FDR and the Shadow of War
description
Transcript of FDR and the Shadow of War
![Page 1: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FDR and the Shadow of War
Chapter 34
![Page 2: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Essential Question
• What caused WWII to develop?• What is appeasement and why did it not
work?• Why was the US not able to remain neutral in
WWII?
![Page 3: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
London Economic Conference
• 66 nation meeting in 1933• Goal: Stabilize international currencies to ease
trade, fight Great Depression• FDR does not participate; fears that by
agreeing to this he may put domestic economics in jeopardy.
• Conference a failure, leads to increased extreme nationalism internationally.
![Page 4: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Filipinos and Soviets
• Labor Unions and sugar producers were hurt by competition from the Philippines.
• Tydings-McDuffie Act promised independence in 1946.
• US had little concern for Filipinos, no concern about land hungry Japan.
• FDR also recognized the USSR in 1933, in hopes of bolstering trade.
![Page 5: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Good Neighbor Policy
• FDR saw that armed intervention was not working in Latin America.
• Wanted our neighbors to be on our side to help fight totalitarianism in Western Hem.
• Withdrew troops from Haiti, repealed the Platt Amendment (Cuba), reached peaceful settlement with Mexico after seizure of US oil companies.
![Page 6: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reciprocal Trade
• Reciprocal Trade Agreement: 1934, gave FDR power to lower tariffs as much as 50% as long as the other nation agreed to do the same.
• US foreign trade increased dramatically.• Paved way for post WWII trend of
international free trade.
![Page 7: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
• Democracy struggled around the globe.• The European democracies created by
Versailles folded under the Great Depression.• Totalitarianism: individual unimportant; state
was everything.
![Page 8: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Soviet Union• Joseph Stalin• Communism• Suppressed all internal
opposition; sent political opponents to death camps.
• Ruthless to his own people.• 5 Year Plan of
Industrialization caused famine; 5 million dead
![Page 9: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Italy
• Benito Mussolini• Fascism• Seized control of Italy in
1922.• Wanted to restore Italy
to a world power.• Repressed poor, political
opponents• Invaded and conquered
Ethiopia in 1935.
![Page 10: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Germany• Adolph Hitler• Fascism• Used displeasure of
Germans over Versailles and Social Darwinism to gain support.
• Rearmed Germany, allied with Italy (Berlin-Rome Axis)
• Hates Jews, Commies, and France!
![Page 11: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Japan
• Emperor Hirohito a puppet, real power lied in military (Hideki Tojo)
• Craved land, territories.• Displeased over
Versailles, European domination of Asia.
• Allied with Italy, Germany
![Page 12: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Isolationism
• Great Depression, failure of League of Nations, unpaid debt from WWI, and geographic position all contribute to US neutrality.
![Page 13: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Isolationism
• Many Americans blamed banks and munitions makers for WWI.
• Congress passes Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)
• Prohibits Americans selling weapons or making loans to nations at war.
• Made no distinction between aggressors or victims.
• Shortsighted approach; US failed to recognize that our power may help shape international events.
![Page 14: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Spanish Civil War• 1936-1939• Loyalists (Democracy, aided
by USSR) v. Fascist (aided by Germany and Italy)
• Fascist Leader Francisco Franco
• US fails to aid loyalists because of Neutrality Acts and connection to USSR.
• Franco crushes loyalists.
![Page 15: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Appeasing Japan
• 1937 Japan invades China• US does not declare that
it is a war, therefore we sell arms to both China and Japan.
• FDR gives “Quarantine Speech” –US should use economics to stop aggressors.
• US public reacts negatively, still largely isolationist.
• Japan sinks US supply ship near China, humiliate Americans in China; US accepts apology.
• US sticks to isolationist guns.
![Page 16: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“The last territorial claim I have to make in Europe”- Hitler
• Hitler militarizes Rhineland (1936) in direct opposition to Versailles.
• Begins Holocaust• 1938, annexes Austria• France, UK grow uneasy.• Hitler demands the
Sudetenland, in Western Czechoslovakia.
• Trying to avoid war, France and UK agree to the Munich Pact: Hitler takes Sud. In exchange for promise that he will take nothing else.
• Surprise! – Hitler lies, 6 months later takes all of Czechoslovakia.
![Page 17: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Munich Pact
![Page 18: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hitler’s Game• Hitler and Stalin hated
each other• World shocked when both
sign a Nonaggression Pact• Secretly, they both agreed
to invade and divide Poland, which Versailles had created from land taken from both.
• Stalin hoped that Germany would war with UK and France, leaving the USSR as the only power in Europe.
• Sep. 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.
• UK and France finally see appeasement not working, declare war.
![Page 19: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
US’ Uneasy Isolationism
• Americans overwhelmingly hoped democracies would win.
• Congress passed a new Neutrality Act in 1939; allowed democracies to buy weapons with cash and transport them on their own vessels.– Avoid debt and US loss of ships/lives
• Immediate boom to the US economy.
![Page 21: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
French Strength?• Initial months known as the
“Phony War”, no fighting took place.
• Hitler moved his troops to the western front for an all-out assault on France.
• 1940: Hitler quickly takes out Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and France.
• Blitzkrieg: German attack; fast moving tanks, air support.
• UK troops in France forced back to beaches.
• Massive civilian/military evacuation of 300,000+ troops at Dunkirk/ Britain lives to fight another day.
• US responds by building up navy, enactment of the Selective Service Act (1st peacetime draft), and agreeing to protect UK, French, Dutch and Danish colonies by invoking the Monroe Doctrine.
![Page 22: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Winston Churchill• Opposed appeasement/ Munich
Pact• Prime Minister of UK• “... we shall fight in France, we
shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”
![Page 23: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Battle of Britain
• 1940: Hitler launches air raids on UK.
• Wanted to soften them up before invasion.
• UK had new invention: radar; warned of incoming invasions.
• After months, Hitler calls off the Blitz.
![Page 24: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
American Neutrality Bends
• America First Committee: Antiwar group, lead by Charles Lindbergh
• US trades 50 old ships for UK bases in Canada, Caribbean.
• Some cheer, some jeer
![Page 25: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1940 Election
• Republicans nominate former Democrat Wendell Willkie.– “You have been a
Democrat all your life. I don’t mind the church converting a whore, but I don’t like her to lead the choir the first night.”
– Platform condemned New Deal
• FDR breaks tradition and runs for a 3rd term.
• Nation split between pro and anti-war.
• With war looming, Americans choose a proven leader: FDR.
• Electoral College = 449 v 82
![Page 26: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1940 Election
![Page 27: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Lend-Lease Act
• Congress finally gives real aid to the “Allies”• Lend-Lease Act: 1941, US will let Allies “borrow”
guns, tanks, planes, ships, etc. When the war ends they will “return” them.
• Geared US factories toward war production.• US no longer could claim neutrality, they were
picking a side.• US eventually lends $50 billion worth of
weapons.
![Page 28: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hitler’s Fatal Mistake
• 1941: Hitler ignores the Nonaggression Pact, suddenly invades USSR.
• Hoped to catch Stalin off guard, seize their oil and weapon factories.
• USSR suffers early losses, finally stops the Nazi’s near Moscow.
• Hitler had messed with the wrong dude!
![Page 29: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Atlantic Charter
• 1941 Conference between Churchill and FDR.• Outlined plans for world peace.• Borrowed heavily from Wilson’s 14 Points.• USSR adopts agreements.
![Page 30: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wolf-Pack Attacks
• Hitler’s U-Boats patrolled the Atlantic.• US used Convoy System to deliver goods to
UK, USSR.• Inevitably US and German naval forces clash.• FDR issues a “shoot-on-sight” policy for
dealing with Axis ships.• One step closer to all out war.
![Page 31: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
A Day That Will Live in Infamy
• Japan desperately needed oil and steel to fuel it’s war efforts.
• 1940: US imposes embargo on Japan.• Japan’s options-1. Halt war or 2. Attack the oil
and iron rich territories of US, UK, France, Netherlands in Pacific.
• US expects an attack on the Philippines, but not………
![Page 32: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941• 3,000 US dead• Pacific fleet’s battleships wiped out.• Luckily, all aircraft carriers were not present.• Japan had hoped that Americans would continue
appeasement have no stomach for war.• They were wrong• US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy.
![Page 33: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pearl Harbor
![Page 34: FDR and the Shadow of War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816307550346895dd3834d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pearl Harbor