to Theodore Caplow migration is strictly speaking, the change of residence and need notnecessary involve any change of occupation, but it is closely associated with occupational shift of one

kind or another.

Eisentadt looks at migration as the physical transition of any individual or a group from one society to

another. This transition usually involves abandoning one social setting and intering another and

permanent one.

Migration: As a Problem

The urbanization problem is described using data on urban population growth over the past 50 years.

Urban population growth is generally far more rapid than total population growth, with about half the

urban growth accounted for by migrants from the rural areas. Developing country cities are growing far

more rapidly than those in the developed countries. Shantytowns and similar makeshift settlements

represent over one-third of developing country urban residents.

Many LDC urban areas have experienced dualistic development, where a modern formal sector exists

alongside a large urban informal sector. About half of the urban labor force works in the informal sector.

Characteristics of urban informal sector jobs include:

y low skilly low productivityy self-employmenty lack of complementary inputs


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y jobs in petty sales and servicesy recent migrants

Todaro Theory of Rural Urban migration

The Todaro Model postulates that migration proceeds in response to urban-rural differences in expected

income rather than actual earnings. The fundamental premise is that migrants consider the various labor

market opportunities available to them in the urban sectors & choose they maximizes their expected gains

from migration. A Schematic framework how the varying factors affecting the migration decision interact

is given below in a figure:

In essence, the theory assumes that members of the labor force, both actual and potential, compare their

expected incomes for a given time horizon in the urban sector (the difference between returns & costs of

migration) with prevailing average rural incomes and migrate if the former exceeds the latter. According

to the economic framework of the developing country like Bangladesh, is beset by a chronic

unemployment problem that a typical migrant cannot expect to secure a high paying urban job

immediately. Sometimes with considerable human capital like having secondary or university certificate

have much opportunity to get job in the country. A typical migrant who gains a modern sector job can

expect to earn twice the actual real income in an urban area then in a real environment may be of little


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consequence if the actual probability of his securing the higher paying job within , say, a one year

period is one chance in five. In the view of the facts that the vast majority of migrants are between the

ages of 15-24 the decision to migrate should be represented on the basis of a longer- time, more

permanent income calculation.

A Diagrammatic Presentation of Haris-Todaro Model

This process of unemployment equilibrium between urban expected wages and average rural income

rather than an equalized rural-urban wage as in the traditional neoclassical free- market model can also be

explained by a diagrammatic portrayal of the basic Harris- Todaro model. This is described in the

following figure.


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In the above figure two sectors are compared for showing the urban unemployment equilibrium are

described. The demand for the labor in agricultural sector is given by a negatively slopped line AA.

Labor demand in manufacturing industries is identified by MM. The total labor force is given by line

OAOM. In the neoclassical flexible wage, would be established at WA=WM, with OALA workers in

agriculture & OMLM workers employed in urban manufacturing. All available workers are therefore

employed.

Where,

WA is agricultural income

LM is employment in manufacturing

LUS is total urban labor pool

WM is the urban minimum wage

If urban wage rate increase to W-M, which will be higher than WA. Then OMLM workers will get job and

the rest OALM workers will be settled in the rural agricultural sector at wage rate O AWA. So, there is a

wage gap between these two wages. If the wage of the urban labor in these rate then & rural workers is

free to migrate then despite the job availability of only OMLM jobs, they are willing to take their chance in

the urban job lottery. The chance of their getting job will be discussed by the total urban labor pool, LUS.

The new unemployment equilibrium will create in the point of point of Z. Here the urban rural wage gap

is W-M WA. OALA workers are still in the agricultural sector, and OMLM, of these workers have modernsector jobs paying W-M wages. The rest, OMLA-OMLM are either unemployed or engaged in low income

informal activities. ( Todaro et al:2009)

Important conclusions from the Todaro model

y The need to reduce the urban bias of development strategies and encourage integrated ruraldevelopment. This will reduce the wage differential between the urban and rural area.

y Creating urban jobs is an insufficient solution to the urban unemployment problem because moremigration is induced.

y Expanding education opportunities often results in more urban migration.y Urban wage subsidies are counterproductive as they encourage more migration by increasing the

probability of finding a job.

)( MUS

MA W

L

LW !


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Part 2

Table1: Income level in accordance with education

income Mobile Immobile

Education Level Education level

no % 1-5

% 6-SSC

% HSC&Above

% no % 1-5

% 6-SSC

% HSC&Above

%

3000-

5999

4 33.3 2 16.6 3 16.6 1 5.5 1 5.5

6000-

8999

5 41.6 1 8.3 3 16.6 1 5.5

9000-

11999

1 5.5

12000-

14999

1 5.5 1 5.5 1 5.5

15000

&above

2 11.1 1 5.5 1 5.5 1 5.5

This table is vital to know about the income ability of educated or non-educated persons. In mobile sector

4 persons (33.3%) have no academic qualification at all who earn 3000-5999 on an average monthly

while 3 persons (16.6%) in immobile sector earn this quantity. In immobile sector 1 person (5.5%)


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completed primary level and earn 6000-8999 monthly on an average. Most of the persons of immobile

sector earn form 12000-18000 monthly as their educational background is higher than the others. Most of

the persons completed at least class 7 and 2 persons have passed H.S.C and more. It is understood that the

educated persons include themselves in the immobile sector and their income level is higher than the

mobile one. That means, immobile sectors are popular specially too educated migrates because of higher

returns than the mobile sectors.

Table2: Frequency of Age Limit and Marital Status of Migrated People

Age limit Frequency Marital status Mobile Immobile Percentage (%)

Married Un

married

Frequency Mobile Immobile

20-29 11 10 1 5 6 36.67 41.67 33.33

30-39 8 8 0 4 4 26.67 33.33 22.22

40-49 6 6 0 2 4 20.00 16.67 22.22

50-59 3 3 0 0 3 10.00 0 16.67

60 &

above

2 2 0 1 1 3.33 8.33 5.55

Total= 30 29 1 12 18 100 100 100

Marriage is an important factor which influences migration of people very much. Most of the persons

who were asked the questions about migration are married. Only one person among them is unmarried.

That means marriage influences the migration. The reasons may be increase in the income level, higher

living standard, increase in the respect level and availability of modern amenities etc. The only one person

who is unmarried is at the age of 20-29. It also means that the persons were married off at an average of


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20-29. At this level of age migration rate is also high. After marriage as more income is necessary, the

persons start to migrate to Dhaka from villages.

Table3: Causes of Migration-according to questionnaire (M)

Category Betterincome

Unemployment Better LifeStyle

SocialRespect

NaturalCalamities

Others

Frequency 26 18 4 2 1 8

Percentage(%) 86.67 60 13.33 6.67 3.33 26.67

A lot of causes are responsible to the migration of people from villages to Dhaka. The main reasons are

expectancy of better income, solving unemployment problem and so on. 26 persons who are related to

mobile and immobile sectors said that the main reason to come Dhaka is to earn a better income than the

past. 14 persons said that to remove unemployment problem, they came to Dhaka. Better lifestyle

attracted 4 individuals to leave their villages and reached to Dhaka. To increase the social status and to

avoid the frequently occurring natural calamities some people also came to Dhaka. But in the analysis,

expectancy of better income opportunity and solving unemployment problem are the main reasons behind

the migration. This is because the employment opportunity is much higher than the villages and income is

also a motivating factor to leave the villages. On the other hand, villages in Bangladesh is filled with

unemployment problem and income level is very much low.


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Table4: Causes for Choosing Dhaka City- according to questionnaire (M)

Opportunity of employment is the basic reason to most of the migrated persons to select Dhaka to come.

As it is the capital city of our country and it has larger employment sectors than any other city, 8 persons

related to mobile sector and 17 persons related to immobile sector chose Dhaka to come and earn their

livelihood. Increasing of living standard is also another main reason to select Dhaka. As income level is

higher in Dhaka, the persons who are living in Dhaka have relatively high living standard than the rural

people. This factor attracts a huge amount of individuals to come Dhaka. Only 2 persons came to Dhaka

because of nearness of their home town from Dhaka. Having relatives in Dhaka influences also to select

Dhaka to come as it is very easy to be permanent to those who have relatives. But the main reason is the

available opportunity of employment in Dhaka. Only because of this reason every day many people select

Dhaka as their earning place.

Category Opportunity OfEmployme

nt

% Opportunity of betterincome

% Villagelocatednear at

Dhaka

% HavingRelatives

% Others %

Mobile 8 66.67 7 58.33 4 33.33 3 25

Immobile 17 94.44 9 50 2 11.11

2 11.11 1 5.56


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Table5: Residential Condition

(A)

House Rent

(BDT)

Mobile Immobile

Shack

% Teen-

shed

% Building

% Shack

% Teen-shed

% Building

%

1000-2000 4 33.33 6 50 1 8.33 1 5.56 5 27.78 0 0

2100-3000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 27.78 4 22.22

3100-4000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4100 &above

0 0 0 0 1 8.33 0 0 2 11.11 2 11.11

(B)

Income(BDT) Room in slum Over crowded but

not slum

Mess Rental home

Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %

3000-5999 5 16.67 3 10 1 3.33 1 3.33

6000-8999 4 33.33 1 3.33 3 10 1 3.33

9000-11999 0 0 0 0 2 6.67 0 0

12000-14999 0 0 0 0 1 3.33 4 33.33

1500-Above 2 6.67 0 0 0 0 2 6.67

Residential condition of persons related to immobile sector is higher than the mobile sector as their

income is higher. 33.33% mobile businessmen live in slums while only 5.5% immobile sector

businessmen live in slums. 50% of mobile sector businessmen live in tin shed building and 16% in

building while 66% persons of immobile sectors live in tin sheds. 33% of persons related to immobile

sectors live in full building. The slums are much cheaper than the tin sheds and buildings. As a result the

lower income earners live in slums but it is rear in immobile sector because they have a higher income

than the mobile businessmen. Slums cost 1000-1500 per month for fair while tin sheds require 1500-2500


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and buildings require 4000 on an average. It again shows that the greater income of immobile sector

related persons than mobile sector related persons. It is seen that who earn 3000-5999 live in slums and

the persons who earn 15000 or more also live in slum. It depends on their choosing and social status.

Table6: Comparison in Living

Subjectto

Compare

Better in Village Better in Town No Difference

Mobile

% Immobile

% Mobile

% Immobile

% Mobile

% Immobile

%

Drinking

water

8 66.67 10 55.56 4 33.33 7 38.89 0 0 1 5.56

Power 4 33.33 5 27.78 8 66.6 12 66.67 0 0 1 5.56

Medicalfacility

2 16.67 0 0 10 83.33 17 94.44 0 0 1 5.56

Educatio

n

1 8.33 0 0 11 91.67 17 94.44 0 0 1 5.56

Security 6 50 9 50 2 16.67 5 27.78 4 33.33 4 22.22

Dhaka is a city with a large population. People generally migrate here because of diversified employment

opportunity. As the city is overpopulated the commercial and residential area becomes amalgamated. So

the city dwellers are deprived of the facilities of a mega city. When we ask the respondents to compare

the basic elements of living between Dhaka city and village then we get the above criteria. In case of

drinking water most of respondents prefer village to town cause of the availability of pure drinking water.

In case of electricity, medical facility and educational facilities they prefer city to village because we all

know that a city is more advance concern to village. On the other hand concerning security most of the

respondents feel secured in the village than the city. But as a capital city it should ensure the citizens the

optimum securities.


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Table7: Frequency of maintaining family

Income Live withfamily

% Withoutfamily

% Interested tobring them In

future

%

3000-5999 4 13.33 7 23.33 6 20

6000-8999 5 16.67 2 6.67 4 13.33

9000-11999 4 13.33 1 3.33 0 0

12000-14999 1 3.33 1 3.33 1 3.33

15000 & above 5 16.67 0 0 0 0

Most of the people are interested to stay with family,but in some cases some con not effort to maintain

family due to lacking of standard amount of money. Some people with lowest income maintain family

because of having more than one earning person, where the other members are self sufficient. On the

contrary the member with higher income (in context of informal business) cannot stay with family

because they have to maintain more than one member who is totally dependent on him. In our study

respondents said that if the income level increases then they might bring the family. Since other members

are dependent on the migrated one so they have the intention to be permanent at Dhaka city thus hey canpass their lives. If they do not do so the maintaining of lives will be so difficult. But here is the problem

in this way, if poor section of people are continuously being migrated then the Dhaka city will have to

face enormous problem. It should be noted that Dhaka is already a giant city which is not able to ensure

better habitation of people. Here every day a large number of problems are raising. So our mission would

be to discourage backward section people to be migrated by providing enough facilities throughout their

region for saving the Dhaka city from being Giant.

Table8: Frequency of returning to village and joining formal job


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This table represents the frequency of returning and in getting formal job among different levels peoples

income. In case of informal job people feel unsecured and has an opinion to get back in their native

village. Some of the people are intended to obtain the formal job and in our study all of them are from

mobile community. The most notable thing is that both the mobile and immobile have the income level of

10000 and above havent response in this case.

Table9: People From Different Areas

Income (BDT) Interested in returning village Interested in returning formal job

Mobile % Immobile % Mobile % Immobile %

3000-6000 7 58.33 4 22.22 4 33.33

3 16.67

7000-9000 2 16.67 3 16.67 3 25.0

0

2 11.11

10000-12000 0 0 3 16.67 0 0 3 16.67

13000-15000 0 0 2 11.11 0 0 2 11.11

16000 & above 0 0 3 16.67 0 2 11.11


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Region Frequency Percentage(%)

Near to Dhaka 7 23.33

Chittagong 5 16.67

Rajshahi 3 10

Khulna 1 3.33

Barishal 11 36.67

Sylhet 0 0

Rangpur 3 10

Total 30 100

Figure: Area based migrated people

Source: From the field study of Rural-Urban migration in infomal sector

Near to Dhaka

Chittagong

Rajshahi

Khulna

Barishal

Sylhet


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Almost every districts people are intended to be stayed at Dhaka city due to various reasons. The number

of migrated people varies from region to region. In our project it has been revealed that maximum

percentage of people are migrated from Barisal division and a little percentage from Khulna division.

Since the migrated people are very from Barisal so, there may be some strong factor either pull or push or

the both. The devastating natural calamities takes place at coastal area like Barisal and a large number of

people are compelled to seek livelihood in different areas. So they prioritize Dhaka city as first choice.

Probably its the main factor responsible for migration. Where as though Khulna is in coastal region but

there are diversified opportunities like industries, port so the local people prefer Khulna to Dhaka. Other

areas people are found frequently Dhaka has diversified employment opportunity.

Part 3

Policy recommendation

Bangladesh is an under developed country, where 75% people live in the rural area but our capital city

Dhaka is over populated. More than 20 million people live in Dhaka. It has made a mess system which

destroy natural environment of Dhaka city. Some policy should be taken by government. I think these

policies are:


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Government should think about urbanization besides the highway all over the country. This is

waiting for grant in our national parliament. We appreciate government to implement this policy as early

as possible.

The local area may be deprived of development with the impact of the centralization of every aspect. If

the region based development is occurred and provide a large career opportunities then people might not

be migrated from one area to another in case of any problem and they will be able to make them self

sufficient. It is important to be noted that, in our study we found most of the people are not interested in

staying at Dhaka and only the pull factor is responsible for so. They feel better village than the city and

will certainly leave the this place if they get to meet the minimum requirments.With the increase of

population if the local area based industry can be introduced, with the sufficient wage and salary of

workers and employees respectively then people would not be migrated. In this edition number of

incentives should be provided to them, so they can contribute to raise productivity. Moreover the existing

system of the production should be improved. Due to the devastating Natural calamities people from

Barisal area are migrated to Dhaka city because of lacking of employment opportunities. So here this

policy is suitable.

People should be inspired to follow the Contributory Reinvestment Fund, thus they are interested to be

launched entrepreneurial activities. And for that government should initiate new measure to provide loan

with easy condition. The existing system of loan procedure (microcredit program) is much hazardous with

immense condition and that is why poor people cannot overcome the problem. Evidence shows in this

regard, people are continuously being suppressed and losing the capability leading life in the village area

and coming to urban area for higher income. In this case CRF can play important role.

Another core factor is most of the root level landlords; politicians come Dhaka for better life or

to educate his son or daughter. We think that the English medium school, shopping mall, universities

should be established in rural areas by the government.

Different famous things like:

-card of Bogra

- Kachagolla of Natore

- Rashmalai of Comilla

-Mangoes of Rajshahi

-Litchis of Dinajpur etc.

We can encourage those businessman to broad their business on their own town. Govt. and

private sectors should provide available opportunities.

Banking sector can play important roles in preventing migration. If they started branches in the

rural area, it will create a huge employment opportunities. It will also facilitate the area based businesses.

As a result, people will remove the thinking of coming Dhaka instead of staying in villages.


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Part 4

Conclusion

Migration is one of the burning topics nowadays as there are more than 200 millions migrated people

throughout the globe. This is obviously negative because it facilitates Brain-Drain. That means it makes

one country or region meritless which obstacles the proper and speedy development of that country or

region. These migrations are also common in our country especially in Dhaka as it is our capital city. Our

govt. and private sectors should take immediate steps to prevent this problem as well as make speedy

development and productivity of the rural res. The policies have to be implemented perfectly. Our

assignment includes the causes of migration towards Dhaka. We also recommended some policies to

prevent migration.


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References

1. Todaro, Michael P, et al. Economic Development. Eight editions. Delhi, India: Person Education pte.

Ltd, 2003. Pp- 334-347.

2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural-urban_migration, urbanization, Retrieved on 14-01-2010.

3. ideas.repec.org/p/red/sed004/241 .html, Urbanization and Rural-Urban... Retrieved on 13-01-2010.

4. Caplow, Theodore(1954) : The Sociology of work, The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis,

p.60.

5. Mehta, B.S.(1978) : Regional Population Growth : A Case Study of Rajasthan, Research Book, Jaipur.

6. Class lectures of Mohammad Ashraful Haque.

7. http://www.new-ag.info/04-5/develop/dev01.html, Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh: AMicro-Level Study, Retrieved on, 11-01-2010.

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