Female Reproductive System LEC Stud Copy

8/3/2019 Female Reproductive System LEC Stud Copy

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FEMALEREPRODUCTIVESYSTEMCECILLE W. BARRERA NCM 102 2009-2010


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FEMALE

INTERNALREPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM


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The primary sex

organs are the

ovaries which

produce eggs(ova) and the

female sex

hormones

estrogen andprogesterone.

These sex

hormones

increase at

puberty anddecrease after

menopause.


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Both male and

femalereproductive

systems have

gonads: ovaries in

females (which

produce oocytes)

and testes in males

(which produce

sperm).


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Both systems have gonads that produce gametes and sex hormones,

and both systems are latent until puberty. However,males have

continuous sperm production after puberty while females have a

relatively fixed number of ova released periodically.


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The primary sex

organs are the

ovaries. The

accessory sexorgans include

the uterine tubes

(Fallopian tubes),

uterus, vagina,

clitoris, and

mammary glands


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The parietal peritoneum dips down between the uterus and the bladder to

form the vesicouterine pouch. It also dips down between the uterus and

the rectum to form the rectouterine pouch(Douglas cul-de-sac)

Vesicouterine

pouch


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Menstrual CycleFirst Phase

HypothalamusGnRH

Transmitted to Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypohysis)

Stimulates the production of Gonadotropic Hormone FSH &LH

(In the ovary)

Maturation of oocytes (Primordial follicles) by FSH inside

(the follicle is a protective sac or thin layer of cells in the

ovary)Production of clear fluid (Follicular Fluid) which contains

high level of Estrogen & some Progesterone


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2nd Phase

Ovulation

(release of mature ovum from the ovary-Grafian follicle)

Decrease of FSH & Increase LHLH is responsible for production of Lutein, which is turn Increase the

level of Progesterone with some Estrogen

Fills empty follicle termed as Corpus Luteum (yellow body)

Ischemic PhaseConception No Conception

Final Phase

Unfertilized Ovum atropines after 4-5 days & the Corpus Luteum will be

replaced by while fibrous tissue (Corpus Albicans)

MENTRUATION


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Estrogenresponsible for secondary female

characteristics

Progesterone

responsible for preparation of

uterus for implantation

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

responsible for maturation of ovum

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)responsible for

ovulation & growth of uterine lining during

secondary half of menstrual cycle.

Uterine Changes during Menstrual Cycle


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Uterine Changes during Menstrual Cycle1. First Phase/Proliferative/Follicular/Post Mentrual

Phase Following the menstrual flow, the endometrium or lining of

the uterus is very thin Ovary begins to form estrogen under the direction of

Pituitary FSH

Endometrium proliferates increasing in thickness &continues during 1st half of menstrual cycle (approx. 5-14days

2. Second Phase/Progestational/Luteal/Pre-MenstrualSecretory Phase

Following ovulation , the formation of progesterone in

Corpus Luteum (under the direction of LH) causes theglands of the uterine endometrium to becomecocksrew or twisted.

Endometrial lining appears to be spongy velvetbecause of increase capillaries


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3. Ischemic Phase

Unless fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum

regress after 8-10 days Decrease production of Estrogen & Progesterone

level

Endometrium degenerates (approx. 24-25 day of

the cycle). The capillaries rupture with minutehemorrhage & endometrium sloughs off

4.Menses & Final Phase

Blood from ruptured capillaries, fragments ofendometrial tissue, microscopic atrophiedunfertilized ovum is discharged

The only external marker of the cycle.


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Note that the sperm cells must migrate against the flow created bythe cilia in the Fallopian tube.


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Fertilization occurs within the Fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine

tubes, or salpinges)

AMPULLA- siteof Fertilization


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fimbriae

Fallopian tube

Infundibulum


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If implantation occurs outside the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy

occurs. An egg getting stuck in the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy)

is a common site for such ectopic pregnancies. See the clinical view


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Ectopic pregnancy


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The uterus is a thick-walledmuscular organ shaped like an

inverted pear. It is where an

egg normally implants.


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Note layers

to uterine

wall


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Bi-manual pelvic exam to

palpate uterus


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Uterine prolapse


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Pap smear being collected from cervix

with the help of a circular speculum


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of the cervix


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Douglas cul-de-sac

S i i d i i i h h h l f l d f


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Culdocentesis-to remove

fluid to

diagnose

PelvicInflammatory

Disease (PID).

Syringe inserted into vagina with the help of a speculum and forceps


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Normalhysterosalpingography

Abnormal

hysterosalpingographyshowing blocked

Fallopian tubes.


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Note inflation


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Note inflation

with carbon

dioxide gas.


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FEMALE

EXTERNALREPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM


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Sperm deposited in thevagina quickly

encounter the egg in the

Fallopian tube so

fertilization can occur.

The vagina

is the

copulatory

organ of

the female


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Female external

genitalia (vulva)


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Vagina

The vagina is about 3.6 inches long and extends from the vaginal

orifice to the cervix. The uterus attaches at nearly a 90 degree angle

Note that females unlike males have an open road from their


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START

FINISH

Note that females, unlike males, have an open road from their

vagina all the way to their peritoneal cavity. This makes PID more

likely.


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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

is a common cause of infertility and

ectopic pregnancies because it either

narrows or blocks the Fallopian tubes.

A i h ld b


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A wet suit should be

worn to prevent

contaminated lake

water being propelledby hydrostatic

pressure up the vagina,

uterus, and Fallopian

tubes into the

peritoneal cavity when

a female water skier

falls. The is also a

concern in high

velocity water slides.Pelvic inflammatory

disease could result.


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FEMALE BREAST

(Mammary Glands)


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Mammary glands

are the glands within

the breast.


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The nipple

contains erectile

tissue and issurrounded by the

pigmented areola.


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During

pregnancy the

areola becomesdarker and

enlarges,

presumably to

become more

conspicuous to a

nursing infant.


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Each mammary gland is

composed of 15-20 lobes,

each with its own drainage

pathway to the nipple

Milk is produced


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Milk is produced

in the alveoli in

the lobes of a

lactating female,

which is then

collected into

tiny ducts. These

ducts merge into

lactiferous ducts,each of which

expand into a

lactiferous sinus

near the nipple.The milk is then

ejected from the

nipple.


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Stimulation of the

maternal nipple is

essential in promoting

production and release

of milk.


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Inverted nipple

Normal nipple


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In

mammography

the breast is

compressed to

thin it out and

then x-rays are

employed to

detectabnormalities

early.

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