Final

79
1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million populations of which 90 percent are Muslim. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the percepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, as the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, was the true reflection of this inner urge of its people. It was both a hope and a challenge to the Islam loving people of the country in general and the pioneers of the Islamic banking movement to make it a success. In the beginning there was some doubt in the minds of many people about the viability as well as the sustainability of the Islamic banking system. But the history of two decades of Islamic banking operation in Bangladesh not only removed this doubt from the minds of the people but also showed how a new banking concept based on Islamic values could so rapidly establish itself as the most modern, dynamic, and popular bank of the country. Within this short span of time the workforce of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in general and Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited, in particular, by their strong commitment and tireless effort have been able to prove the superiority of Islamic banking over conventional banking in every department of banking operations and services. The success

Transcript of Final

Page 1: Final

1

1 Introduction

11 Background

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The people of this country are deeply

committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah

Naturally it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives

in accordance with the percepts of Islam The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited on March 13 1983 as the first of its kind in Southeast Asia was the true

reflection of this inner urge of its people It was both a hope and a challenge to the Islam

loving people of the country in general and the pioneers of the Islamic banking

movement to make it a success In the beginning there was some doubt in the minds of

many people about the viability as well as the sustainability of the Islamic banking

system But the history of two decades of Islamic banking operation in Bangladesh not

only removed this doubt from the minds of the people but also showed how a new

banking concept based on Islamic values could so rapidly establish itself as the most

modern dynamic and popular bank of the country Within this short span of time the

workforce of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in general and Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited in particular by their strong commitment and tireless effort have been able to

prove the superiority of Islamic banking over conventional banking in every department

of banking operations and services The success of Islamic banks not only gave them

enough floors in the field of banking but also encouraged at least one conventional bank

to convert fully all its operations on Islamic principles (Hassan M K 1999)

The hope and aspiration of the people to run banking system on the basis of Islamic

principle came into reality after the OIC recommendation at its Foreign Ministers

meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a separate banking system of their own After 5

years of that declaration in 1983 Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At

present out of 49 banks in Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic

Banking branches of 9 conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis

of Islamic Shariah Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining

popularity in spite of some problems in their operation (Hassan M K 1999)

2

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry of

some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking and

finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 20 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure the

Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K

2007)

The major part of the operational financial resources of Islamic banks is derived from

different types of deposits mobilized on the principles of Al-Wadia (safe custodianship)

and Al-Mudaraba (trust financing) Utilization of fund under the framework of Islamic

banking has opened a multifarious way for making loan (the term ldquoloanrdquo in conventional

banking is called Investment in the Islamic banking system) conforming to Islamic

Shariah Since Islamic banks can not lend on interest they have devised different types

of interest-free financing devices (Alam M N 2000)

Total deposits of the Islamic banks and Islamic banking branches of the conventional

banks stood at Taka 5326 billion at end December 2010 This was 297 percent of the

deposits of all private commercial banks and 175 percent of the deposits of the total

banking system at the end of December 2010 Total investment of the Islamic banks and

the Islamic banking branches of the conventional banks stood at Taka 4929 billion at end

of December 2010 This was 332 percent of the investment of all private banks and 202

percent of the investment of the total banking system of the country (Ahmed E

Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

3

12 Problems

The Islamic banking in Bangladesh is facing numerous problems of challenges

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to place

their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing consumer

loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which bring

them a fixed assured return As a result there is a lot of genuine criticism that these banks

have not abolished interest but they have in fact only changed the nomenclature of their

transactions

13 Objectives of the study Objectives of the research consists of both broad and specific

objectives

131 Broad objectives

To explore the challenges and prospects of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

132 Specific objectives The specific objectives of this study are as follows

To compare the performance and concept of conventional and Islamic banking

in Bangladesh

To identify the possible reasons for variations in the performance of various

categories of banks especially Islamic banks in Bangladesh

To find out the clientsrsquo psychological behavior and religious view to Islamic

banking in Bangladesh

To find out the threats and weaknesses of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To find out the opportunities of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To suggest possible lines of actions to improve the performance of Islamic

banks in Bangladesh

4

14 Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1

Ho The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is rapidly increasing

Ha The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is not rapidly increasing

Through our observation and study it is clearly seen that Islamic banking concept is

rapidly increasing

So null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected that is the trend of

Islamic banking concept is rapidly increasing

Hypothesis 2

H0 There are differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Ha There are no differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Traditional banking deals with the interest but Islamic banking deals with profit

Traditional banks do not have shariah board but Islamic banks have shariah board

Besides traditional banks have fixed interest rate and depositors or investors do not bear

any risk On the contrary the depositors of Islamic banks bear profit or loss Hence

Islamic banks do not provide any fixed rate of return or profit Thus there are difference

between traditional banking and Islamic banking So null hypothesis is accepted and

alternative hypothesis is rejected

Hypothesis 3

H0 Psychological behavior ie religious outlook of customers have strong influence on

the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Ha Psychological behavior and religious outlook of customers have not strong influence

on the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

In our study it is observed that 80 of the respondents said that religious psychological

view is the main criteria for choosing Islamic banks The Psychology is interest is

absolutely forbidden in Islam and on an average the respondents fairly agree that Islamic

banks provide interest free service in Bangladesh

Hence there is a strong impact of psychological outlook on choosing Islamic banking

5

15 Rationale of the Study

The following group might be benefited from our study

Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

Central Bank of Bangladesh

Islamic Researchers in Bangladesh

Others conventional Bank those are practicing Islamic Banking Section

Existing and potential customers

16 Scope and Limitations of the Study

161 Scope of the Study

We studied only the full fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh and we surveyed on

the potential and existing customers of Islamic banks in Dhaka city due to our time

and budget constraint as well for our convenience

162 Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of our study is time and money

Time Constraint We are regular student of MBA In most of the case we had to

go to the study area after our scheduled class but that time most of the Banks were

busy for closing So they did not interest to response

Scarcity of Fund we did not study our research intensively and rigorously due to

lack of financing Hence some issues have missed deliberately

Others limitations

Difficulty of access to head office of banks

We have been confronted rough behavior by the officials of some banks

Unwillingness of the respondent to response the survey

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 2: Final

2

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry of

some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking and

finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 20 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure the

Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K

2007)

The major part of the operational financial resources of Islamic banks is derived from

different types of deposits mobilized on the principles of Al-Wadia (safe custodianship)

and Al-Mudaraba (trust financing) Utilization of fund under the framework of Islamic

banking has opened a multifarious way for making loan (the term ldquoloanrdquo in conventional

banking is called Investment in the Islamic banking system) conforming to Islamic

Shariah Since Islamic banks can not lend on interest they have devised different types

of interest-free financing devices (Alam M N 2000)

Total deposits of the Islamic banks and Islamic banking branches of the conventional

banks stood at Taka 5326 billion at end December 2010 This was 297 percent of the

deposits of all private commercial banks and 175 percent of the deposits of the total

banking system at the end of December 2010 Total investment of the Islamic banks and

the Islamic banking branches of the conventional banks stood at Taka 4929 billion at end

of December 2010 This was 332 percent of the investment of all private banks and 202

percent of the investment of the total banking system of the country (Ahmed E

Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

3

12 Problems

The Islamic banking in Bangladesh is facing numerous problems of challenges

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to place

their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing consumer

loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which bring

them a fixed assured return As a result there is a lot of genuine criticism that these banks

have not abolished interest but they have in fact only changed the nomenclature of their

transactions

13 Objectives of the study Objectives of the research consists of both broad and specific

objectives

131 Broad objectives

To explore the challenges and prospects of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

132 Specific objectives The specific objectives of this study are as follows

To compare the performance and concept of conventional and Islamic banking

in Bangladesh

To identify the possible reasons for variations in the performance of various

categories of banks especially Islamic banks in Bangladesh

To find out the clientsrsquo psychological behavior and religious view to Islamic

banking in Bangladesh

To find out the threats and weaknesses of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To find out the opportunities of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To suggest possible lines of actions to improve the performance of Islamic

banks in Bangladesh

4

14 Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1

Ho The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is rapidly increasing

Ha The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is not rapidly increasing

Through our observation and study it is clearly seen that Islamic banking concept is

rapidly increasing

So null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected that is the trend of

Islamic banking concept is rapidly increasing

Hypothesis 2

H0 There are differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Ha There are no differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Traditional banking deals with the interest but Islamic banking deals with profit

Traditional banks do not have shariah board but Islamic banks have shariah board

Besides traditional banks have fixed interest rate and depositors or investors do not bear

any risk On the contrary the depositors of Islamic banks bear profit or loss Hence

Islamic banks do not provide any fixed rate of return or profit Thus there are difference

between traditional banking and Islamic banking So null hypothesis is accepted and

alternative hypothesis is rejected

Hypothesis 3

H0 Psychological behavior ie religious outlook of customers have strong influence on

the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Ha Psychological behavior and religious outlook of customers have not strong influence

on the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

In our study it is observed that 80 of the respondents said that religious psychological

view is the main criteria for choosing Islamic banks The Psychology is interest is

absolutely forbidden in Islam and on an average the respondents fairly agree that Islamic

banks provide interest free service in Bangladesh

Hence there is a strong impact of psychological outlook on choosing Islamic banking

5

15 Rationale of the Study

The following group might be benefited from our study

Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

Central Bank of Bangladesh

Islamic Researchers in Bangladesh

Others conventional Bank those are practicing Islamic Banking Section

Existing and potential customers

16 Scope and Limitations of the Study

161 Scope of the Study

We studied only the full fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh and we surveyed on

the potential and existing customers of Islamic banks in Dhaka city due to our time

and budget constraint as well for our convenience

162 Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of our study is time and money

Time Constraint We are regular student of MBA In most of the case we had to

go to the study area after our scheduled class but that time most of the Banks were

busy for closing So they did not interest to response

Scarcity of Fund we did not study our research intensively and rigorously due to

lack of financing Hence some issues have missed deliberately

Others limitations

Difficulty of access to head office of banks

We have been confronted rough behavior by the officials of some banks

Unwillingness of the respondent to response the survey

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 3: Final

3

12 Problems

The Islamic banking in Bangladesh is facing numerous problems of challenges

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to place

their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing consumer

loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which bring

them a fixed assured return As a result there is a lot of genuine criticism that these banks

have not abolished interest but they have in fact only changed the nomenclature of their

transactions

13 Objectives of the study Objectives of the research consists of both broad and specific

objectives

131 Broad objectives

To explore the challenges and prospects of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

132 Specific objectives The specific objectives of this study are as follows

To compare the performance and concept of conventional and Islamic banking

in Bangladesh

To identify the possible reasons for variations in the performance of various

categories of banks especially Islamic banks in Bangladesh

To find out the clientsrsquo psychological behavior and religious view to Islamic

banking in Bangladesh

To find out the threats and weaknesses of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To find out the opportunities of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

To suggest possible lines of actions to improve the performance of Islamic

banks in Bangladesh

4

14 Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1

Ho The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is rapidly increasing

Ha The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is not rapidly increasing

Through our observation and study it is clearly seen that Islamic banking concept is

rapidly increasing

So null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected that is the trend of

Islamic banking concept is rapidly increasing

Hypothesis 2

H0 There are differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Ha There are no differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Traditional banking deals with the interest but Islamic banking deals with profit

Traditional banks do not have shariah board but Islamic banks have shariah board

Besides traditional banks have fixed interest rate and depositors or investors do not bear

any risk On the contrary the depositors of Islamic banks bear profit or loss Hence

Islamic banks do not provide any fixed rate of return or profit Thus there are difference

between traditional banking and Islamic banking So null hypothesis is accepted and

alternative hypothesis is rejected

Hypothesis 3

H0 Psychological behavior ie religious outlook of customers have strong influence on

the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Ha Psychological behavior and religious outlook of customers have not strong influence

on the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

In our study it is observed that 80 of the respondents said that religious psychological

view is the main criteria for choosing Islamic banks The Psychology is interest is

absolutely forbidden in Islam and on an average the respondents fairly agree that Islamic

banks provide interest free service in Bangladesh

Hence there is a strong impact of psychological outlook on choosing Islamic banking

5

15 Rationale of the Study

The following group might be benefited from our study

Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

Central Bank of Bangladesh

Islamic Researchers in Bangladesh

Others conventional Bank those are practicing Islamic Banking Section

Existing and potential customers

16 Scope and Limitations of the Study

161 Scope of the Study

We studied only the full fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh and we surveyed on

the potential and existing customers of Islamic banks in Dhaka city due to our time

and budget constraint as well for our convenience

162 Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of our study is time and money

Time Constraint We are regular student of MBA In most of the case we had to

go to the study area after our scheduled class but that time most of the Banks were

busy for closing So they did not interest to response

Scarcity of Fund we did not study our research intensively and rigorously due to

lack of financing Hence some issues have missed deliberately

Others limitations

Difficulty of access to head office of banks

We have been confronted rough behavior by the officials of some banks

Unwillingness of the respondent to response the survey

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 4: Final

4

14 Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1

Ho The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is rapidly increasing

Ha The trend of Islamic banking concept in Bangladesh is not rapidly increasing

Through our observation and study it is clearly seen that Islamic banking concept is

rapidly increasing

So null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected that is the trend of

Islamic banking concept is rapidly increasing

Hypothesis 2

H0 There are differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Ha There are no differences between traditional banking and islamic banking

Traditional banking deals with the interest but Islamic banking deals with profit

Traditional banks do not have shariah board but Islamic banks have shariah board

Besides traditional banks have fixed interest rate and depositors or investors do not bear

any risk On the contrary the depositors of Islamic banks bear profit or loss Hence

Islamic banks do not provide any fixed rate of return or profit Thus there are difference

between traditional banking and Islamic banking So null hypothesis is accepted and

alternative hypothesis is rejected

Hypothesis 3

H0 Psychological behavior ie religious outlook of customers have strong influence on

the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Ha Psychological behavior and religious outlook of customers have not strong influence

on the Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

In our study it is observed that 80 of the respondents said that religious psychological

view is the main criteria for choosing Islamic banks The Psychology is interest is

absolutely forbidden in Islam and on an average the respondents fairly agree that Islamic

banks provide interest free service in Bangladesh

Hence there is a strong impact of psychological outlook on choosing Islamic banking

5

15 Rationale of the Study

The following group might be benefited from our study

Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

Central Bank of Bangladesh

Islamic Researchers in Bangladesh

Others conventional Bank those are practicing Islamic Banking Section

Existing and potential customers

16 Scope and Limitations of the Study

161 Scope of the Study

We studied only the full fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh and we surveyed on

the potential and existing customers of Islamic banks in Dhaka city due to our time

and budget constraint as well for our convenience

162 Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of our study is time and money

Time Constraint We are regular student of MBA In most of the case we had to

go to the study area after our scheduled class but that time most of the Banks were

busy for closing So they did not interest to response

Scarcity of Fund we did not study our research intensively and rigorously due to

lack of financing Hence some issues have missed deliberately

Others limitations

Difficulty of access to head office of banks

We have been confronted rough behavior by the officials of some banks

Unwillingness of the respondent to response the survey

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 5: Final

5

15 Rationale of the Study

The following group might be benefited from our study

Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

Central Bank of Bangladesh

Islamic Researchers in Bangladesh

Others conventional Bank those are practicing Islamic Banking Section

Existing and potential customers

16 Scope and Limitations of the Study

161 Scope of the Study

We studied only the full fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh and we surveyed on

the potential and existing customers of Islamic banks in Dhaka city due to our time

and budget constraint as well for our convenience

162 Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of our study is time and money

Time Constraint We are regular student of MBA In most of the case we had to

go to the study area after our scheduled class but that time most of the Banks were

busy for closing So they did not interest to response

Scarcity of Fund we did not study our research intensively and rigorously due to

lack of financing Hence some issues have missed deliberately

Others limitations

Difficulty of access to head office of banks

We have been confronted rough behavior by the officials of some banks

Unwillingness of the respondent to response the survey

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 6: Final

6

20 Methodology

Our study is based on both primary and secondary data

21 Primary Data Collection

We have collected primary data through questionnaire and census from managers

different of Islamic banks and customers We have conducted census on seven full

fledged of Islamic banks and surveyed on fifty potential and existing customers of

Islamic banks

22 Secondary Data Collection We collected secondary data from the following

sources

Books

Journal

Annual Report of Different Islamic Bank

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Article

Internet

23 Sample size determination

We have two sample sizes for the study one is for managers and anotherrsquos is for

customers

For the managers the sample is identical to population that is census Population

size is seven for the managers

In regard of customers we adopted the technique of convenience sampling as we

have no idea of population So we use the following procedure for the sample size

of the customers

Sample size n = z2 p qd02

= 1652 05050102

= 680625

= 69

Here Level of Significance=10p=05q=1-05=05d0=Relative Precision=plusmn10

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 7: Final

7

We made no capital expenditure for our survey and we use our personal capital

equipments

24 Sample Size The cost of each sample survey is approximately Tk30 We set a

budget for our survey is Tk1500 only So according to the budget we can survey

1500=0+30n

n=50

Here budget allows us a sample size of 50 respondents Thatrsquos why we adjust by the

relative precession according to the budgeted sample

50=1652 0505d02

d0=plusmn1166 ( approximately)

Hence we are willing to accept a precision of plusmn1166 of sample statistic to estimate

population parameter with 90 level of confidence for the survey

25 Pre-testing We conducted a pre- testing or Pilot survey and revised and edited our

questionnaires according to the real field exposure Hence there are some deviations

from the Schema and the questionnaires which were designed early

26 Data analysis We have used the SPSS and Excel to analyze the data We have done

frequency distribution through SPSS and Index ratio through excel program

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 8: Final

8

30 Literature Review

31 Development of Islamic banking in the World

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a major shift of thinking in devising

banking policy and framework on the basis of Islamic Shariah This new thought was

institutionalized at the end of the third quarter of the century and emerged as a new

system of banking called Islamic banking The establishment of the Islamic

Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 gave momentum to the Islamic Banking movement

Since the establishment of IDB a number of Islamic Banking and financial institutions

have been established all over the world irrespective of Muslim and non-Muslim

countries Over the past few decades the Islamic financial industry has rapidly

expanded worldwide Currently about 260 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) have total

combined assets exceeding $250 billion in more than 57 countries The Islamic

financial market is estimated to grow at annual rates averaging 15 in a year Their

rapid growth has gained considerable attention in international financial circles where

various market participants have recognized promising potentials (Hassan M K 1999)

The Islamic finance market has become extremely sophisticated as well as increasingly

competitive Today virtually all large western financial institutions are involved in

Islamic finance whether through Islamic subsidiaries ldquoIslamic windowsrdquo or the

marketing of Islamic products In recent years a range of new Islamic products have

appeared such as Islamic bonds (or sukuk) and Islamic derivatives While some of

those products are widely accepted others are still controversial (Hassan M K 1999)

32 Genesis of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the third largest Muslim country in the world with around 135 million

populations of which 90 percent are Muslim The hope and aspiration of the people to

run banking system on the basis of Islamic principle came into reality after the OIC

recommendation at its Foreign Ministers meeting in 1978 at Senegal to develop a

separate banking system of their own After 5 years of that declaration in 1983

Bangladesh established its first Islamic bank At present out of 49 banks in

Bangladesh 7 full fledged Islamic Banks and 19 Islamic Banking branches of 9

conventional banks are working in the private sector on the basis of Islamic Shariah

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 9: Final

9

Islamic banks in Bangladesh since their inception have been gaining popularity in spite

of some problems in their operation (Sarkar M A A 2004)

33 Islamic Banking Branches in Conventional Banks

An important development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the entry

of some conventional banks in the market and their use of Islamic modes of financing

through their Islamic branches windows or units It necessitates and encourages the

mobilized ion of Islamic banking which includes some of the giants in the banking

and finance industry Bangladesh was not indifferent to this turning move Presently 9

conventional banks have opened 19 Islamic banking branches alongside their interest

based branches These conventional banks should focus on the safeguards that ensure

the Islamic nature of these branches such as separation and compliance with Shariah

Separation of Islamic banking branches includes separation of capital accounts staff

employed and office However the most important thing is compliance with Shariah

There should be strong Shariah supervisory boards in order to prepare the model

agreement to approve the structure of every new operation and lay down the basic

guidelines for each and every mode of financing (Siddiqi M 2002)

34 Problems Specific to Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

341 Absence of Islamic Money Market

In the absence of Islamic money market in Bangladesh the Islamic banks cannot

invest their surplus fund ie temporary excess liquidity to earn any income rather

than keeping it idle Because all the Government Treasury Bills approved securities

and Bangladesh Bank Bills in Bangladesh are interest bearing Naturally the Islamic

banks cannot invest the permissible part of their Security Liquidity Reserve and liquid

surplus in those securities As a result they deposit their whole reserve in cash with

Bangladesh Bank Similarly the liquid surplus also remains uninvested On the

contrary the conventional banks of the country do not suffer from this sort of

limitations As such the profitability of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh is adversely

affected

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 10: Final

10

342 Absence of Suitable Long-term Assets

The absence of suitable long term assets available to Islamic banks is mirrored by lack

of short term tradable financial instruments At present there is no equivalent of an

inter-bank market in Bangladesh where banks could place say over night funds or

where they could borrow to satisfy temporary liquidity needs Trading of financial

instruments is also difficult to arrange when rates of return are not known until

maturity Furthermore it is not clear whether Islamic banks in Bangladesh can utilize

more exotic instruments such as derivatives that are becoming increasingly popular

with conventional banks Obviously these factors place Islamic banking in

Bangladesh at a distinct disadvantage compared to its conventional banking

counterpart

343 Shortage of Supportive and Link Institutions

Any system however well integrated it may be cannot thrive exclusively on its built-

in elements It has to depend on a number of link institutions and so is the case with

Islamic banking For identifying suitable projects Islamic banking can profitably draw

the services of economists lawyers insurance companies management consultants

auditors and so on They also need research and training forums in order to prompting

entrepreneurship amongst their clients Such support services properly oriented

towards Islamic banking are yet to be developed in Bangladesh

344 Organizing Relationship with Foreign Banks

Another important issue facing Islamic banks in Bangladesh is how to organize their

relationships with foreign banks and more generally how to conduct international

operations This is of course an issue closely related to the creation of financial

instruments which would be simultaneously consistent with Islamic principles and

acceptable to interest-based banks including foreign banks

345 Long-term Financing

Islamic Banks stick very closely to the pricing policies of the government They can

not benefit from hidden costs and inputs which elevate the level of prices by certain

entrepreneurs without any justification On the other hand Islamic banks as financial

institutions are even more directly affected by the failure of the projects they finance

This is because the built in security for getting back their funds together with their

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 11: Final

11

profits is in the success of the project Islamically it is not lawful to obtain security

from the partner against dishonesty or negligence both of which are very difficult if

not impossible to prove (Ahmad K 2000)

35 The Future of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

351 Need for Re-organization of the whole financial System

Review of the problems of Islamic banking in general and Islamic banks of

Bangladesh in particular poses a challenging feature for the promotion and survival

of Islamic banks in Bangladesh The policy implication is not that Islamic banks

should never be floated within the conventional banking framework Rather it is the

conventional banking system whose operational mechanism needs to be re-examined

and converted into PLS system consider- ing beneficial impact of the latter on the

economy However as long as Islamic banks are to operate within the conventional

banking framework the recommendations under the following heads may be taken

note of

352 New banking philosophy for the Islamic Banks

There seems to be a gap between the ideals and actual practice of Islamic banks in

Bangladesh In their reports booklets bulletins and posters there banks express their

commitment to striving for establishing a just society free from exploitation Study

shows that a little progress has been achieved so far in that direction Though this

failure is attributed mainly to the pervasive influence of conventional banking system

itself lack of vigilance of the promot- ers of Islamic banking in realizing the

objective is no less to blame There should be a through review of policies that have

been pursued by these banks for about a decade and points of departure have to be

identified to redesign their of action

353 Future Policy and Strategy

The first action that deserves immediate attention is the promotion of the image of

Islamic banks as PLS banks Strategies have to be carefully devised so that the image

of Islamic character and solvency as a bank is simultaneously promoted To this end

Pilot schemes in some very selected areas should be started to test innovative ideas

with profit-loss-sharing modes of financing as major component Islamic banks

should clearly demonstrate by their actions that their banking practices are guided by

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 12: Final

12

profitability criterion thereby establishing that only Islamic banking practices ensures

efficient allocation of resources and provide true market signals through PLS modes

Islamic banks should continuously monitor and disseminate through various means

the impact of their operations on the distribution of income primarily between the

bank and the other two parties the depositors and the entrepreneurs and then on

different income groups of the society These presuppose establishment of a fully

equipped research academy in each Islamic bank

354 Stepping for Distributional Efficiency

The task is more challenging for Islamic banks as they have toe promote their

distributional efficiency from all dimensions together with profitability Islamic

banks step by step have to be converted into profit-loss-sharing banks by increasing

their percentage share of investment financing though PLS modes The Islamic banks

to do that can be selective in choosing clients for financing under PLS modes They

should establish direct functional relationship between the income of the depositors

and between the income the income of the bank and that of the entrepreneurs The

relationship improves with share of bank financing under PLS modes increases

355 Promotion of Allocative Efficiency

The Islamic banks can improve their allocative efficiency be satisfying social welfare

conditions in the following manner First they should allocate a reasonable portion of

their investible funds in social priority sectors such as agriculture (including poultry

and fishery) small and cottage industries and export-led industries like garment

shrimp cultivation Secondly when the percentage shares of allocation of investible

funds are determined among the sectors of investment financing profitability of

projects should be the criterion for allocating investment funds The criterion would

be best satisfied if more and more projects were financed under PLS modes

356 Modern banking Policies and practices

Islamic banks with a view to facing the growing competition either fellow-Islamic

banks or the conventional banks which have launched Islamic banking practices will

have to adapts their functioning in line with modern business practices though

improvement and expansion of the range of dealing in the banking sector Thus it is

necessary for them to provide comprehensive banking and investment services to

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 13: Final

13

clients and simultaneously to take advantage of modern technological breakthroughs

in areas such as electronic communication computerization etc

357 Government and Central bank Responsibilities

Government should think actively for the promotion of Islamic banking in

Bangladesh considering its pro-develop- ment role It should amend existing financial

laws acts and regulations to create favorable environment conducive to smooth

operation of Islamic banks The bank Reforms Committee may be entrusted to draft

an Islamic Banking Act Government should also allow establishment of Islamic

insurance and other subsidiary companies in order to facilitate their operation

Bangladesh Bank should develop some Islamic Monetary and Saving instruments and

create separate window for transactions with the Islamic banks and a full-fledged

Islamic banking Department for analyzing supervising monitoring and guiding

purpose thereby facilitating Islamic banks for their smooth develop- ment in

Bangladesh

358 Inter-Islamic Bank Co-operation and Perspective Plan

All Islamic banks should come forward to help each others and adopt a perspective

plan say for 20 years for Islamization of the banking system of Bangladesh To

actualize this mission they should set-up immediately and Apex Research Adademy

and a Training Institute designed with modern tools Books and other accessories

(Sarkar M A A 1999)

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 14: Final

14

40 Analysis and Findings

41 Data analysis for Managers We conducted a census survey on the all fully

fledged Islamic banks in Bangladesh based on 30(thirty) questions which are attached

in the appended parts Here the respondents are the managers of the Islamic banks

They provided the following data

411 Basic Corporate Profile In this part we brought some of information like no of

branches ATM booth products listing of stock exchange under one umbrella named

as basic Corporate Profile

Table 1 Comparative Basic Profile of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of Banks

Established No of

branches ATM booth Products

Listed in

Stock

exchange

Islami Bank Bangladesh

Limited

March131983

251 200 12 Yes

Shahajalal Islami Bank

Limited

May102001

63 12 26 Yes

First Security Islami Bank

Limited

October 51999

67 No 14 Yes

Social Islami Bank Limited

1995

74 20 10 Yes

EXIM Bank Limitd August 31999 59 50 22 Yes

ICB Islamic Bank Limited

May 201983

34 34 8 Yes

Al Arafa Islami Bank

Limited

September

271995 79

Under

Construction 6 Yes

Here it is seen Islami Bank Bangladesh is the first Islamic bank and the Shahjalal

Islamic bank is the last one in regard of establishment IBBL has got the highest

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 15: Final

15

number of branches 714 Islami banks have ATM booth service100 Islamic

banks are enlisted in the stock exchange(s)

Table 2 ATM Booth System in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 1 143 143 857

Underpro

cess1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

412 Financial performance and rating of Islamic banks Amount of authorized

Capital and paid up capital Deposit ndashLoan Ratio Loan recovery rate credit rating

as well as CAMELS ratings of different Islamic banks in Bangladesh are tabulated

in this section

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 16: Final

16

Table 3 Financial performance and Rating of Different Islamic Banks in Bangladesh

Name of the

Bank

Authorized

Capital B

DT

(million)

Paid up

Capital

BDT

(million)

Deposit

Loan

Ratio

Rate of

Loan

Recovery

Credit

rating

CAMELS

rating

Islami Bank

Bangladesh

Limited 10000 741312 100 90 Above 90 AA+ 1

Shahajalal

Islami Bank

Limited 10000 450 100 91 Above 90 A++ 2

First Security

Islami Bank

Limited 3520 3036 10088 70-90 A- 3

Social Islami

Bank Limited 4197 298781 10089 70-90 A+ 3

EXIM Bank

Limitd 20000 9224 10089 70-90

AA- 3

ICB Islamic

Bank Limited 10000 664702 100102 Below 70

-

4

Al Arafa

Islami Bank

Limited 5000 467728 1009343 70-90 A 4

Overall

industry

scenario 62717 3443523 10092 70-90

- -

From the table it is seen the total authorized and paid up Capital of the Islamic

banking sector are BDT 62717 million 3443523 respectively Average Deposit-

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 17: Final

17

loan ratio is 10020 where as recovery rate is 70-90 29 Islamic banks have the

recovery rate is above 90 and 57 of banks have loan recovery rate is 70-90

4121 Credit Rating A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of an issuer of

specific types of debt specifically debt issued by a business enterprise such as a

corporation or a government It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the

debt issuerrsquos likelihood of default Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings

agencies The credit rating represents the credit rating agencys evaluation of

qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government including non-

public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts Credit ratings are

not based on mathematical formulas Instead credit rating agencies use their

judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should

be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government

The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt

securities such as bonds Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a

bond rather than the whole corporation These are assigned by credit rating agencies

such as Standard amp Poors Moodys or Fitch Ratings and have letter designations

such as A B C The Standard amp Poors rating scale is as follows from excellent to

poor AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B

B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Anything lower than a BBB- rating is considered a

speculative or junk bond[3] The Moodys rating system is similar in concept but the

naming is a little different It is as follows from excellent to poor Aaa Aa1 Aa2

Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

Ca C (Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I 2006)

From our study it is seen that Credit rating of the Islamic banking sector in

Bangladesh is good

4122 CAMELS Rating Performance of the banking sector has been evaluated

through CAMELS rating which involves analysis and evaluation of the six crucial

dimensions of banking operations The six indicators used in the rating system are (i)

Capital adequacy (ii) Asset quality (iii) Management soundness (including

implementation status of Core Risk -Management Guidelines) (iv) Earnings (v)

Liquidity and (vi) Sensitivity to market risk It is an international bank-rating system

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 18: Final

18

where bank supervisory authorities (Usually central bank) rate institutions according

to these six factors

Bank supervisory authorities assign each bank a score on a scale of one (best) to five

(worst) for each factor If a bank has an average score less than two it is considered to

be a high-quality institution while banks with scores greater than three are considered

to be less-than-satisfactory establishments The system helps the supervisory authority

identify banks that are in need of attention

In our country Bangladesh bank assigns the CAMELS ratings and any bank rated 4 or

5 ie Marginal or Unsatisfactory under composite CAMELS rating is generally

identified as a Problem Bank Activities of the problem banks are closely monitored

by the Central Bank BB issues directives from time to time to the problem banks to

bring them in financially sound condition Actually the existing CAMELS rating

does not truly identify the performance of Islamic banks due to the difference between

the Islamic bank and conventional banks Hence their should be different CAMELS

rating for Islamic bank (Alam M N 2000)

413 Financial strength About 86 Islamic banks are financially sound and the rest

14 are average The findings of our survey are the below

Table 4 Financial Strength of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Strong 6 857 857 857

Avera

ge1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

414 Sector wise loan Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide loan to the sector of

industry agriculture SME commerce and so on But in our study shows about 43

of banks give more loans to industry sector to promote the industrialization

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 19: Final

19

Table 5 Sector Wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

Frequen

cy

Percen

t

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Valid Industr

y3 429 429 429

Comme

rce2 286 286 714

Others 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Sector wise Loan Provided by Islamic Bank

286

286

429

Others

Commerce

Industry

Figure 1 Sector wise loan provided by Islamic Bank

415 Market share of Islamic bank Though the market share should be expressed

in the percentage lack of proper quantitative data we recourse qualitative data ie

high medium and low

Table 6 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the Overall Industry

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143

Mediu

m5 714 714 857

Low 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 20: Final

20

It is seen that 143 of banks have high market share and 714 have medium

market share and the rest are low market share

Market Share of Islamic Bank in the

Overall Industry

143

714

143

Low

Medium

High

Figure 2 Market Share of Islamic Bank in the overall Industry

416 Market growth It is the parameter of how growing the market of Islamic

banks About 43 banks are growing rapidly and the 57 of banks grow on neither

rapidly or slowly

Table 7 Market Growth of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High

Low

3

0

42

9

0

429

0

429

429

Mediu

m 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 21: Final

21

Market Growth of Islamic Bank

571

429

Medium

High

Figure 3 Market Growth Islamic Bank in Bangladesh

417 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah The

products and services of islami bank must comply with the Islamic shariah Hence we

set a question in the questionnaire about the compatibility of products with Islamic

shariah The responses are below

Table 8 Compliances of the Products of Isamic Bank with Islamic Shariah

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Modera

te2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

418 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank Offshore banking Unit is the branch of a

bank which is located outside of the home country typically in a low tax jurisdiction

that provides financial and legal advantageOBU aims to supply the demand of

increase revenue They take advantage of what in modern times it is called financial

sector which goes beyond criminality illegality and financial abuse or fraud Today

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 22: Final

22

offshore banking centers aim at facilitating taxation for investors use of modern and

sophisticated banking dynamic investment and mutual funds

However 40 banks have offshore banking Unit to expand the market outside of the

country especially for the expatriate people

Table 9 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

571

429

No

Yes

Figure 4 Offshore Branch of Islamic Bank

419 Bank charge Our study reveals 57 of banks have medium bank charge and

43 have the low bank charge which is a good indicator of customersrsquo motivation

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 3 429 429 429

No 4 571 571 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 23: Final

23

Table10 Average Bank Charge of Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Mediu

m4 571 571 571

Low 3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4110 Dividend Policy Most of the banks (about 86) offer dividend regularly The

dividend payment scenario of Islamic banks in Bangladesh is given the following

table

Table11 Dividend Payment per year

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 6 857 857 857

No 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4111 Profitability of Islamic banks industry The profitability of Islamic banking

industry is quite satisfactory29 of banks earns higher profit than industry average

and 57 of banks earn industry average profit It is a good prospect of the Islamic

banking industry

Table12 Net Profit of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Above

average2 286 286 286

Industry

average4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 24: Final

24

4112 CSR activities Every bank of Islamic banking industry is committed to the

communities and the stakeholders Hence Islamic banking industry performs

Corporate Social Responsibilities in the field of education sports sanitation health

care social welfare and social and religious awareness programs IBBL was the

number one sponsor in the ICC world Cup 2011 held in Bangladesh as a part of

CSR29 of Islamic banks are rendering high level of CSR activities

Table13 CSR Activities of Different Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Mediu

m5 714 714 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4113 Facilitating role of Central Bank Bangladesh bank plays a significant role in

operating Islamic banks The managers were asked the facilitating role of central

bank The responses are follows

Table 14 Facilitating role of central Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Favorable 3 429 429 429

Favorable

but need

to change

3 429 429 857

Unfavora

ble1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 25: Final

25

About 43 managers of Islamic banks think that Govt or central bankrsquos role is

favorable and the same number managers think the role is favorable but need to

change or initiate more facilitating role The 14 thinks the role of govt or central

bank is not favorable for Islamic banking in Bangladesh

4114 Awards received by Islamic banks 71 of Islamic banks in the industry got

local or international award for the recognition of the financial performance and

management quality Like as ICAB award Bankers of the year best bank of Asia and

so on

Table15A wards

received by Islamic

bank

4115 Islamic banks as Remittances channels

A large number of Bangladeshi people are working and residing foreign countries

Every year they send a substantial amount of foreign currencies (remittances) through

banking channels Hence we wanted to know from the managers about the remittance

flow through the Islamic banks in Bangladesh and the responses are follows

Table16 Remittance flow through Islamic Bank

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid High 1 143 143 143Medium

6 857 857 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 714 714 714

No 2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 26: Final

26

Only 14 banks are used as high amount of remittance flow and 86 of banks

channel medium amount of remittance flow

4116 Compliances with Regulatory Body of Islamic Bank 71 of Islamic banks

are highly complied with the rules and regulations of central bank as well as govt

Table17 Compliance status of Islamic bank with regulatory bodies

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 5 714 714 714

Avera

ge2 286 286 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

4117 Islamic Banks as International Trade Channel International trade like as

export and import and issuing LC confirming LC and advising to the local

exporters factoring forfeiting as well as foreign exchange are dealt in banks as the

part of international banking and finances In our study we find 29 of banks are

highly contributing as international trade channel and 14 are contributing less than

industry average

Table 18 Contribution of Islamic Bank in International Trade Channel

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid High 2 286 286 286

Average 4 571 571 857

Below

average1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 27: Final

27

4118 Liquidity status Liquidity ratio is the measure to pay off the current

obligations and liquidity is the amount of cash and the financial asset which can easily

convertible to cash In the banking sector it is an indicator to meet the demand of the

depositors against the cheque or cash collections It is seen many of banks face

liquidity problem to meet the demand of customers especially in the eid time due to

more deposit-loan ratio Consequently call money rate will increase up to 250

which is a bad sign for the economy and the share holders and depositors as well

Table19 Liquidity Problem Faced by Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Someti

mes6 857 857 857

Regular 1 143 143 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

It is seen 86 of banks face liquidity problem sometimes and 14 face liquidity

problem regularly

4119 Degree of automation Digitization and automation is the demand of

globalization and the attractiveness for competitions In Bangladesh this electronic

and digital revolution is also initiated but still pursuing to reach the zenith of

automation

Reasonably in our survey the managers were asked about the level of automation in

their respective banks and the responses are in the table

Table 20 Degree of Automation in Islamic Bank

Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

PercentValid High 4 571 571 571

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 28: Final

28

Medium

3 429 429 1000

Total 7 1000 1000

In the table it is seen that 57 of Islamic banks are highly automated and about 43

banks are in mid level of automation

4120 SWOT analysis of Overall Islamic banking in Bangladesh Based on our

study the SWOT analysis of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh is as follows

41201 Strengths

Moral and ideological views of the employees

Devoted working group

Continuous good credit rating of a good number of Islamic banks

Most of the customers rely on Islamic banks as these are shariah based

Integrity and efficiency of the management team

41202 Weakness

Absence of Islamic Banking Act in Bangladesh

Shortage of Islamic Banking product in present money market

Lacking of knowledge among the people about Islamic banking

Slow adaptation of modern banking concept

Insufficient number of ATM booth

Absence of intra islamic banking transaction market

41203 Opportunities

Large pool of customers

People are becoming more aware about Islamic banking

Introduction of new deposit investment and service products

Vast untapped market

Scope of establishing branch network home and abroad

Leadership in islamisation of banking in the country

41204 Threats

Critics regarding Islamic banking

Deviation in compliance with the Islamic shariah

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 29: Final

29

Arrival of competitors in the market

Inadequate knowledge of Islamic banking

42 Data analysis for Customers For our study we selected both existing and

potential customers of Islamic banks Based on our questionnaire survey the data

analysis is following

421 Demographic features of customers The demographic features of the

respondents of our study are as follows

Table 21 Demographic features of customers

Demographic

features

Categories Percentage ()

Gender Male

Female

78

22

Education level Below high school

High School

Under graduate

Graduate

Post graduate

4

14

16

46

20

Age(Year) lt30 (young aged)

30-40(middle aged)

gt40(old aged)

64

20

16

Occupation Public Sector

Private Sector

Business

Student

Others

20

24

38

6

12

Monthly Income

in Tk

Low (Less then 10000)

Moderate(10000-40000)

Moderately high(41000-100000)

High (Above 100000)

18

40

22

20

Monthly Savings lt Tk5000

Tk(5000-20000)

gtTk50000

50

40

10

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 30: Final

30

422 Service communication and others This part consists of the following data

and information

4221 Number of Bank Account Holders

Bank account in any Islamic Bank

320

680

No

Yes

Figure 5 Bank account in any Islamic Bank

4222 Level of customerrsquos satisfaction

To compare the quality of service by Islamic bank were asked to comment on their

level of satisfaction The responses were as follows

Table 22 Overall level of satisfaction of existing customers in Islamic Bank

Quality of services Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentage

()

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Indifferent

Unsatisfactory

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

12

17

6

3

30

425

15

75

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 31: Final

31

Very unsatisfactory - 20 2 5

Total 40 100

The corresponding index for these is given below

I = (2 x 12 + 1 x 17 + 0 x 6 ndash 1 x 3 ndash 2 x 2)40 = 085

The survey result showed that most of the existing customers are in satisfactory level

and the overall index of the existing customers is 085 which is close to the ranked

value of satisfactory (+10) So the overall the existing customers are satisfied with

the services of Islamic bank

Level of Satisfaction of existing Cusomers

Very unsatisfactory

unsatisfactory

Indifferent

satisfactory

Very satisfactory

Per

cen

t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6 Level of satisfaction of existing customers

4223 Is Interest Haram(forbidden)in islam

In our questionnaire we asked a question about the legitimacy of interest in islam Our

question was ldquoDo you know that it is haram (forbidden) to receive and charge interest

in islamrdquo

According to the question the respondents have provided the following data

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 32: Final

32

Is Haram to receive and charge interest in islam

60

940

No

Yes

Figure 7 Is Haram to receive and charge interest in Islam

4224 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance we wanted to know the

level of Islamic banking and finance of the respondents The question in the

questionnaire in this regard was ldquoHow much do you know about Islamic banking and

financerdquo

Knowledge about Islamic Banking

Different level

Not yetLess informedInformedHighly informed

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 8 Knowledge about Islamic Banking

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 33: Final

33

Table23 Knowledge about Islamic banking and finance

Frequenc

y Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Highly

informed8 160 160 160

Informed 14 280 280 440

Less

informed27 540 540 980

Not yet 1 20 20 1000

Total 50 1000 1000

4225 Opinions about Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest free

services In our study there was a statement to the respondents ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo and we asked the opinion about the

statement from the customers

Table 24 Responses by the customers to the Proposition that ldquoIslamic Banks in

Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

Opinions Rank values Frequency of

responses

Percentages

()

Strongly Agree

Agree

Indifferent

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

+ 20

+ 10

00

- 10

- 20

10

21

8

9

2

20

42

16

18

4

Total 50 100

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 34: Final

34

The corresponding index for the stated proposition

I (proposal) = (2 x 10+ 1 x 21 + 0 x 8 ndash 1 x 9 ndash 2 x 2)50 = 056

This index number illustrates a fair level of agreement with the proposition ldquoIslamic

Banks in Bangladesh provide interest free servicerdquo

4226 Mode of communication of Islamic banks Here we wanted to know the

sources of information about interest free banking in Bangladesh among the existing

and potential customers In this regard the question was ldquoHow do you come to know

that bank offers interest free banking in Bangladeshrdquo

Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

500

20

300

180

Friends Family

Internet

Media (Newspaper TV

Bank employees

Figure 9 Mode of Communication of Islamic Banks

From our survey 50 of the respondents came to know the idea of interest free

banking in Bangladesh whereas 30 from mass and electronics media

4227 Opinion about the cost of Islamic banking in comparison to non Islamic

banks

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 35: Final

35

Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier

than non Islamic Bank Services

500 360

140

Not sure No

Yes

Fig 10 Are Islamic or Interest free Services Costlier than non Islamic Bank

Services

4228 Knowledge about Capital Budgeting in Islamic Banks From our study we

have seen that majority of the respondent indifferent about the knowledge of Islamic

Banking

Knowledge about Deposits and Savings

are Invested by the Bank

360

340

300

Not sure

No

Yes

Fig 11 Knowledge about Deposits and Savings are Invested by the Bank

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 36: Final

36

4229 Psychological reason for choosing Islamic banking We intended to know

the main reason for choosing the Islamic banks for the existing and potential

customers In this purpose the question was designed such a way ldquoWhat is (will) the

main reason for choosing Islamic bankingrdquo

Main Reason for Chosing Islamic Bank

Reason

Convenient location

Quality service

Cheap products

Religion

Pe

rce

nt

100

80

60

40

20

0

Fig12 Main reason for choosing Islamic Bank

42210 Tenure of customerrsquos transaction with Islamic banks In the survey the

respondents (existing account holders) are asked how long they have been

maintaining the bank account with Islamic Bank The responses are given in

following chart

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 37: Final

37

Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Banks

Period

More than 10 Years

6-10 Years

1-5 Years

Less than 1 year

Pe

rce

nt

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fig 13 Tenure of Transaction with Islamic Bank

It is seen 50 of account holders have been maintaining transaction with Islamic

banks for the period of 1to 5 yearsSimilarly22 for less than 1 years20 for 6-

10years and 8 for more than 10 years This statistics indicates a satisfactory

performance and a good opportunity of the Islamic banks

42211 Customer retention and switching rate of Islamic banks It is seen that

many customers switch from one bank to another due to convenience and better

opportunity Hence the customers were asked whether they switch from any Islamic

bank to conventional bank As we surveyed to both existing and potential customers

missing values are existed for the case of potential customers Based on the question

the responses are as follows

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 38: Final

38

Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Banks

200

680

120

Missing

No

Yes

Fig 14 Switching from Islamic Bank to Conventional Bank

From the responses it is seen that on an average 68 of both existing and potential

customers are retained with Islamic banks Of course this rate will be higher in case of

only existing customers Our total respondents were 50 Among them 40 are existing

customers and 10 are potentials and responses of ldquoYesrdquo andrdquo Nordquo are 6 and 36

respectively So the actual retention rate is 3440=85 and switching rate is 15

43 Bank selection criteria we were set 16 criteria for selecting appropriate bank

The respondents were asked to prioritize (1st to 5th and No priority) each criterion The

questionnaire is attached in the appended part

Through indexing we priorities the 16 criteria according to the responses of

customers

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 39: Final

39

Table25 Bank Selection Criteria by Customers

Criteria Index Values Prioritized Rankings

Criterion a 0724 V

Criterion b 0664 IX

Criterion c 0692 VII

Criterion d 064 XI

Criterion e 0816 I I

Criterion f 0676 VIII

Criterion g 0612 XI V

Criterion h 0752 III

Criterion i 0628 XI I I

Criterion j 0656 X

Criterion k 0704 V I

Criterion l 0628 XI I I

Criterion m 0744 I V

Criterion n 0656 X

Criterion o 0632 XI I

Criterion p 0824 I

According to the index value Good Customer relationship has got the first priority

electronic and wide electronic and automation system has got the least priority The

top five criteria among the sixteen for selecting the bank is the following in the

descending order

I Good Customer relationship

II Run on Islamic Law and principles

III Convenient branch location

IV Confidence in bank management

V Fast and efficient quality service

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 40: Final

40

V0 Summary of the Findings Based on the analysis and data the summary of

findings are as follows

There are 7 full- fledged Islamic banks and 9 conventional banks have 20

islamic banking branches in Bangladesh

Islamic banking sector provides more loan in industry sector and then

commercial sector

Market share and market growth of Islamic bank are substantial and it is

almost 30 of total private commercial banks and 18 of total banking sector of

Bangladesh

Average deposit-loan ratio is 10093 and loan recovery rate is 70-90

which is not quite satisfactory and increases bad debt

Credit rating of the banks is good but CAMELS rating Scenario is not

attractive and financial strength is fairly good

The products are not highly compatible with Islamic shariah but authorities are

trying to improve

Compliances with regulatory bodies are satisfactory and central bank is

playing facilitating role

Liquidity of the Islamic banking sector is good

Most of the Islamic bank are automated and offers ATM services but not up to

marks

Absence of Islamic interbank money market and Islamic banking act

Most customers choose Islamic banking only for psycho-religious reason

Lack of communication and promotion of Islamic products and services as

well as Islamic finance

Ambiguity between interest and profit in the regard of rate of return and cost

of debt

Customersrsquo loyalty and retention rate is high

Good customer relationship has got the highest priority and then the

compatibility of laws and principles with Islamic Shariah for selecting the banks by

the both existing and potential customers of islamic banks

Banking charge and cost is reasonable

Lack of knowledge of Islamic banking and finance among the customers

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 41: Final

41

51 Prospect and challenges of Islamic banks based on our study there are some

problems and challenges as well as opportunities in Islamic banking in Bangladesh

511Challenges Islami banks in Bangladesh have been facing some critical

problems These problems are the challenges for the Islamic banking industry in

Bangladesh Based on our study the main challenges are following

Firstly they have not yet been successful in devising an interest-free mechanism to

place their funds on a short-term basis They face the same problem in financing

consumer loans and government deficits

Secondly the risk involved in profit-sharing seems to be so high that almost all of the

Islamic banks in Bangladesh have resorted to those techniques of financing which

bring them a fixed assured return Presently 60-70 investments of Islamic banks

are made on mark-up basis (Murabaha and Bai-Muajjal etc) As a result the ideal

modes of investment (Mudaraba and Musharaka) are quite absent in their practices

Concentration of Islamic banks investment in short-term trade is a pertinent problem

in Islamic banking Islamic banks are heavily dependent on Bai MuajjalMurabaha in

their operations This is due mainly to two reasons Their orientation is mainly

towards short term financing of trade transactions for which Bai MuajjalMurabaha

appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of profit-loss sharing

Secondly they are in competition with interest-based banks and are therefore anxious

to earn at least as much on their investments as will enable them to give a return

roughly comparable to prevailing interest rates to their investment account holders

This is easier to achieve by engaging in Bai-MuajjalMurabaha transactions as mark-

up can be fixed in a manner which more or less assures the required return For that

reason the Islamic banks are reluctant to invest under Mudaraba or Musharaka the

true Islamic financial mechanisms

There is a genuine concern among Islamic scholars that if interest is largely

substituted by a device like mark-up it would represent a change just in name rather

than in substance and the new system would not be any different from the interest-

based system so far as equity is concerned It is also emphasized that apart from

equity considerations the prohibition of interest in Islam is meant to stimulate overall

production which is the mainspring of growth These blessings can only be reaped if

the interest system is completely uprooted in the real sense of the term and replaced

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 42: Final

42

by a fundamentally different system like profitloss sharing The implications of the

Islamic financing modalities for Islamic banking are yet to be fully recognized The

Basel protocols are with reference to the interest-based banking system In their

present form they are not directly applicable to Islamic banking that is essentially a

different way of banking Basel-compatible or Basel-compliant arrangements need to

be worked out and got recognized at the appropriate level

It is evident from the Annual Reports of the Shariah Councils of the Islamic banks

that in many cases Shariah Councils were disappointed at the inordinate delay in

Shariah implementation in the banking transactions or unwillingness to follow

Shariah guidelines in the banks by both the owners and management of the banks In

this regard special mention can be made for Shariah guidelines forwarded to comply

with the actual buying and selling in Bai Modes Non-implementation of this single

advice of the Shariah councils leads the Islamic banks to practice Bai-Muajjal modes

in a corrupted manner which can be termed as Corrupted Bai-Muajjal modes of

financing

However some of the topical problems being faced by the Islamic banks are

Absence of an organized Islamic inter-bank money market

Absence of full-fledged legal framework for Islamic banking

Increasing bad debt and cost of capital

Shortage of trained and efficient manpower committed to Islamic banking

Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the Islamic banks

Lack of Shariah-compatible regulatory and supervisory standards

Inappropriate organization of the Shariah Councils and weak follow-up of the

Shariah implementation status of the Islamic banks

Conflict with conventional banking legal frame work

Lack of corporate governance in the Islamic banks

Conflicting with present banking company act 1991

Lack of Consortium or Syndication of the Islamic Banks

Lack of Apex Training Institute for the Islamic Banks

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 43: Final

43

512 Prospects of Islamic bank in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the second largest

muslim country in the world and the people of Bangladesh is fond of practicing

Islamic principles Interest is absolutely forbidden in Islam So if the Islamic banking

is operated through the laws and principles of Quran and Shariah the future

opportunities and potentialities of Islamic bank in Bangladesh would be highly

optimistic prosperous and viable

Our study depicts there is a potential large pool of customers are in the pipeline of

Islamic banks Hence the market share and growth is increasing day by day Showing

this amazing trend of progress of Islamic banks in Bangladesh conventional banks

are also engaging in Islamic banking practices Now there are more than 20 branches

of 17 national and international conventional banks are offering Islamic banking

services and this rate is rapidly increasing

After the journey of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in the year of 1983 there are 7 full-

pledged Islamic bank had established till 2001 and this rate will be increased if govt

issue the license for new banks

Besides central bank is facilitating the Islamic banking and made the guidelines for

Islamic banking which is a good indicator for the prospect of Islamic banks

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 44: Final

44

60 Conclusion and Recommendations Now Islamic banks in Bangladesh are

operating their business successfully and they will be able to provide more efficient

services to the nation if they overcome the existing challenges and are supported by

the exact Islamic legal frame work and congenial environment for Islamic banking

Still the Islamic bank industry has taken the position in the mind of the customers of

Bangladesh through their exceptional banking system and awaiting huge potentialities

for them

However the following suggestions are given to overcome the existing

challenges and to operate more effectively and efficiently

Govt should enact an separate Banking Act solely for Islamic banking and

insurances

Should have a central shariah council and strict compliance with the board and

council

To promote and make an intensive marketing policy for the Islamic banking

and services

To adopt more attractive product and services compatible of both Islamic and

modern banking practices

To establish an apex regulatory body and training academy for regulating and

training

To ensure the inter-Islamic bank money and capital market

To establish and allocate sufficient fund to Research and Development(RampD)

To ensure Islamic audit and rating system

To make lucrative compensation package for employees motivation

Finally it may be mentioned that if the Islamic financial system is to become truly

liquid and efficient it must develop more standardized and universally (or at least

widely) tradable financial instruments The development of a secondary financial

market for Islamic financial products is crucial if the industry is to achieve true

comparison with the conventional system It must also work hard to develop more

transparency in financial reporting and accounting and ideally - a form of Islamic

GAAP

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 45: Final

45

Appendix I

Questionnaire for Managers

Namehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Designation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact Nohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

We the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on

ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of

Marketing Research (M-601) at MBA Program For the purpose your co-operation is highly

needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic

purposes

Please tick mark() or fill in the appropriate gap

01) Is your Bank enlisted in the Stock Exchange Yes No Others (Specify)

helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

If yes authorized and paid up capital arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipandhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip respectively

02) How many branches of your bank have helliphelliphelliphellip

03) In which sector your bank provides more loans

Agriculture Industry Services Commerce Personal Others (Specify)helliphelliphellip

04) How many products does your bank offer Please tick marks the products you are

offering

Current Account Bai- Murabaha ATM Services Quard and others

Savings Deposit Hire purchase under

Shirkatul Meelk

SWIFT

Term Deposit Musharaka Reuter

Savings Bond Bai-Salam Locker Service

Bai- Muajjal Letter of credit VISA Card

05) What is the market share of your bank in the overall industry Low Medium High

06) How is the market growth of your Bank High Low Medium

07) What is the deposit ndashLoan ratio of your Bank

08) Compliances of the products of your bank with Islamic Sharirsquoah is High Moderate

Low Partial

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 46: Final

46

09) Do you have any offshore branch Yes No Others(specify) helliphellip

10) Rate of loan recovery is below 70 70-90 above90

11) CAMEL rating of your bank ishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

12) Credit rating of your bank is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

13) Financial strength of your bank is Strong Average Weak

14) Average bank charge of your bank than others is High Low Medium

15) Is your Bank declares Dividend every year Yes No

16) Net Profit of your Bank is Industry average below average Above Average

17) CSR activities of your bank is High Low Average

18) Do you think that the role of Govt or Central bank for facilitating Islamic banking in

Bangladesh is - Favorable Unfavorable Favorable but need to change

19) Is your Bank got any localinternational reward Yes No Others(Specify)

20) Remittance flow through your bank is High Low Medium Others

21) Compliances with regulatory bodies are High Low Average Others(Specify)

22) The contribution of your bank as an international trade channel is High average

below average

23) How often does your bank suffer from liquidity problem Often Sometimes Never

24) Deposit and lending rate of your bank arehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

25) Do you have any ATM services Yes No Under process

If yes how many ATM booths your banks have

26) Degree of automation in your bank is High Low Medium

27) Would you please point out few threats of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

28) Would you please point out few strengths of your bank

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

29) Would you please point out the weaknesses of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 47: Final

47

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

30) Would you please specify few opportunities of your bank (if any)

a) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

b) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

c) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

d) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Thank You for Your Kind Cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix II

Questionnaire for CustomersNamehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipDesignation amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 48: Final

48

EmailhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipContact NohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipWe the students of Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) are conducting a study on ldquoIslamic Banking in Bangladesh Prospects and Challengesrdquo as a course requirement of Marketing Research (M-601) of MBA program For the purpose your co-operation is highly needed and appreciated We will use all the data provided by you only for our academic purposesPart One Demographic Information (Please )

1 Your gender 1048977 Male 1048977 Female

2 Your education level 1048977 Below high school 1048977 High school 1048977 Undergraduate 1048977 Post graduate

3 Your age 1048977 18-21 1048977 21-30 1048977 31-40 1048977 40+

4 Your occupation 1048977 Public sector 1048977 Private sector 1048977 Self employed 1048977 Student 1048977 Others Please specify helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 Your Monthly Income 1048977 Less than 10000 TK 1048977 TK 10000 to TK 40000 1048977 TK 41000 to TK 100000 1048977 More than TK 100000

6 Your Monthly Savings 1048977 Less than 5000 TK 1048977 TK 5000 to TK 20000 1048977 TK 21000 to TK 50000 1048977 More than TK 50000

Part Two Service Communication and others (Please)

7 Do you have any bank account in Islamic Banking Institutions in Bangladesh 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 49: Final

49

8 If yes what is your overall level of satisfaction 1048977 Very satisfactory 1048977 Satisfactory 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Unsatisfactory 1048977 Very unsatisfactory

9 Do you know that it is HARAM (not permissible) to receive and charge interest in Islam

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

10 How much do you know about Islamic banking and finance 1048977 Highly informed 1048977 Informed 1048977 Less informed 1048977 Not yet

11 Islamic banks in Bangladesh provide interest-free services Whatrsquos your opinion about the statement

1048977 Strongly Agree 1048977 Agree 1048977 Indifferent 1048977 Disagree 1048977 Strongly Disagree

12 How do you come to know that bank offers interest-free banking in Bangladesh 1048977 Bank employees 1048977 Media (Newspaper TV) 1048977 Internet 1048977 Friends Family

13 Do you feel Islamic or interest free services are costlier than non-Islamic services

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

14 Do you know how your deposits and savings are invested by the banks ie Ethical investment or war arms trade gambling alcohol tobacco etc

1048977 Yes 1048977 No 1048977 Not sure

15 What is the main reason for chosing Islamic Banking 1048977 Religion 1048977 Cheap products 1048977 Quality service 1048977 Convenient location 1048977 Other than above please specify helliphelliphellip

16 For how long are you dealing with or have you become a consumer of Islamic Banking 1048977 Less than 1 year 1048977 1-5 Years

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 50: Final

50

1048977 6-10 Years 1048977 More than 10 Years

17 Did you switch from one Islamic Banks to conventional bank 1048977 Yes 1048977 No

Part Three Bank Selection Criteria (Please)18 Please prioritize the bank selection criteria for following items Rank them from 1 to 5

lsquo1rsquo represents first priority and lsquo5rsquo represents the least priority and ldquo0rdquo denotes no priority

SI Selection criteria 0 1 2 3 4 5a Fast and efficient quality servicesb Interior comfort of Branchesc Experienced management teamd Availability of financial advicee Run on Islamic law and principlesf Provision of profit-sharing investment

productsg Wide Electronic and automation Systemh Convenient branch locationi Awareness program on product and servicesj Competitive Product Offeringsk Uniform services in all branchesl Overdraft privileges on current accountm Confidence in Banks managementn Lower service chargeo Good rate of returnp Good customer relationship

Thank you for your kind cooperation

Name of interviewerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix III

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector (as of end December 2010) (In billion

Taka)

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 51: Final

51

Appendix IV

Composite CAMELS and their Interpretation

Appendix V

Comparative Position of the Islamic Banking Sector September 2010 (In million Taka)

Appendix VI

Differences between Islamic Bank and Conventional

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 52: Final

52

Conventional Banks Islamic Banks

1 The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles

1 The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah

2 The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest

2 In contrast it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur)

3 It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction

3 It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions

4 It does not deal with Zakat 4 In the modern Islamic banking system it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat

5 Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks

5 Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks So we have to understand our customers business very well

6 It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters

6 The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity Rebates are give for early settlement at the Banks discretion

7 Very often it results in the banks own interest becoming prominent It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity

7 It gives due importance to the public interest Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity

8 For interest-based commercial banks borrowing from the money market is relatively easier

8 For the Islamic banks it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction

9 Since income from the advances is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations

9 Since it shares profit and loss the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations

10 The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients

10 The Islamic banks on the other hand give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad K (2000) Islamic finance and banking the challenge and Prospects Review

of Islamic Economics 9 57-82

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml

Page 53: Final

53

Ahmad A U F amp Hassan M K (2007) Regulation and Performance of Islamic

Banking in Bangladesh Thunderbird International Business Review 49(2) 251ndash277

Ahmed E Rahman Z amp Ahmed R I (2006) Comparative analysis of loan

recovery among nationalized private and Islamic commercial banks of Bangladesh

BRAC University Journal III(1) 35

Alam M N (2000) Islamic banking in Bangladesh A case study of IBBL

International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(4)

Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Bangladesh Bank (2011) Financial sector review 2010 Available at Bangladesh

Bank website httpwwwbangladesh-bankorg Accessed on June 26 2011

BIBM 2011 Reading Materials on Islamic Banking

EXIM Bank Bangladesh Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

First Security Islamic Bank Ltd2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Hassan M K (1999) Islamic banking in theory and practice The experience of

Bangladesh Managerial Finance 25(5) 60-113

ICB Islamic Bank2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009-2010rdquo 2010-2011

Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 2011 ldquoAGM Report 2009 2010 2011rdquo

Sarkar M A A (1999) Islamic banking in Bangladesh Performance problems amp

prospects International Journal of Islamic Financial Services 1(3)

Siddiqi M 2002 Comparative Advantages of Islamic Banking and Finance viewed

24062011 httpwwwsiddiqicommnsAdvantageshtml