Final

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI-590 018

Technical project report on

Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Voice Recognition

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering In

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted By

GURUDUTT K R (1BT11EE005) SELVAGANAPATHY T (1BT11EE011) BHARATH R (1BT10EE005)

Under the guidance of

Internal guide Mrs. Sheela.C.N

Asst.Professor, Dept of EEE, BTLIT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BTL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BANGALORE-560 099

2014-2015

BTL Institute Of Technology & Management, Bengaluru-99 Karnataka

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project entitled SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

USING VOICE RECOGNITION carried out by Mr.Selvaganapathy T (1BT11EE011),

Mr. Gurudutt K R (1BT11EE005), Mr.Bharath R (1BT10EE005) bonafide students of

BTL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, Bangalore in partial

fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year

2014-2015. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment

have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report

has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work

prescribed for the said Degree.

_______________ _______________ _______________ Guide HOD Principal

Mrs. Sheela.C.N Mr.A.G.Suresh Dr.Suneelkumar.N. Kulkarni

External Viva

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1.

2.

ABSTRACT

Communication plays a major role in day to day life and can be used as a better tool

in control systems. It deals with wire communication and is used to control the motor

speed. Out of all mechanisms, microcontroller hardware description language proves to be

efficient than all other mechanisms. Embedded technology is a key role in integrating the

different functions connected with it. This proposal generally reduces the manpower,

operates efficiently and saves time without human involvement. Due to the technological

development whether it is DC or AC machines the speed of the machine can be controlled by

various methods. By means of the voice process the machine can be controlled depending

upon the application wired or in order to transmit the signal the wireless communication can

be used. By this way electrical technology is combined with communication technology and

computer science.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we thank the Lord Almighty for the grace, strength and hope to make

our Endeavour a success.

We express our gratitude to Dr.Suneelkumar.N. Kulkarni, The Principal,

Mr.A.G.Suresh, Head of the Department for providing the ways and means by which we

were able to complete this project. We express our sincere gratitude to them for their constant

support and valuable suggestions without which the successful completion of this project

would not have been possible.

We express our gratitude to our beloved internal guide Mrs. Sheela.C.N, Dept. of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for giving the sort of encouragement in preparing the

report, presenting the paper, spirit and useful guidance.

We express our immense pleasure and we are thankful to all the teachers and staff of

the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their cooperation and support.

Mr.Bharath R (1BT10EE005)

Mr. Gurudutt K R (1BT11EE005)

Mr. Selvaganapathy T (1BT11EE011)

Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 WORK AREA DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 1

1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION ........................................................................................ 1

1.4 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................ 1

1.5 PROJECT WORK SCHEDULE ..................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................... 4

BACKGROUND THEORY ..................................................................................................... 4

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTION MOTORS ............................................................ 4

2.2. VARIOUS METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL ........................................................... 5 2.2.1. SPEED CONTROL FROM STATOR SIDE ........................................................... 5

1. V / F CONTROL OR FREQUENCY CONTROL .................................................. 5 2. CONTROLLING SUPPLY VOLTAGE .................................................................. 6 3. CHANGING THE NUMBER OF STATOR POLES .............................................. 6

2.2.2. SPEED CONTROL FROM ROTOR SIDE: ............................................................... 8 1. ADDING EXTERNAL ............................................................................................ 8 2. CASCADE CONTROL METHOD ......................................................................... 8 3. INJECTING SLIP FREQUENCY EMF INTO ROTOR SIDE ............................. 10

CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................... 11

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 11

3.1. ZIGBEE: ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS .......................................... 12

3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION................................................................................ 12 3.2.1 HISTORY................................................................................................................ 14 3.2.2 DELTA .................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 DELTA-SIGMA...................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 SPACE VECTOR MODULATION ....................................................................... 17 3.2.5 DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL (DTC) .................................................................. 17 3.2.6 TIME PROPORTIONING ...................................................................................... 18 3.2.7 SPECTRUM: ........................................................................................................... 19 3.2.8 PWM SAMPLING THEOREM.............................................................................. 19 3.2.7 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 19

3.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM..................................................................................................... 20

3.3.1. TRANSMITTER: ...................................................................................................... 20

3.3.2. RECEIVER:............................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................... 22

HARDWARE COMPONENTS ............................................................................................. 22

HARDWARE USED:.......................................................................................................... 22

4.1. RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER: ........................................................................... 22

4.1.1. FEATURES OF RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER: ............................................ 24

4.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW: .......................................................................... 24

4.1.2.1. MEMORY SPACE ................................................................................................. 26 4.1.2.2. PROCESSOR REGISTERS ................................................................................ 27

4.1.3RENESAS 30 PIN MICROCONTROLLER: ............................................................. 29

4.2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):....................................................................... 30

4.3. VOICE RECOGNITION KIT ...................................................................................... 32 4.3.1. FEATURES OF VOICE RECOGNITION KIT: ................................................... 33 4.3.2. USING THE SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 33 4.3.3. BOARD SCHEMATIC .......................................................................................... 34 .......................................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.4. TRAINING WORDS FOR RECOGNITION ........................................................ 34 4.3.5. TESTING RECOGNITION: .................................................................................. 35 4.3.6. ERROR CODES: ................................................................................................... 35 4.3.7. CLEARING MEMORY ......................................................................................... 35

4.4. ZIGBEE UNIT: ............................................................................................................ 35 4.4.1. ZIGBEE MORE BENEFITS ARE AS FOLLOWS: ............................................. 36 4.4.2. COMPONENTS USED IN ZIGBEE MODULE ................................................... 37

4.5. TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35): .......................................................................... 37

4.6. OPTOCOUPLER: ........................................................................................................ 38

CHATPER 5 ....................................................................................................................... 39

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT: ....................................... 39

5.1. ADVANTAGES ........................................................................................................... 39

5.2. DISADVANTAGES: ................................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................... 40

APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 7 ....................................................................................................................... 41

CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER 8 ....................................................................................................................... 42

FUTURE WORKS.................................................................................................................. 42

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 43

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 45

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 3.2.1.PWM in idealized conductor driven by voltage source..13 Fig 3.2.2.PWM showing definitions of ymin,ymax and d.....14 Fig 3.2.3.simple methods to generate pwm ...15 Fig 3.2.4.principle of delta pwm....16 Fig 3.2.6.types of pwm signals...18 Fig 3.3.1. Transmitter part block diagram..19 Fig 3.3.2.Receiver part block diagram...20 Fig 4.1.reneasas controller..22 Fig 4.1.1.renesas RL 78 series microcontroller..........23 Fig 4.1.2.architecture of 64 pin ic Renesas microcontroller..24 Fig 4.1.3 memory allocation of Renesas microcontroller..............................25 Fig 4.1.4.30 pin ic Renesas microcontroller .29 Fig 4.2.lcd..30 Fig 4.3voice recognition kit.......31 Fig 4.3.1.circuit design of voice recognition circuit..33 Fig 4.4.zig bee unit.35 Fig 4.5.temperature sensor.36

Dept of EEE-BTLIT Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1Objective

To Design a circuit to control the speed of induction motor using voice recognition.

1.2 Work Area Description

This project work was carried out at department of electrical and electronics, BTL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY to design the circuit for speed control of induction motor

using voice recognition.

1.3 Problem Formulation

Induction Motors account for more than 85% of all motors used in industry and domestic

applications. In the past they have been used as constant-speed motors as traditional speed

control methods have been less efficient than speed control methods for DC motors.

However, DC Motors require commutators and brushes which are hazardous and require

maintenance. Thus Induction Motors are preferred

1.4 Motivation

Electrical Energy already constitutes more than 30 % of all energy usage on Earth. And this

is set to rise in the coming years. Its massive popularity has been caused by its efficiency of

use, ease of transportation, ease of generation, and environment-friendliness. Part of the total

electrical energy production is sued to produce heat, light, in electrolysis, arc-furnaces,

domestic heating etc. Another large part of the electrical energy production is used to be

converted into mechanical energy via different kinds of electric motors- DC Motors,

Synchronous Motors and Induction Motors. Induction Motors are often termed the

Workhorse of the Industry. This is because it is one of the most widely used motors in the

world. It is used in transportation and industries, and also in household appliances, and

laboratories. The major reasons behind the popularity of the Induction Motors are:


i. Induction Motors are cheap compared to DC and Synchronous Motors. In this age of

competition, this is a prime requirement for any machine. Due to its economy of

procurement, installation and use, the Induction Motor is usually the first choice for

an operation.

ii. Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors are very rugged in construction. There robustness

enables them to be used in all kinds of environments and for long durations of time.

iii. Induction Motors have high efficiency of energy conversion. Also they are very

reliable.

iv. Owing to their simplicity of construction, Induction Motors have very low

maintenance costs.

v. Induction Motors have very high starting torque.

This property is useful in applications where the load is applied before starting the motor.

Another major advantage of the Induction Motor over other motors is the ease with which its

speed can be controlled. Different applications require different optimum speeds for the

motor to run at. Speed control is a necessity in Induction Motors because of the following

factors:

i. It ensures smooth operation.

ii. It provides torque control and acceleration control.

iii. Different processes require the motor to run at different speeds.

iv. It compensates for fluctuating process parameters.

v. During installation, slow running of the motors is required. All these factors present

a strong case for the implementation of speed control or variable speed drives in

Induction Motors


1.5 Project Work Schedule

Month Activity Status

Feb 2015 Understanding the basic concepts of various speed

control related to induction motors

Completed

Mar 2015 Initializing the design and construction of voice

recognition circuit

Completed

Apr 2015 Testing process initiation of various components of the

circuit

Completed

May 2015 Testing Finalization and Report Completion. Completed


CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND THEORY

2.1 Introduction to Induction motors

A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so its somewhat difficult

to control its speed. The speed control of induction motor is done at the cost of decrease in

efficiency and low electrical power factor. Before discussing the methods to control the

speed of three phase induction motor one should know the basic formulas of speed and

torque of three phase induction motor as the methods of speed control depends upon these

formulas.

Synchronous speed

Where f = frequency and P is the number of poles

The speed of induction motor is given by,

Where N is the speed of rotor of induction motor, Ns is the synchronous speed, S is the slip.

The torque produced by three phase induction motor is given by,

When rotor is at standstill slip , s is one.

So the equation of torque is,

Where E2 is the rotor emf Ns is the synchronous speed R2 is the rotor resistance X2 is the

rotor inductive reactance

The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor Side


2.2. Various methods of speed control

The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as :

1. V / f control or frequency control.

2. Changing the number of stator poles.

3. Controlling supply voltage.

4. Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.

The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified as:

1. Adding external resistance on rotor side.

2. Cascade control method.

3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.

2.2.1. Speed Control from Stator Side

1. V / f control or frequency control - Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase

induction motor rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed

given by

In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer

which is given by

Where K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency. Now

if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in frequency flux will

increase and this change in value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which will

further cause increase in no load current of the motor . So, its important to maintain flux ,

constant and it is only possible if we change voltage . i.e if we decrease frequency flux

increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no

change in flux and hence it remains constant. So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/ f as

constant. Hence its name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction


motor by V/ f method we have to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily

obtained by using converter and inverter set.

2. Controlling supply voltage: The torque produced by running three phase induction motor

is given by

In low slip region (sX)2 is very small as compared to R2 . So, it can be neglected. So torque

becomes

Since rotor resistance, R2 is constant so the equation of torque further reduces to

We know that rotor induced emf E2 V. So, T sV2. From the equation above it is clear

that if we decrease supply voltage torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same load,

the torque must remain the same and it is only possible if we increase the slip and if the slip

increases the motor will run at reduced speed . This method of speed control is rarely used

because small change in speed requires large reduction in voltage, and hence the current

drawn by motor increases, which cause over heating of induction motor.

3. Changing the number of stator poles : The stator poles can be changed by two

methods

i. Multiple stator winding method.

ii. Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM)

Multiple stators winding method In this method of speed control of three phase induction

motor , the stator is provided by two separate winding. These two stator windings are

electrically isolated from each other and are wound for two different pole numbers. Using

switching arrangement, at a time, supply is given to one winding only and hence speed

control is possible. A disadvantage of this method is that the smooth speed control is not

possible. This method is more costly and less efficient as two different stator winding are

required. This method of speed control can only be applied for squirrel cage motor.


Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM) In this method of speed control of three phase

induction motor the original sinusoidal mmf wave is modulated by another sinusoidal mmf

wave having different number of poles.

Let f1 () be the original mmf wave of induction motor whose speed is to be controlled.

f2 () be the modulation mmf wave. P1 be the number of poles of induction motor whose

speed is to be controlled. P2 be the number of poles of modulation wave.

After modulation resultant mmf wave

So we get, resultant mmf wave

Therefore the resultant mmf wave will have two different number of poles

Therefore by changing the number of poles we can easily change the speed of three phase

induction motor.

8. Adding rheostat in the stator circuit - In this method of speed control of three phase

induction motor rheostat is added in the stator circuit due to this voltage gets dropped .In case

of three phase induction motor torque produced is given by T sV22. If we decrease supply

voltage torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same load , the torque must remains

the same and it is only possible if we increase the slip and if the slip increase motor will run

reduced speed.


2.2.2. Speed Control from Rotor Side:

1. Adding external resistance on rotor side In this method of speed control of three

phase induction motor external resistance are added on rotor side. The equation of torque for

three phase induction motor is

The three phase induction motor operates in low slip region .In low slip region term (sX)2

becomes very small as compared to R2. So, it can be neglected . and also E2 is constant. So

the equation of torque after simplification becomes,

Now if we increase rotor resistance, R2 torque decreases but to supply the same load torque

must remain constant. So, we increase slip, which will further results in decrease in rotor

speed. Thus by adding additional resistance in rotor circuit we can decrease the speed of

three phase induction motor. The main advantage of this method is that with addition of

external resistance starting torque increases but this method of speed control of three phase

induction motor also suffers from some disadvantages:

i. The speed above the normal value is not possible.

ii. Large speed change requires large value of resistance and if such large value of

resistance is added in the circuit it will cause large copper loss and hence reduction in

efficiency.

iii. Presence of resistance causes more losses.

iv. This method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.

v.

2. Cascade control method In this method of speed control of three phase induction

motor, the two three phase induction motor are connected on common shaft and hence called

cascaded motor. One motor is the called the main motor and another motor is called the

auxiliary motor. The three phase supply is given to the stator of the main motor while the

auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip ring of main motor.

Let NS1 be the synchronous speed of main motor.


NS2 be the synchronous speed of auxiliary motor.

P1 be the number of poles of the main motor.

P2 be the number of poles of the auxiliary motor.

F is the supply frequency.

F1 is the frequency of rotor induced emf of main motor.

N is the speed of set and it remains same for both the main and auxiliary motor as both the

motors are mounted on common shaft.

S1 is the slip of main motor.

The auxiliary motor is supplied with same frequency as the main motor i.e

Now put the value of

Now at no load, the speed of auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed i.e N =

NS2

Now rearrange the above equation and find out the value of N, we get,

This cascaded set of two motors will now run at new speed having number of poles (P1 + P2).

In the above method the torque produced by the main and auxiliary motor will act in same

direction, resulting in number of poles (P1 + P2). Such type of cascading is called cumulative


cascading. There is one more type of cascading in which the torque produced by the main

motor is in opposite direction to that of auxiliary motor. Such type of cascading is called

differential cascading; resulting in speed corresponds to number of poles (P1 - P2). In this

method of speed control of three phase induction motor, four different speeds can be

obtained

i. When only main induction motor work, having speed corresponds to NS1 = 120 F / P1.

ii. When only auxiliary induction motor work, having speed corresponds to

NS2 = 120 F / P2.

iii. When cumulative cascading is done, then the complete set runs at a speed of

N = 120F / (P1 + P2).

iv. When differential cascading is done, then the complete set runs at a speed of

N = 120F / (P1 - P2).

3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side - when the speed control of three phase

induction motor is done by adding resistance in rotor circuit, some part of power

called, the slip power is lost as I2R losses. Therefore the efficiency of three phase

induction motor is reduced by this method of speed control. This slip power loss can

be recovered and supplied back in order to improve the overall efficiency of three

phase induction motor and this scheme of recovering the power is called slip power

recovery scheme and this is done by connecting an external source of emf of slip

frequency to the rotor circuit. The injected emf can either oppose the rotor induced

emf or aids the rotor induced emf. If it oppose the rotor induced emf, the total rotor

resistance increases and hence speed decreases and if the injected emf aids the main

rotor emf the total resistance decreases and hence speed increases. Therefore by

injecting induced emf in rotor circuit the speed can be easily controlled. The main

advantage of this type of speed control of three phase induction motor is that wide

range of speed control is possible whether its above normal or below normal speed.


CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY Nowadays many industries are using various technologies for speed control of the motor.

They are very much interested in reducing the manual operations. So they are using different

kind of methods in day to day activities. Our project also deals with reduction of manual

operation by combining various technologies such as electric drives wireless communication

and embedded technology. Here voice communication plays a major role in this project. we

are using voice communication in different fields for various purposes. Motor speed can be

varied in wide range. Communication plays a major role in day to day life and can be

used as a better tool in control systems. It deals with wire communication and is used to

control the motor speed. Out of all mechanisms, microcontroller hardware description

language proves to be efficient than all other mechanisms. Embedded technology is a key

role in integrating the different functions connected with it. This proposal generally reduces

the manpower, operates efficiently and saves time without human involvement. Due to the

technological development whether it is DC or AC machines the speed of the machine can be

controlled by various methods.

3.1. ZIGBEE:

i. Zigbee is a kind of short distance, low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low

complexity wireless network technology.

ii. Zigbee can connect and communicate among thousands of sensors.

iii. This is a latest evolved technology with the commonly effort of Zigbee alliance and

IEEE based on the demand of low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low complexity

wireless network technology.

iv. Zigbee is ordinarily used in wireless sensor network and control systems which connect

and communicate among thousands of tiny sensors, these sensors require very small amount

of energy to send data from one sensor to another sensor through radio waves in a relay

way, and communication efficiency is very high.


3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS:

i. Main advantage of the Zigbee unit is that, it has the option of two way

communication protocol.

ii. The same facility is not available in RF transmitter-receiver kit.

iii. Communication Range of Zigbee is greater than that of RF.

iv. The 2 way communication protocol finds a lot of application in industrial level, mainly

for safety purposes.

v. Most important among the applications being, high temperature sensing, and overload

detection and further giving the info about the same to the operator.

vi. Other applications like Office/ home security, automation systems.

3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique used to

encode a message into a pulsing signal. It is a type of modulation. Although this modulation

technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the

control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors.

In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery

chargers, the other being MPPT.

The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch

between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the

off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.

The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the

device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load

must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in

an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a

motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer

power supplies.


The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of

time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the

time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. The main advantage of PWM

is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is

practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is

almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and

current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls,

which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.

PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been

used to convey information over a communications channel.

Fig: 3.2.1.An example of PWM in an idealized inductor driven by a voltage source: the voltage source

(blue) is modulated as a series of pulses that results in a sine-like current/flux (red) in the inductor. The


blue rectangular pulses nonetheless result in a smoother and smoother red sine wave as the switching

frequency increases. Note that the red waveform is the (definite) integral of the blue waveform.

3.2.1 HISTORY

In the past, when only partial power was needed (such as for a sewing machine motor),

a rheostat (located in the sewing machine's foot pedal) connected in series with the motor

adjusted the amount of current flowing through the motor, but also wasted power as heat in

the resistor element. It was an inefficient scheme, but tolerable because the total power was

low. And while the rheostat was one of several methods of controlling power

(see autotransformers and Variac for more info), a low cost and efficient power

switching/adjustment method was needed. This mechanism also needed to be able to drive

motors for fans, pumps and robotic servos, and needed be compact enough to interface with

lamp dimmers. PWM emerged as a solution for this complex problem.

One early application of PWM was in the Sinclair X10, a 10 W audio amplifier

available in kit form in the 1960s. At around the same time PWM started to be used in AC

motor control.

Of note, for about a century, some variable-speed electric motors have had decent

efficiency, but they were somewhat more complex than constant-speed motors, and

sometimes required bulky external electrical apparatus, such as a bank of variable power

resistors or rotating converters such as the Ward Leonard drive.

Fig. 3.2.2: a pulse wave, showing the definitions of , and D.

Pulse-width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave whose pulse width is modulated

resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform.


If we consider a pulse waveform , with period , low value , a high value

and a duty cycle D (see figure 1), the average value of the waveform is given by:

As is a pulse wave, its value is for and

for . The above expression then becomes:

This latter expression can be fairly simplified in many cases whereass .

From this, it is obvious that the average value of the signal ( ) is directly dependent on the

duty cycle D.

Fig. 3.2.3: A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding to a given signal

is the intersective PWM: the signal (here the red sine wave) is compared with a saw tooth

waveform (blue). When the latter is less than the former, the PWM signal (magenta) is in

high state (1). Otherwise it is in the low state (0).

The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersective method, which requires only

a saw tooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and


a comparator. When the value of the reference signal (the red sine wave in figure 2) is more

than the modulation waveform (blue), the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state,

otherwise it is in the low state.

3.2.2 Delta

In the use of delta modulation for PWM control, the output signal is integrated, and the result

is compared with limits, which correspond to a Reference signal offset by a constant. Every

time the integral of the output signal reaches one of the limits, the PWM signal changes state.

Figure 3

Fig. 3.2.4: Principle of the delta PWM. The output signal (blue) is compared with the limits

(green). These limits correspond to the reference signal (red), offset by a given value. Every

time the output signal (blue) reaches one of the limits, the PWM signal changes state.

3.2.3 Delta-sigma

In delta-sigma modulation as a PWM control method, the output signal is subtracted from a

reference signal to form an error signal. This error is integrated, and when the integral of the

error exceeds the limits, the output changes state. Figure 4


Fig. 3.2.5: Principle of the sigma-delta PWM. The top green waveform is the reference

signal, on which the output signal (PWM, in the bottom plot) is subtracted to form the error

signal (blue, in top plot). This error is integrated (middle plot), and when the integral of the

error exceeds the limits (red lines), the output changes state.

3.2.4 Space vector modulation

Space vector modulation is a PWM control algorithm for multi-phase AC generation, in

which the reference signal is sampled regularly; after each sample, non-zero active switching

vectors adjacent to the reference vector and one or more of the zero switching vectors are

selected for the appropriate fraction of the sampling period in order to synthesize the

reference signal as the average of the used vectors.

3.2.5 Direct torque control (DTC)

Direct torque control is a method used to control AC motors. It is closely related with the

delta modulation (see above). Motor torque and magnetic flux are estimated and these are

controlled to stay within their hysteresis bands by turning on new combination of the device's

semiconductor switches each time either of the signal tries to deviate out of the band.


3.2.6 Time proportioning

Many digital circuits can generate PWM signals (e.g., many microcontrollers have PWM

outputs). They normally use a counter that increments periodically (it is connected directly or

indirectly to the clock of the circuit) and is reset at the end of every period of the PWM.

When the counter value is more than the reference value, the PWM output changes state from

high to low (or low to high). This technique is referred to as time proportioning, particularly

as time-proportioning control which proportion of a fixed cycle time is spent in the high

state.

The incremented and periodically reset counter is the discrete version of the intersecting

methods saw tooth. The analog comparator of the intersecting method becomes a simple

integer comparison between the current counter value and the digital (possibly digitized)

reference value. The duty cycle can only be varied in discrete steps, as a function of the

counter resolution. However, a high-resolution counter can provide quite satisfactory

performance.

Types

Fig. 3.2.6: Three types of PWM signals (blue): leading edge modulation (top), trailing edge

modulation (middle) and centered pulses (both edges are modulated, bottom). The green lines

are the saw tooth waveform (first and second cases) and a triangle waveform (third case)

used to generate the PWM waveforms using the interceptive method.

Three types of pulse-width modulation (PWM) are possible:


1. The pulse center may be fixed in the center of the time window and both edges of the pulse

moved to compress or expand the width.

2. The lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window and the tail edge modulated.

3. The tail edge can be fixed and the lead edge modulated.

3.2.7 Spectrum:

The resulting spectra (of the three cases) are similar, and each contains a dc component, a

base sideband containing the modulating signal and phase modulated carriers at

each harmonic of the frequency of the pulse. The amplitudes of the harmonic groups are

restricted by a envelope (sin c function) and extend to infinity. The infinite

bandwidth is caused by the nonlinear operation of the pulse-width modulator. In

consequence, a digital PWM suffers from aliasing distortion that significantly reduce its

applicability for modern communications system. By limiting the bandwidth of the PWM

kernel, aliasing effects can be avoided.

On the contrary, the delta modulation is a random process that produces continuous spectrum

without distinct harmonics.

3.2.8 PWM sampling theorem

The process of PWM conversion is non-linear and it is generally supposed that low pass filter

signal recovery is imperfect for PWM. The PWM sampling theorem shows that PWM

conversion can be perfect. The theorem states that "Any band limited baseband signal within

0.637 can be represented by a pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform with unit

amplitude. The number of pulses in the waveform is equal to the number of Nyquist samples

and the peak constraint is independent of whether the waveform is two-level or three-level."

3.2.7 APPLICATIONS

Servos

PWM is used to control servomechanisms, see servo control.


3.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

3.3.1. TRANSMITTER:

FIG 3.3.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER PART

LCD

VOICE RECOGNITION KIT

RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER

ZIGBEE

BUZZER


3.3.2. RECEIVER:

FIG 3.3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER PART

ZIG BEE

RENESAS CONTROLLER

TRIAC

INDUCTION MOTOR

ZCD

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LCD


CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE COMPONENTS

HARDWARE USED: i. Renesas microcontroller ii. LCD iii. Voice recognition kit iv. ZIGBEE Unit v. Temperature sensor vi. Buzzer vii. Optocoupler

4.1. Renesas microcontroller:

Fig 4.1: Renesas microcontroller


The RL78 is a 16-bit Microcontroller made by Renesas Electronics.

Fig: 4.1.1. Renesas RL78 series microcontroller

The Renesas Electronics RL78 is a 16-bit CPU core with a CISC architecture for embedded

microcontrollers developed and manufactured by Renesas Electronics and introduced in

2011. Renesas Electronics is a developer and manufacturer of semiconductor devices

especially microcontrollers, microprocessors, Power MOSFET, IGBTs, Optocoupler,

SRAMs and SOC devices. The RL78 was the first new MCU core to emerge from the new

Renesas Electronics Company from the merger of NEC Electronics and Renesas Technology

and incorporated the features of the NEC K0 and Renesas Technology R8C microcontrollers.

The RL78 was developed to address extremely low power but highly integrated

microcontroller applications, to this end the core offered a novel low power mode of

operation called snooze mode where the ADC or serial interface can be programmed to

meet specific conditions to wake the device from the extreme low power STOP mode of

0.52uA.


4.1.1. Features of Renesas microcontroller:

i. General-purpose register: 8 bits 32 registers (8 bits 8 registers 4 banks)

ii. ROM: 512 KB, RAM: 32 KB, Data flash memory: 8 KB

iii. On-chip high-speed on-chip oscillator

iv. On-chip single-power-supply flash memory (with prohibition of block erase/writing

function)

v. On-chip debug function

vi. Ports : Total 11 ports with 58 Input/output Pins

vii. On-chip power-on-reset (POR) circuit and voltage detector (LVD)

viii. I/O ports: 16 to 120

ix. Timer 16-bit timer: 8 to 16 channels, Watchdog timer: 1 channel

x. Different potential interface: Can connect to a 1.8/2.5/3 V device

xi. 8/10-bit resolution A/D converter (VDD = EVDD =1.6 to 5.5 V): 6 to 26 channels

xii. Power supply voltage: VDD = 1.6 to 5.5 V

xiii. On-chip watchdog timer (operable with the dedicated low-speed on-chip oscillator)

4.1.2. Architectural overview:

1. Port 1 0 to 7 Total 8 pins in port 1









9. Port 13 0, 7 Total 2 pins in port 13

10. Port 14 0, 1, 6, 7 Total 4 pins in port 14

Fig 4.1.2: architecture of64 pin IC Renesas microcontroller


4.1.2.1. Memory Space

Fig 4.1.3.memory allocation of Renesas microcontroller


4.1.2.2. Processor Registers The RL78/G13 products incorporate the following processor registers.

Control registers

The control registers control the program sequence, statuses and stack memory. The control

registers consist of a program counter (PC), a program status word (PSW) and a stack pointer

(SP).

Program counter (PC)

The program counter is a 20-bit register that holds the address information of the next

program to be executed. In normal operation, PC is automatically incremented according to

the number of bytes of the instruction to be fetched. When a branch instruction is executed,

immediate data and register contents are set. Reset signal generation sets the reset vector

table values at addresses 0000H and 0001H to the program counter.

Program status word (PSW)

The program status word is an 8-bit register consisting of various flags set/reset by

instruction execution. Program status word contents are stored in the stack area upon

vectored interrupt request is acknowledged or PUSH PSW instruction execution and are

restored upon execution of the RETB, RETI and POP PSW instructions. Reset

Signal generation sets the PSW register to 06H.


Interrupt enable flag (IE)

This flag controls the interrupt request acknowledge operations of the CPU. When 0, the IE

flag is set to the interrupt disabled (DI) state, and all mask able interrupt requests are

disabled. When 1, the IE flag is set to the interrupt enabled (EI) state and interrupt request

acknowledgment is controlled with an in-service priority flag (ISP1, ISP0), an interrupt mask

flag for various interrupt sources, and a priority specification flag. The IE flag is reset (0)

upon DI instruction execution or interrupt acknowledgment and is set (1) upon EI Instruction

execution.

Zero flag (Z)

When the operation result is zero, this flag is set (1). It is reset (0) in all other cases.

Register bank selects flags (RBS0, RBS1)

These are 2-bit flags to select one of the four register banks.

In these flags, the 2-bit information that indicates the register bank selected by SEL RBn

instruction execution is stored.

Auxiliary carry flag (AC)

If the operation result has a carry from bit 3 or a borrow at bit 3, this flag is set (1). It is reset

(0) in all other cases.

In-service priority flags (ISP1, ISP0)

This flag manages the priority of acknowledgeable mask able vectored interrupts. Vectored

interrupt requests specified lower than the value of ISP0 and ISP1 flags by the priority

specification flag registers (PRn0L, PRn0H, PRn1L, PRn1H, PRn2L, PRn2H) (see 16.3 (3))

cannot be acknowledged. Actual request acknowledgment is controlled by the interrupt

enable flag (IE). Remark n = 0, 1


Carry flag (CY)

This flag stores overflow and underflow upon add/subtract instruction execution. It stores

the shift-out value upon rotate instruction execution and functions as a bit accumulator

during bit operation instruction execution.

4.1.3Renesas 30 pin microcontroller: Features

ROM: 16 KB, RAM: 2 KB, data flash memory: 2 KB

High speed on-chip oscillator : 24/16/12/8/4/1 MHz can be selected

On-chip debug function

Ports Total 10 ports with 26 Input/Output Pins

o Port 0 0 to 1 Total 2 pins in port 0




o Port 4 0 Total 1 pins in port 4







UART: 3 channel

I2C Protocol

16-bit timer: 8 channels

Watchdog timer: 1 channel

ADC: 8 Channel 10 bit

Fig 4.1.4: 30 pin IC Renesas microcontroller

4.2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, based on on

Liquid Crystal Technology. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny segments

(called pixels) that can be manipulated to present information. Liquid crystals do not emit

light directly instead they use light modulating techniques.


LCDs are used in a wide range of applications,

including computer monitors, television, instrument

panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They

are common in consumer devices such as video

players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,

and telephones.

LCDs are preferred to cathode ray tube (CRT)

displays in most applications because of

1. The size of LCDs comes in wider varieties.

2. They do not use Phosphor; hence images are not burnt-in. fig.4.2.LCD

3. Safer disposal

4. Energy Efficient

5. Low Power Consumption

It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled

with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce

images in colour or monochrome.

Reflective twisted pneumatic liquid crystal display.

1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.

2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the

shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are

smooth.

3. twisted pneumatic liquid crystal.


4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with

the horizontal filter.

5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.

6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced

with a light source.)

4.3. Voice recognition kit

Fig 4.3. Voice recognition kit

The speech recognition system is a completely assembled and easy to use programmable

speech recognition circuit. Programmable, in the sense that you train the words (or vocal

utterances) you want the circuit to recognize. This board allows you to experiment with many


facets of speech recognition technology. It has 8 bit data out which can be interfaced with

any microcontroller for further development.

Some of interfacing applications which can be made are controlling home appliances,

robotics movements, Speech Assisted technologies, Speech to text translation, and many

more.

4.3.1. Features of voice recognition kit:

i. Self-contained standalone speech recognition circuit

ii. User programmable

iii. Up to 20 word vocabulary of duration two second each

iv. Multi-lingual

v. Non-volatile memory back up with 3V battery on board. Will keep the speech recognition

data in memory even after power off.

vi. Easily interfaced to control external circuits & appliances

Speech recognition will become the method of choice for controlling appliances, toys, tools

and computers. At its most basic level, speech controlled appliances and tools allow the user

to perform parallel tasks (i.e. hands and eyes are busy elsewhere) while working with the tool

or appliance. The heart of the circuit is the HM2007 speech recognition IC. The IC can

recognize 20 words, each word a length of 1.92 seconds.

The on board 3V battery is used to store the RAM content even after power off so if you

store the training words it remains after power off. Else you have to train board again after

each power up. Some people thing 3V battery powers the board but its not the case. You

need to give external voltage to power the board.

4.3.2. Using the System The keypad and digital display are used to communicate with and program the HM2007 chip.

The keypad is made up of 12 normally open momentary contact switches. When the circuit is

turned on, 00 is on the digital display, the red LED (READY) is lit and the circuit waits for a

command


4.3.3. Board Schematic

Fig:4.3.1. circuit design of voice recognition circuit

4.3.4. Training Words for Recognition

Press 1 (display will show 01 and the LED will turn off) on the keypad, then press the TRAIN

key (the LED will turn on) to place circuit in training mode, for word one. Say the target word into

the onboard microphone (near LED) clearly. The circuit signals acceptance of the voice input by

blinking the LED off then on. The word (or utterance) is now identified as the 01 word. If the

LED did not flash, start over by pressing 1 and then TRAIN key.

You may continue training new words in the circuit. Press 2 then TRN to train the second word

and so on. The circuit will accept and recognize up to 20 words (numbers 1 through 20). It is not

necessary to train all word spaces. If you only require 10 target words thats all you need to train.


4.3.5. Testing Recognition: Repeat a trained word into the microphone. The number of the word should be displayed on the

digital display. For instance, if the word directory was trained as word number 20, saying the

word directory into the microphone will cause the number 20 to be displayed.

4.3.6. Error Codes: The chip provides the following error codes.

55 = word to long

66 = word to short

77 = no match

4.3.7. Clearing Memory To erase all words in memory press 99 and then CLR. The numbers will quickly scroll by on the digital display as the memory is erased.

4.4. Zigbee unit: Zigbee is a latest evolved technology with the commonly effort of Zigbee alliance and IEEE

802.5.11 based on the demand of low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low

complexity wireless network technology. Zigbee is ordinarily used in wireless sensor

network and control systems which connect and communicate among thousands of tiny

sensors, these sensors require very small amount of energy to send data from one sensor to

another sensor through radio waves in a relay way, and communication efficiency is very

high.

Zigbee is a standard that defines a set of communications protocol for low data rate

short range wireless networking. Zigbee based wireless devices operate in 868 MHz, 915

MHz, and 2.5 GHz frequency bands. Zigbee is a kind of short distance, low power, low data

transfer rate, low cost, low complexity wireless network technology. Zigbee connect and

communicate among thousands of sensors.


The maximum data rate is 250k bit per second. Zigbee is targeted mainly for battery

powered applications.

The Zigbee specifications are as follows:

It is intended to be simpler protocol.

It is cheaper than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. It is a radio-frequency (RF) application

with a low data rate which require, secure networking and long battery life

Fig 4.4. Zigbee unit

4.4.1. Zigbee more benefits are as follows: i. For securing the network Zigbee uses the National Institute Of Standard And Technology

(NIST), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) :

ii. It is a internationally recognized and trusted standard

iii. Its free of patent infringements

iv. Its implementable on an 8 bit processor

v. Zigbee is an open global standard.


4.4.2. Components used in ZIGBEE MODULE

i. Zigbee module

ii. Transistor - LM117-3.3

iii. Capacitors 10uf 2no

iv. Power supply 5v

4.5. Temperature sensor (LM35):

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to

measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to

the temperature (in oC).

How does it work:

a. It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius

temperature. Fig 4.5.temperature sensor

b. The scale factor is .01V/oC

c. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an

accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.

d. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from

its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less

than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.


4.6. Optocoupler:

In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an Optocoupler, photo coupler, or optical isolator,

is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using

light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal.

Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and

voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/s.

A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque

package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR,

and lamp-photo resistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but

some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.


CHATPER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT:

5.1. ADVANTAGES:

i. Two way communication is possible due to inclusion of zig bee

ii. High temperatures can be sensed on motor side and it is notified to the operator with

the help of buzzer alarm

iii. Overloading on the motor can be sensed and the information can be transmitted to the

operating side

iv. This method can be applied to all types of A.C. motors

v. Adoption of Wireless communication makes the operation simpler

vi. Operator can access the motor from the control centre itself which is advantageous

when the motor is in an inaccessible/ hazardous conditions

vii. Manual operations are reduced


viii. Various speed levels can be achieved by suitably programming the

microcontroller

ix. This method is more efficient compared to few other methods

5.2. DISADVANTAGES:

i. Better operation is possible only when the surrounding atmosphere is silent

ii. Operation range is limited( it can be increased using high end zig-bees)

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

1. The project can be used in industries to control the speed of various high rated AC

motor

2. Same project can be applied to control various other loads such as lamp loads etc

3. Can be used in home automation

4. Can be used also to control traction devices which incorporate AC motors

5. By inclusion of android technology mobile phones can be made as transmitter which

leads to omission of few components, resulting in simpler operation

6. By minor modification, project can be used to control speed of DC motors as well

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION Work done prior to operation:

i. Printing circuit board design.

ii. Soldering the components

iii. Programming and dumping the code into the microcontroller.

iv. And finally connecting all components such as Zigbee, Renesas microcontroller,

buzzer and temperature sensor with AC motor and performing the experiment to

verify the speed control and testing the buzzer for high temperature operation of

motor.

As mentioned earlier the transmitter and receiver kit were designed using Zigbee, Renesas

microcontroller and other components. Induction motor was connected to the receiver kit.

Program was dumped to microcontroller with the help of cube suite + and flash magic soft

wares .After the final assembly operation of project was tested. Thus speed control of

Induction motor using voice recognition was achieved.

Chapter 8

FUTURE WORKS

In electronic regulator the voltage is varied and simultaneously the speed is varied. Electronic

regulator is used since in the ancient methods there was lot of energy losses, so to reduce this

triac is used to vary the output voltage by varying the firing angle. And losses have reduced

compared to other methods.

Further the system efficiency can be increased by using high end zig-bee and it can be

applied to all types of induction motors and the motors can also be controlled by voice

through remote.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

[1]. Sharma.P.Ketal.,Real time control of dc motor drive using speech recognition, power

electronics(IICPE),2010 India international conference.

[2]. http://www.Fairchildsemi.com 2002

[3]. http://www.ijese.org/attachments/File/v1i9/I0389071913.pdf

[4]. Landay.J.Aetal. A hands free voice driven drawing application for people with motor

impairments 2007.

[5]. Hughes.J.Fetal, voice as sound using non verbal voice input for interactive control

2001.

[6]. Doran.M.Vetal, a voice operated tour planning system for autonomous mobile robots

2010.

[7]. http://esatjournals.org/Volumes/IJRET/2014V03/I02/IJRET20140302099.pdf

[8]. http://www.zarlink.com, LM555/NE555/SA555 single timer

[9].E. Levi, Multiphase Electric Machines for Variable-Speed Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 5, May 2008, pp. 1893 1909.

[10] E. Levi, R. Bojoi, F. Profumo, H.A. Toliyat, and S. Williamson, Multiphase induction motor drives - a technology status review, The Institution of Engineering Technology, IET, Electric Power Applications, EPA, vol. 1, no. 4, July 2007, pp. 489-516.

[11] D. Dujic, M. Jones, and E. Levi, "Analysis of Output Current Ripple rms in Multiphase Drives Using Space Vector Approach," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 8, August 2009, pp. 1926 1938.

[12] J. R. Fu and T. A. Lipo, Disturbance-free operation of a multiphase current-regulated motor drive with an opened phase, IEEE Trans. Ind.

Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 12671274, Sep./Oct. 1994.

[13] L.A. Pereira, C.C. Scharlau, L.F.A. Pereira, and J.F. Haffner, General Model of a Five-Phase Induction Machine Allowing for Harmonics in the Air Gap Field, IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 4, Dec. 2006, pp. 891 899.

[14] Faiz, J.; Ojaghi, M., Unified winding function approach for dynamic simulation of different kinds of eccentricity faults in cage induction

machines, Electric Power Applications, IET, Vol. 3 , No. 5, 2009, pp 461-470.

[15] Hamid A. Toliyat, Mohammed S. Arefeen, and Alexander G. Parlos, " A method for dynamic simulation of air-gap eccentricity in induction machines", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol.32,No.4,July/Aug.1996,pp910-918.

LIST OF FIGURESCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Objective1.2 Work Area Description1.3 Problem Formulation1.4 Motivation1.5 Project Work ScheduleCHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND THEORY2.1 Introduction to Induction motors2.2. Various methods of speed control2.2.1. Speed Control from Stator Side

2.2.2. Speed Control from Rotor Side:CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY3.1. ZIGBEE:3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION3.2.1 HISTORY3.2.2 Delta3.2.3 Delta-sigma3.2.4 Space vector modulation3.2.5 Direct torque control (DTC)3.2.6 Time proportioning3.2.7 Spectrum:3.2.8 PWM sampling theorem3.2.7 APPLICATIONS

3.3.1. TRANSMITTER:3.3.2. RECEIVER:CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE COMPONENTSHARDWARE USED:4.1. Renesas microcontroller:4.1.1. Features of Renesas microcontroller:4.1.2. Architectural overview:4.1.2.1. Memory Space4.1.2.2. Processor Registers

4.1.3Renesas 30 pin microcontroller:4.2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):4.3. Voice recognition kit4.3.1. Features of voice recognition kit:4.3.2. Using the System4.3.3. Board Schematic4.3.4. Training Words for Recognition4.3.5. Testing Recognition:4.3.6. Error Codes:4.3.7. Clearing Memory

4.4. Zigbee unit:4.4.1. Zigbee more benefits are as follows:4.4.2. Components used in ZIGBEE MODULE

4.5. Temperature sensor (LM35):4.6. Optocoupler:CHATPER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT:5.2. DISADVANTAGES:CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONChapter 8

FUTURE WORKSAPPENDIXREFERENCES

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