SFRI Information Bulletin No .14

Field Manual forPropagation of bambooin North East India

S.P. Ahlawat, K. Haridasan and S.N. Hegde(With inputs from L.R. Bhuyan and U.V. Singh)

State Forest Research InstituteDepartment of Environment & ForestsGovernment of Arunachal PradeshItanagar - 791111

This manual is produced under UNDP-DC(H) Cane & Bamboo Project

SFRI Information Bulletin No. 14

Year of publication 2002

Published by theDirectorState Forest Research InstituteVan Vihar, P.B. No. 159ltanagar-791 111

Email : directorsfri@hotmail.com

Other SFRI PUBLICATIONS

INFORMATION BULLETINS1. Jhum Cultivation in Arunachal Pradesh.2. Alder - a Promising Tree for Afforestation of Jhum

Fallows.3. Botanical and Vernacular names of important and

common forest plants of Arunachal Pradesh."4. Pipli- an important Income Generating Eco-friendly

Non-wood Forest Products.5. Medicinal Plants of Arunachal Pradesh.6. Broom Grass.7. Seed Technology.8. Micropropagation and Farming of Cymbidium

Orchids as Supplemental Crop in Jhum/WasteLands of Arunachal Pradesh.

9. Nursery Technique of local tree species.10. Toko ( a multipurpose palm).11. Orchid Research Centre, Tipi.12. Economic Development Through Medicinal Plants.

JOURNALS

1. Arunachal Forest News Vol. 1 to 18 (half yearly).

BOOKS

1. Orchids of Arunachal Pradesh by S.N. Hegde

ILLUSTRATIONS: N.C.Deb

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FOREWORD

North East India is known for its rich biodiversity - Flora and Fauna.Arunachal Pradesh including Sikkim is particularly recognised as one ofthe "Biodiversity Hot Spots" in the world. An important and dominantcomponent of the flora is bamboo. There are 90 bamboo species in theregion spread over almost all the vegetational types. This particulargroup of plants which is referred to as "poor man" timber has castprofound influence on the life and lore of the people of this region.

Bamboo is a versatile multipurpose forest produce that hasimmense potential in the industrial and domestic applications. Inspite ofthe economic importance of bamboo there has not been serious attemptin promoting bamboo based industries that has the potential to transformeconomy of the people of the northeastern region. With the recentSupreme Court intervention there has been shift from mainly timber basedeconomy to that of non timber forest produce. Thus, bambooproducts are gaining importance. In this regard the efforts of the UNDP inpromoting the bamboo sector through the Ministry of Textiles, Handloomand Handicraft, Govt. of India is indeed timely and praiseworthy.

In Arunachal Pradesh State Forest Research Institute, Itanagarunder the Department of Environment and Forests, has been working onconservation of bamboo and its propagation aspects to cater to the needsof the people of the state. Based on their research finding it has beenpossible to standardise protocols for the propagation of bamboo which isvery essential in catering to the needs of the department as well as localfarmers for raising bamboo in the available land in the state. I am surethat this field manual for propagation of bamboo will certainly help in im-parting the technical knowledge to all those involved in raising bambooplantation and help in uplifting the economy of the rural poor.

(S. R. Mehta)Date: Itanagar Principal Chief Conservator of Forests,Place : 26-12-2002. Department of Environment & Forests,

Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar.

PREFACE

North East India has rich bamboo culture. The different tribes inhabiting

the region heavily depend on bamboos for various domestic and agricultural

purposes. Their handicrafts using bamboo has gained popularity both nationally

and internationally. These products are made of specific bamboos usually

cultivated by the people. In recent times bamboos have been identified as a

valuable industrial raw material substituting wood products and having potential

for augmenting the economy. Their utility as edible shoots are also being

exploited for setting up of industrial ventures. All these will warrant for extensive

plantation ventures, which will in-turn require adequate planting stocks of quality

bamboos.

Bamboo being monocarpic that is dying after flowering and flowers only

after specific intervals of 30-100 years propagation through seed is not always

possible. Alternative methods of vegetative propagation using modern techniques

are to be adopted for successful raising of nursery and plantation. The State

Forest Research Institute has been experimenting with various techniques of

bamboo propagation and has standardized some of these, which could be

applied to the field. There is a need to take this information to the field staff and

farmers who are interested in bamboo sector. Accordingly, this bulletin has been

prepared to serve the purpose of extension material.

It is earnestly hoped that the users will find it useful. The authors seek

suggestion for improvement of the publication.

We also take this opportunity to thank the Development Commissioner

(Handicrafts), Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India for the financial support under

the UNDP Cane and Bamboo project. The field staff of SFRI Filed Research

Station at Chessa has extended valuable help in the field which is also

acknowledged.

Authors

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. Introduciton 1

2. Propagation through vegetative method 3

3. Propagation through off-set planting 3

4. Propagation through macro-proliferation 4

5. Propagation through culm cutting 4

6. Preparation of nursery beds 5

7. Collection of bamboos and preparation of cuttings 5

8. Treatment of cuttings for root induction 5

9 Planting of cuttings 8

10. Nursery management - shade 8

11. Watering schedule 8

12. Fungicidal treatment 8

13. Manuring 8

14. Transplanting 9

15. Precautions 9

16. Propagation through branch cutting method 9

17. Propagation through layering and macrotting 10

18. Bamboo propagation at a galance 12

19. Appendix-I 13

BAMBOO PROPAGATIONmethods for North East India

Introduction:

amboos are important groupof plants, which have becomeinseparable part of the cultureand day to day life of the

people particularly those living in the ru-ral areas of N.E. region of India. In In-dia their representation is much more inthis region and form abundant resourcebase for viable industries. Bamboo hasan advantage of being a very renewableresource and can be repeatedly har-vested thus forming sustainable sourceof raw material. In recent years there hasbeen increase in demand world over forbamboo and cane products. This hasresulted in higher rates of extraction lead-ing to depletion in wild habitats. So, alsothere is a need for large scale planta-tions to meet the demand. This can alsobe a good source of income for the farm-ers. Bamboo can be propagated by thefollowing methods.

Conventional methods of propa-gation of bamboo are based on seedsand vegetative methods. Availability ofseed is limited to certain specific periodonly as bamboos flower once in life timeonly. Most of the bamboos flower inlong Cycles ranging from 10-over 60years depending upon species. Usuallythe cyclic flowering is gregarious and afterflowering the entire flowered populationof bamboo dies. The huge quantity ofseeds produced are either washed awayin hill slopes during rains, or eaten byrodents (rats). The remaining seedsfallen in ideal conditions germinate toseedlings for regeneration. Seedsformed after gregarious flowering can becollected and cleaned. The cleanedseeds can be stored for 6 months or evenmore than a year through special stor-age techniques like controlled moisture,low temperature etc. Apart from gregari-

ous flowering bamboos are also seen toflower sporadically in one or two clumpshere and there. This is a regular feature inDendrocalamus hamiltonii (Kako). Suchflowering will help in getting seeds for nurs-ery trials. The viability of bamboo seeds islost gradually. Hence it is adviceable to sowthe seeds soon after collection. Sowing isdone in mother beds with overhead shade,either broad casting or in lines. A thin layer

of soil is used to cover the seeds and regu-larly watered. Seeds will germinate in 3-7days and will continue upto 15-25 days(Banik 1987). Seed size varies from spe-cies to species. Seeds of Dendrocalamushamiltonii and B. bambos are like thoseof wheat while Schizostachyumfuchsianum has bigger size than that of apea nut. Melocanna baccifera has seedsas large as small apple.

Table 1: Showing flowering and seeding intervals of important species of bamboos inNorth East India

Species

Bambusa arundinacea

B. balcooa

B. longispiculata

B. polymorpha

B. tulda

B. vulgaris

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii

D. strictus

Melocanna bacciferaPhyllostachys bambusoides

CommonNameKanta bans

Bhaluka bans

Betwa bans

Jati bans

Bans

Kako

Lathi bans

Muli bansApatani

Seed year inintervals of30 - 3440 + 520+535-6030-6080 + 830

20-6530-4560 - > 100

Flowering nature

Gregarious, sporadic

Sporadic

Sporadic, gregarious

Gregarious, sporadic

Sporadic, gregarious

Rarely, poor seeding

Gregarious, sporadic

Gregarious, sporadic

Gregarious, sporadic(not observed so farat Ziro)

Table 2: Seed and germination characteristics of selected species of bamboos.

Species

Arundinaria falcata

Bambusa arundinacea

B. nutans

B. tulda

Cephalostachyum capitatum

Dendrocalamus giganteus

D. hamiltonii

D. sikkimensis

D. strictus

Melocanna bambusoides

CommonName

Ringal

Kanta bans

Mokal

Jati bans

Payong

Tabou

kako

Pugriang

Bans

Muli bans

Fruitingtime

May-June

April-may

April-May

April-May

July

May-June

April-May

April-May

June-July

May-August

Seedsper Kg

—

90,000

60,000

25,600

1,885

17,000

38,500

16,700

32,000

6-8

Viability*in months

6

6

3

3

6

12

12

13

24

1/2

GerminationPeriod

15-55

12-30

10-30

9-30

31-90

10-30

8-28

9-31

8-26

6-14

Percent

50

55

80

92

25

70

60

55

75

80

*Bamboo seeds are generally short viable and period given here is under proper storage conditions.

Seedlings can be transplanted whenthey are at three leaf stage to poly-pots.The transplanted seedlings are to be keptin partial shade initially for a month andthen to open beds. Except for rainy sea-son they need to be watered regularly.Seedlings are to be shifted after 3 monthslocally to avoid root penetration. 6months to 1 year old seedlings can beused for plantation purpose.

Propagation through VegetativeMethods:

Although large quantity of seedsare produced during gregarious flow-ering but they remain viable for oneto six months. Further, seeding cycleof important bamboo species is verylong and varies from 20 to > 100years.

As most of the time seeds are notavailable, bamboos can be propagatedvegetatively. Various methods of veg-etative propagation like off-set andrhizome planting, branch and culmcuttings, marcotting and layering arecommonly used for different bam-boos. Among these, rhizome or off-set planting is most commonly usedbut this method has several limita-tions. Extraction of rhizomes is labo-rious and during extraction, damagemay occur to the roots and rhizomesof mother clumps. The number of rhi-zomes available from a clump is smalland since they are bulky, handling andtransportation is labour intensive andexpensive.

Propagation through Off-set planting:

Vegetative propagation by rhizomeor off-set is an age old method and hasbeen used extensively in the region.Though it is traditional and perhapsmost commonly used method of propa-gation of bamboos, this is practicableonly in cultivating a few clumps particu-larly in small and accessible area. Avail-ability of propagules in large number bythis method is somewhat limited. It isbest if offsets are planted just beforethe rainy season. In general, success ofoff-set planting in thin walled bamboospecies is relatively poor and varygreatly from species to species. Bam-boo species with large diameter culmsrequires larger rhizomes for planting.The use of rhizome for propagatingbamboo has been limited mostly to non-clump forming (monopodial) species.

Off- set from 1-2 year old culmsare cut at about 1.0 - 1.5 m height (3to 5 nodes bearing viable branchbuds), that is excavated along with aportion of rhizome with its root sys-tem. The rhizome must be separatedby cuttings from its neck carefullycausing minimal to rhizome during ex-cavation. Such off sets are best takenand planted in season of rest prior torainy season, so that they are capableof establishing roots easily and growthduring favourable season. Off- setstaken in the late rainy season after the

new growth has started, usually failsto establish. Off-sets should be trans-planted immediately after the extractionfrom mother clump and kept in moistgunny bag during transport. In field,preferably the top of culm should becovered with polythene bag and cavityfilled with water to prevent drying. Al-ternatively people also practice cover-ing the cut end using soil - cow dungmix. In case of prolonged dry weatherdaily watering may be required in newplantations.

However to meet the larger de-mands of planting stock more effec-tive techniques which can result inmass seedlings production need to beadapted. Some of these modern tech-niques are culm cutting, branch cut-ting, layering, macro-proliferationand tissue culture. There is also lotof variation in each of these tech-niques. In this manual propagationthrough macro-proliferation, culmcutting and branch cutting are dealtalong with brief reference to layer-ing and marcotting.

Propagation through Macro-pro-liferation:

This method is generally prac-ticed in small seedlings usuallyraised through seeds. The multipli-cation of a bamboo seedling by rhi-zome separation leading to smallersized planting material is known asmacro-proliferation. Through thistechnique 5-9 month old seedlings of

B. bambos, B. tulda, D.hamiltonii etc,are multiplied 3-5 times. Every yearthis can be repeated.

When the bamboo seedling showrhizome development in 30-40 days italso produces culms. Seedlings with4-5 culms are taken out from the bed.Then the soil is removed by washingor shaking. Each culm with a piece ofrhizome and roots are carefully sepa-rated using sharp knife or secateur andplanted in separate poly-pots as seed-lings. Under proper nursery conditionsthese will further produce culms and theprocess can be repeated thus perenni-ally making a good stock of plantableseedlings.

Propagation through culm cutting:

Vegetative propagation using culm orstem segments is a viable alternative andhas several advantages over other meth-ods. The success and survival are higher(40 to 80%) than offset method. Themethod involves treatment of culm cuttingswith growth regulating chemicals for induc-ing root formation. The method has beentested for most species of economically im-portant bamboo and has been reportedsuccessful. Large scale multiplication of su-perior varieties is possible through thismethod. When out planted, plants raisedfrom cuttings develop to culms much fasterthan seedlings. The practical steps involvedin propagation of bamboo through culmcuttings are as follows:-

Preparation of Nursery beds moving leaves and side branches.

1. Prepare raised nursery beds of 10 mx 1.2 m by deep ploughing/diggingand fill with a mixture of soil, sandand fully decomposed FYM in 2:1:1ratio.

2. One week prior to planting, drenchthe nursery beds separately with theinsecticide, Aldrin and the fungi-cide, Bevistin to prevent termite andfungal attack. For each bed, use 40liters of 0.015% (a.i). Aldrin pre-pared by adding 0.5 ml of Aldrex30EC per liter of water and 30 literof 0.05% (a.i) prepared by adding 1g of Bevistin 50 WP per liter ofwater. During non-availability ofAldrin other insecticides likeChloropyrophos (Dursban) @ 2 mlper liter or Endosulphan - 35 EC@ 2 ml per liter can be applied byspraying 40 liter solution on eachbed.

Collection of bamboos and prepara-tion of cuttings

1. Extract 2 to 3 years old culms fromhealthy clumps of bamboos by cut-tings them at the ground level orjust above the first node.

2. Remove the tender top thin part ofculm bearing leaves (shoot) andtrim the side branches as shown in(fig. 1). Take care not to injure theaxillary buds on nodes while re-

3. Transport the culms to the nurserysite as quickly as possible. Maximumcare should be taken to prevent dry-ing. This can be done either by wrap-ping the cut end in moist gunny bagsor embedding in boxes containingmoist saw dust.

4. Prepare two or three nodedcuttings (cutting with 2-3 nodesleaving 5-7 cm on either side ofnodes) using preferably a hacksawor a sharp knife (dao). For thinwalled bamboos use of hacksaw isadvised to avoid splitting of the cutends (fig. 2a).

5. Make an opening (about 2 cm inlength and 1 cm in width) or drilltwo holes (about 7 mm diameter)in the centre of internode. Careshould be taken while making holethat axillary buds or branches onboth the nodes must lie in lateralplane to the ground (fig. 2b).

Treatment of cuttings for root induc-tion

1. Dissolve 20 g Boric Acid in half-liter water. Pour this solution to aclean container and add water tomake up 100 liters. Mix the solu-tion thoroughly by stirring. The fi-nal concentration of boric acid willbe 200 mg/liters of water or equiva-

Fig.-l. Trimming of side branches from each node and shoot tip ofbamboo culm.

(a)

Fig.-2. (a) Making culm cutting using hack-saw.(b) Making an opening (whole) in the centre of internode of

culm cutting (note the bamboo block or chip removed usinghack-saw and chisel).

(a)(c)

Fig.-3. Treatment of cuttings and closing of the whole of culm cavity.(a) Bamboo culm with cavity opened.(b) Solution being poured into the cavity.(c) Closing operation (note the removed chip replaced and tied

up with polythene strip after sealing the cavity).

(a) (b)

Fig.-4.(a) Bed with furrows prepared for planting.(b) Treated cuttings planted in bed.

(a) (b)

Fig.-4.(a) Well rooted and sprouted cuttings being separated usinghack-saw.

(b) Propagule transplanted in polybag.

lent to 200 ppm (part per million).This solution is sufficient to treat 1000cuttings.

2. Pour about 100 ml of the solutionto the culm cavity. To avoid spill-age, use wash bottle or funnel topour the solution through thedrilled holes. (fig. 3b)

3. Close the hole by melted wax or bywrapping and tying with a polythenestrip ( 6 cm width X 60 cm length).Ensure that the polythene wrappingis tight so that solution does not leakout (fig. 3c). Keep the cuttings hori-zontally with the opening facing up-wards.

4. After extraction, culm cuttingsshould be treated with Boric acidas quickly as possible (preferablythe same day). If the planting siteis far away and there is unavoid-able delay for planting, the treatedcuttings can be preserved up tothree days by keeping in moist saw-dust.

Planting of cuttings

1. Make 10 to 16 cm deep furrowsat a distance of 40 to 50 cm apartacross the nursery beds (fig. 4a).Depth and distance of furrowscan be decreased or increased de-pending on the diameter of culmcuttings.

2. Place the cuttings in furrows hori-zontally across the nursery beds insuch a way that the hole/openingfacing upward or buds placed lat-erally (fig. 4b). About 50-60 cut-tings may be conveniently plantedon a raised nursery bed of 10 m X1.0 m size. Cover the cuttings witha 2-3 cm layer of soil.

Nursery management - Shade

Nursery beds must be providedwith a layer of mulch i.e. thatch ordry grass/straw to conserve the mois-ture and protect the cuttings from di-rect sunlight, which may be removedat the onset or monsoon.

Watering schedule

The beds should be watered regu-larly in the morning and evening with30 to 40 liters of water per bed ateach watering. Take due care to avoidover watering and water logging.

Fungicidal treatment

Treat the sprouts after one monthwith 0.01% a.i. (active ingredient) ofBevistin to avoid fungal attack.

Manuring

If soil is poor and find necessary,fully decomposed farm yard manuremay be applied to increase the vigourof the sprouts. This can be applied

when sprouting is completed, otherwise shoots emerging from soil may getdamaged during application.

Transplanting

Sprouting can be noticed within 15days and root development takes about1 to 2 months. Rhizome developmentand new shoot emergence takes 3 - 4months. Rooted cuttings can be exca-vated after flooding of beds and loos-ing the soil. Plants are transplanted tothe field during June-July (after about4 - 6 months). Those cuttings sproutedand rooted from both nodes, can beseparated by cutting carefully at themiddle of the culm cutting (internode)to get two plantlets (fig. 5 a &b).

If there is need to transport theplants to long distance, then excavatedplants should be transplanted in largesize (30 X 30 cm) polybags. These areto be watered twice daily and kept inshade for initial five days. When plantsare established properly in bags, theycan be transported or shifted to openbeds.

Precautions

Avoid collection of culms from theclumps, which are likely to flower innear future because new clumps devel-oped from such cuttings will also flowerand perish along with the motherclump. The year in which the clumpsare likely to flower can be found out bychecking the previous flowering record

from the area and the flowering cycle ofthe species.

Propagation during the spring and rainyseason i.e. March to October gives betterresults in comparison of winter season foralmost all species of bamboos. During win-ter season the sprouting and rooting rateare very poor due to unfavourable climaticconditions as well as due to low contentof carbohydrates and hormones in thebamboo culms.

Propagation through Branch cuttingmethod:

Thick walled bamboo species likeBambusa balcooa (Bhaluka), B.bambos, B. vulgaris, B. wamin,Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, D. asperetc. produces stout branches often withbasal nodes of branches with root pri-mordia. These branches are cut andcarefully extracted from 1-3 year oldculm. 3-4 noded cuttings are preparedfrom such branches and planted in topropagation beds obliquely vertical.The cut portion above is sealed withmolten wax. A treatment of rootinghormone like IB A, NAA or some com-mercial preparation will give better re-sults. Cuttings can also be best propa-gated in mist chamber. The cuttings areburied at least 7-10 cm below in sandbed in mist chamber. The sprouting androoting will take place in 1-4 monthtime and can be transplanted to poly-pots kept in shade beds initially and thenthese seedlings can be stocked in openbeds. These seedlings are ready for plant-

ing in 6 months to 1 year time. Though notso commonly practiced this is a more eco-nomical and effective method of propaga-tion.

Propagation through layering andMarcotting:

There are three types of layeringprocedures i.e. ground or simple layer-ing, air - layering or marcotting andstump layering. In ground layering, a 1year old culm is pruned without injuryto dormant buds and half buried underwell prepared soil media in such a waythat the buds along each side of the culmare in lateral position (fig. 6b).Marcotting involves bending of oneyear old culm so that all the nodes comewithin easy reach of the worker. Thebranches of the nodes are pruned toabout 2.5 to 4 cm from node in such a

manner that dormant buds are not dam-aged or injured. An admixture of gardensoil, leaf mould and rootex, Rootone orany other commercial rooting hormonepreparation is placed around each nodeand longitudinally wrapped with coconutfiber or water hyacinth roots. This is thensecurely tied at both ends. Successfullyrooted nodes are separated from the stemto become a new plant with its own rootsand planted in field (fig. 6a).

Rooting whether aerial or groundcan also be induced in some bamboospecies by detasseling of shoot top andremoving the newly emerging culmsfrom the clump. About 28% success hasbeen reported by both air and groundlayering in bamboos mainly in mid culmzone, but it varies from species to species.April and May are best period of the yearfor such layering works.

Polythene strip tiedusing thread over nodeand pruned branches

Branch pruningusing secateur

(a) Air layering

Fig.-6. Air layering (marcotting) and ground layering of bamboo culms for rooting. (b) Ground layering

Bamboo propagation at a glanceConventional:

1) Through seed.

Seed Sowing in Nurserybed Transplanting to polybagsKeep shade beds transfer to openbeds

2) Rhizome/Offset.

Identify healthy clumsSelect 1-2 year old culm extentculm with basal rhizome avoiddamage to other culms prepareplanting stock with basal 3-5 nodesand rooted rhizomes preparedlarge pits in planting sites plantoffsets/rhizomes with top portioncovered by poly bags water ifneeded. Avoid extraction in grow-ing season.

Non-conventional :

3) Macroproliferation :

Raise seed raised seedlings5-9 month old with 4-5 culmsseparate each culm with roots andrhizomes attached transplant toindividual poly bags keep inshade water regularly • repeatprocess when seedlings ready oruse for plantation.

4) Culm cutting :

Select 1-2 year old culmextract culm discard top portionof culm and trim lateral branches

cut into 2 noded segmentsmake a hold in the internodepour boric acid solution coverthe hole plant horizontally inraised nursery beds water regu-larly protect sprouts separaterooted seedlings plants ready forfield planting.

Branch cutting :

Select good culms of thickwalled bamboos extract basallateral branches with root pri-mordial, cut into 2-3 noded seg-ments dip in hormone solution

plant in sand beds in mist cham-ber seel exposed cut endstransplant rooted sprouted branchsegments to poly bags keep inshade after 6 months ready forplanting.

Layering and marcotting :

1 year old culm prune thebranches half bury under soilmedia. For marcotting place mix-ture of garden soil, leaf mould androoting hormone at each nodewrap with coconut fibre andpolythene rooted nodes sepa-rated new plants planted in field.

Appendix-I

SOME SELECTED BAMBOOS HAVING INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND THEIR USES:

Species

Bambusa balcooa

Bambusa bambos

Bambusa nutans

Bambusa pallida

Bambusa teres

Bambusa tulda

Gigantochloamacrostachya

Melocanna baccifera

Phyllostachysbambusoides

Uses

Building construction, Agarbathi sticks, edible shoots.

Building construction, ladder, tent pole, making baskets,mats, agricultural implements.

Construction, pulp, basketry, handicrafts.

Construction, mats, basketry, edible shoots.

Baskets, mats, agarbathi sticks, foodgrain containers.

Construction, pulp, basketry, mats, toys, handicrafts.

Construction, pulp, basketry, mats, toys, handicrafts.

Construction, pulp, basketry, mats, toys, handicrafts, walling,foodgrain containers.

Construction, mats, walling, splits, edible.

BAMBOO SPECIES FOR PLANTING IN DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

Low altitude (Tropical conditions) below 1000m MSL

Bambusa balcooa ( Baluka)

Bambusa bambos (Kata bans)

Bambusa nutans( Mokal)

Bambusa pallida ( Bijuli)

Bambusa teres ( Paora)

Bambusa tulda ( Jati)

Gigantochloa macrostachya (Tekserah)

Melocanna baccifera ( Muli)

High altitudes above 1000m MSL

Bambusa nutans ( Mokal)

Bambusa tulda ( Jati)

Phyllostachys bambusoides ( Apatani bans )

Clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Non clump forming

Clump forming

Clump forming

Non clump forming