FDRFDR The Shadow of WarThe Shadow of War

Collective Security in Collective Security in 1920s1920s VersaillesVersailles Treaty & L of N Treaty & L of N Wash. Wash. DisarmamentDisarmament Conf. Conf. LocarnoLocarno Pact (1926) Pact (1926) KelloggKellogg-Briand (1928)-Briand (1928) War War DebtDebt Repayment Repayment Great Great DepressionDepression

American Foreign American Foreign Policy in the 1930sPolicy in the 1930s

London Economic London Economic Conference (1933)Conference (1933) 6666 nations meet in summer nations meet in summer PurposePurpose: Attack : Attack depressiondepression

by:by:–Stabilizing Stabilizing currenciescurrencies

–Reviving international Reviving international tradetrade

FDR has second thoughts FDR has second thoughts about the effect on our own about the effect on our own recoveryrecovery & sends a telegram & sends a telegram killingkilling the conference the conference

US one-sidedness increased US one-sidedness increased global global tensionstensions & feelings of & feelings of nationalismnationalism

Shows Shows HitlerHitler & & MussoliniMussolini that that US will not intervene in US will not intervene in EuropeEurope

Recognition of the Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933)Soviet Union (1933) FDR extends full FDR extends full diplomaticdiplomatic

relations with the relations with the USSRUSSR Believed Believed RussiaRussia could aid in could aid in

the the containmentcontainment of Germany & of Germany & JapanJapan

Plus wanted Plus wanted tradetrade with the with the USSRUSSR

Soviets promised not to use Soviets promised not to use propagandapropaganda in the US but in the US but they liedthey lied

US US loansloans to USSR did not to USSR did not materialize: bad materialize: bad credit riskcredit risk

US/USSR US/USSR tradetrade did not did not developdevelop

ConservativesConservatives condemned condemned FDRFDR

Philippine Philippine Independence Independence (1933)(1933) Depression problems led to Depression problems led to

call for call for PhilippinePhilippine independenceindependence

People tired of the People tired of the expenseexpense Organized Organized laborlabor upset over upset over

low wagelow wage Filipino workers Filipino workers

American American sugarsugar producers producers wanted to restrict wanted to restrict competitioncompetition

1934 bill called for 1934 bill called for Philippine independence Philippine independence following a following a 10-year10-year transition periodtransition period

US wanted to retain our US wanted to retain our naval basesnaval bases

Latin America: Good Latin America: Good Neighbor PolicyNeighbor Policy Depression lessened Depression lessened

economic interesteconomic interest in in Caribbean & Latin AmericaCaribbean & Latin America

FDR wanted FDR wanted Latin AmericaLatin America to help guard western to help guard western hemisphere from aggressionhemisphere from aggression

1933: At 71933: At 7thth Pan American Pan American Conference the US Conference the US repudiates the repudiates the Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary

1934: US troops removed 1934: US troops removed from from HaitiHaiti

1936: 1936: PanamaPanama given more given more independence from US independence from US influenceinfluence

1938: 1938: MexicoMexico–US US oiloil properties seized & properties seized & oiloil

producers call for producers call for militarymilitary interventionintervention

–FDR refuses & FDR refuses & negotiatesnegotiates a a settlement by 1941settlement by 1941

FDR’s Good FDR’s Good Neighbor Neighbor Policy made Policy made him very him very popular in popular in Latin Latin AmericaAmerica

Reciprocal Trade Reciprocal Trade AgreementsAgreements Secretary of State Secretary of State Cordell Cordell

HullHull believed in low believed in low tariffstariffs & free & free tradetrade

Reciprocal TradeReciprocal Trade Agreement Agreement Act (1934) Act (1934) –Gave Gave presidentpresident right to right to

negotiatenegotiate trade agreements & trade agreements & lowerlower barriers by 50% without barriers by 50% without direct direct SenateSenate approval approval

Used to chip away at the Used to chip away at the Hawley-SmootHawley-Smoot Tariff Tariff

HullHull will negotiate 21 pacts will negotiate 21 pacts by 1939 which will bring by 1939 which will bring better better foreign relationsforeign relations for for the USthe US

World Turmoil in the World Turmoil in the 1930s1930s

Rise of Rise of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism –1922: 1922: MussoliniMussolini in Italy in Italy

–1924: 1924: StalinStalin in Russia in Russia

–1933: 1933: HitlerHitler in Germany in Germany

–1930s: 1930s: MilitaristsMilitarists in Japan in Japan

Nazi GermanyNazi Germany

Il Il DuceDuce

Major Events of the Major Events of the Early 1930sEarly 1930s 1932: 1932: ManchurianManchurian Incident Incident–LyttonLytton Commission Report Commission Report

condemns Japancondemns Japan

–Japan quits the Japan quits the League of League of NationsNations

1934: Japan terminates the 1934: Japan terminates the Washington Washington NavalNaval AgreementAgreement

1935: Japan walks out of the 1935: Japan walks out of the London London NavalNaval Conference & Conference & begins building begins building battleshipsbattleships

1935: 1935: ItalyItaly invades invades EthiopiaEthiopia & the League of & the League of Nations does nothingNations does nothing

1936: 1936: Rome-BerlinRome-Berlin Axis Axis formedformed

Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis

US Isolationism & US Isolationism & NeutralityNeutrality

US fearful of US fearful of involvementinvolvement in in global troublesglobal troubles

Angry over the Angry over the debtdebt situationsituation

Hopeful that the Hopeful that the oceansoceans will will keep us out conflictskeep us out conflicts

Nye Committee Nye Committee (1934)(1934) Investigates rumors that the Investigates rumors that the

US US arms manufacturersarms manufacturers had had made exorbitant made exorbitant profitsprofits from from WW IWW I

Committee blames the war Committee blames the war on “on “merchants of deathmerchants of death” not ” not German German U-boatsU-boats

The Neutrality ActsThe Neutrality Acts Congress Congress

passes a passes a series of series of neutralityneutrality acts in 1935, acts in 1935, ’36, & ‘37’36, & ‘37

When the president declares When the president declares that a that a state of warstate of war exists no exists no American citizen may:American citizen may:–sail on a sail on a belligerentbelligerent ship ship

–sell or transport sell or transport munitionsmunitions to to either either belligerentbelligerent party party

–loan loan moneymoney to either side to either side

Results of LawsResults of Laws Abandoned the concept of Abandoned the concept of

““Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas”” Weakened American Weakened American foreignforeign

policypolicy & armed forces & armed forces Strengthened foreign Strengthened foreign

dictatorsdictators

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936)(1936) Fascist leader Fascist leader Francisco Francisco

FrancoFranco leads a revolt leads a revolt against leftist republican against leftist republican government of the government of the LoyalistsLoyalists

War in War in SpainSpain becomes a becomes a dress rehearsaldress rehearsal for WW II for WW II

Death of a LoyalistDeath of a Loyalist

Franco aided by Franco aided by Nazi Nazi GermanyGermany & & ItalyItaly

Loyalists aided by the Loyalists aided by the Soviet Soviet UnionUnion

SovietSoviet aid turns many aid turns many people in people in AmericaAmerica against against the Loyaliststhe Loyalists

Congress imposed an Congress imposed an embargoembargo against both sides against both sides

Franco, with Franco, with GermanGerman guns & guns & planes, planes, crushedcrushed the the LoyalistsLoyalists

DepressionDepression & & IsolationismIsolationism led to a decline in American led to a decline in American militarymilitary strength strength

FDR began to call for FDR began to call for preparednesspreparedness while while pledging to keep us out of pledging to keep us out of warwar

1938 Congress passed a 1938 Congress passed a major major Naval AppropriationsNaval Appropriations billbill

Too Too littlelittle, too , too latelate

Appeasement Against Appeasement Against AggressionAggression

Japanese Japanese AggressionAggression 1937: Incident at the 1937: Incident at the Marco Marco

PoloPolo Bridge & Japanese Bridge & Japanese invasion of invasion of ChinaChina

FDR did not invoke the FDR did not invoke the NeutralityNeutrality Act Act

ArmsArms can be sold to both can be sold to both sidessides

The Rape of NanjingThe Rape of Nanjing

1937: FDR makes his 1937: FDR makes his ““quarantinequarantine the the aggressoraggressor” ” speech hinting at the need speech hinting at the need for an for an embargoembargo against against JapanJapan

Quarantine the Quarantine the AggressorsAggressors

Speech leads to protests by Speech leads to protests by isolationistsisolationists

FDR backs down on his FDR backs down on his rhetoricrhetoric

Panay Incident Panay Incident (1937)(1937) Japanese planes strafe & Japanese planes strafe &

sink the sink the AmericanAmerican gunship gunship PanayPanay in China in China

Americans agree to Americans agree to Japanese Japanese reparationsreparations & & accept their accept their apologyapology

Remember the Remember the PanayPanay?? American citizens are American citizens are

harassedharassed & & beatenbeaten in China in China

German German AggressionAggression 1935: Hitler institutes 1935: Hitler institutes

compulsorycompulsory militarymilitary service service 1936: German army 1936: German army

reoccupies & arms the reoccupies & arms the RhinelandRhineland

Reoccupation of the RhinelandReoccupation of the Rhineland

1936: 1936: Kristal NachtKristal Nacht marks marks the beginning of anti-the beginning of anti-JewishJewish pogroms in Germanypogroms in Germany

1938: 1938: AnschlussAnschluss - Germany - Germany annexes annexes AustriaAustria

Hitler Hitler Explains…Explains…

Munich Conference Munich Conference (1938)(1938) Germany seeks control of Germany seeks control of

the the SudetenlandSudetenland in in CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

MunichMunich Conference called to Conference called to halt German halt German aggressionaggression

The SudentenlandThe Sudentenland

Czechoslovakia is sold out Czechoslovakia is sold out at Munich & Germany gets at Munich & Germany gets the the SudetenlandSudetenland

Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain of of Great Britain declares it Great Britain declares it means “means “peace in our timepeace in our time””

Peace in Our Peace in Our Time...Time...

To history it is seen as To history it is seen as appeasementappeasement & & weaknessweakness

1939: 1939: CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia invaded by Germanyinvaded by Germany

Czechs Czechs Welcome the Welcome the

NazisNazis

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins

August 1939: August 1939: USSRUSSR & & Germany sign the Molatov-Germany sign the Molatov-Ribbentrop Pact agreeing Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to to non-aggressionnon-aggression–Secret Clause: German-Secret Clause: German-

RussianRussian division of division of PolandPoland

Hitler Hitler & &

StalinStalin

September September 1, 1939: 1, 1939: Germany Germany invades invades PolandPoland beginning beginning World War IIWorld War II

Poland FallsPoland Falls

RHINELAND

AUSTRIA

SUDETENLAND

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

POLAND

POLAND

In 3 weeks the German In 3 weeks the German BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg defeats the Polish defeats the Polish armyarmy–Luftwaffe, Panzers, InfantryLuftwaffe, Panzers, Infantry

FranceFrance & & Great BritainGreat Britain declare war on Germanydeclare war on Germany

FDR declares the FDR declares the neutrality neutrality actsacts are in effect but calls are in effect but calls Congress into special Congress into special session to session to seek aidseek aid for the for the alliesallies

Neutrality Act of Neutrality Act of 19391939 European European democraciesdemocracies

would be able to purchase would be able to purchase American American war goodswar goods but but only on a “only on a “cash & carrycash & carry” ” basisbasis

RooseveltRoosevelt given the power given the power to declare to declare danger zonesdanger zones in in which Americans could not which Americans could not traveltravel & merchant ships & merchant ships could not could not tradetrade

Sales of US Sales of US war goodswar goods bring to an end the bring to an end the recessionrecession begun in 1937 begun in 1937

December 1939: FDR calls December 1939: FDR calls US to be “US to be “Arsenal of Arsenal of DemocracyDemocracy” in fireside chat” in fireside chat

The Phony War The Phony War endsends From fall of From fall of PolandPoland until until

April 1940, Germany backs April 1940, Germany backs off & off & repositionsrepositions its troops its troops

Period called the Period called the ““SitskriegSitskrieg””

1939: 1939: WinterWinter War War–USSRUSSR invades invades FinlandFinland

–US grants $US grants $3030 million in aid million in aid but but FinlandFinland falls to falls to RussiaRussia

April 1940: Germany April 1940: Germany invades invades NorwayNorway & & DenmarkDenmark

May 1940: Germany invades May 1940: Germany invades HollandHolland & & BelgiumBelgium

June 1940: Germany & Italy June 1940: Germany & Italy invade invade FranceFrance–BritishBritish forces barely able to forces barely able to

retreat from the continent at retreat from the continent at DunkirkDunkirk

–FranceFrance falls falls

–““VichyVichy France” established France” established

Nazis March into ParisNazis March into Paris

Parisians Welcome the NazisParisians Welcome the Nazis

BritainBritain is all that stands in is all that stands in the way of the way of FascistFascist control of control of Western EuropeWestern Europe

September 1940: September 1940: TripartiteTripartite Pact signed Pact signed between between BerlinBerlin, , RomeRome, , & & TokyoTokyo

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

London London Burns…Burns…

1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France

1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France

US Response US Response to the Warto the War

US begins preparing for war US begins preparing for war as Congress appropriates as Congress appropriates $37 billion$37 billion for for militarymilitary expansionexpansion

1940: 1940: Selective ServiceSelective Service Act Act –11stst peacetime peacetime draftdraft in America in America

–1.2 million 1.2 million troopstroops per year per year

Neutrality WanesNeutrality Wanes

The Draft BeginsThe Draft Begins

HavanaHavana Conference (1940) Conference (1940)–Makes the Makes the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine a a

unilateral declaration of all unilateral declaration of all western hemisphere stateswestern hemisphere states

FDR transfers surplus American FDR transfers surplus American war goodswar goods through dummy through dummy corporations to the Britishcorporations to the British

Committee to Committee to Defend Defend AmericaAmerica by the Aiding the by the Aiding the Allies Allies –Called for “all aid Called for “all aid short of short of

warwar” & sought to help ” & sought to help BritainBritain

America FirstAmerica First Committee Committee–Isolationist group whose Isolationist group whose

motto was the “motto was the “yanks are yanks are not comingnot coming” ”

–Leading spokesman was Leading spokesman was Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

–““FortressFortress America” America”

The Yanks The Yanks Aren’t Aren’t

Coming...Coming...

Destroyers for Destroyers for Bases Swap (1940)Bases Swap (1940) September 2: FDR September 2: FDR

negotiates to transfer negotiates to transfer 50 50 WW I vintage WW I vintage destroyersdestroyers to to Britain for Britain for naval basesnaval bases extending from Nova Scotia extending from Nova Scotia to South Americato South America

American DestroyersAmerican Destroyers

FDR does this FDR does this withoutwithout consulting or getting consulting or getting approval from approval from CongressCongress

Many Many isolationistsisolationists & anti- & anti-Roosevelt Republicans Roosevelt Republicans protestprotest FDR’s tactics FDR’s tactics

Public opinionPublic opinion polls show polls show that the majority of that the majority of American’s favor aiding American’s favor aiding the British -- “the British -- “short of warshort of war””

The 1940 ElectionThe 1940 ElectionThe 1940 ElectionThe 1940 Election RepublicanRepublican front runners front runners

are:are:–Robert TaftRobert Taft of Ohio (son of of Ohio (son of

the ex-president)the ex-president)

–Thomas E. Thomas E. DeweyDewey of NY of NY

The Nomination The Nomination goes to:goes to:The Nomination The Nomination goes to:goes to: Ex-Democrat Ex-Democrat Wendell WilkieWendell Wilkie

of Indianaof Indiana–Liberal Liberal WilkieWilkie called the called the

“rich-man’s “rich-man’s RooseveltRoosevelt””

Roosevelt Shatters the Roosevelt Shatters the PrecedentPrecedentRoosevelt Shatters the Roosevelt Shatters the PrecedentPrecedent FDR declares that although FDR declares that although

he yearns for he yearns for retirementretirement, the , the crisis in Europecrisis in Europe requires his requires his serviceservice

WilkieWilkie agrees with FDR’s agrees with FDR’s policiespolicies & so is not a major & so is not a major alternativealternative

FDR’s pledge to the MothersFDR’s pledge to the MothersFDR’s pledge to the MothersFDR’s pledge to the Mothers Roosevelt makes a speech Roosevelt makes a speech

in which he declares:in which he declares:–““Your boys are not going to Your boys are not going to

be sent into any be sent into any foreign foreign warswars.”.”

He had also pledged to He had also pledged to balance balance the budgetthe budget

Roosevelt wins another Roosevelt wins another landslide: landslide: 449449 to to 8282

Not as great as in ‘32 or ‘36, Not as great as in ‘32 or ‘36, but Congress still remains but Congress still remains DemocraticDemocratic

FDR’s real opponent was FDR’s real opponent was Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

Lend-Lease (1941)Lend-Lease (1941)Lend-Lease (1941)Lend-Lease (1941) FDR decided to lend & lease FDR decided to lend & lease

American American equipmentequipment to to BritainBritain–He likened it to giving a He likened it to giving a

neighbor your neighbor your garden hosegarden hose to to put out a put out a firefire

–Isolationist Isolationist Robert TaftRobert Taft likened it to likened it to chewing gumchewing gum - - you don’t want it backyou don’t want it back

Congress agrees with FDR’s Congress agrees with FDR’s pledge to make America the pledge to make America the ““Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy””

America makes an America makes an economiceconomic declaration of declaration of warwar eventually eventually totaling totaling $50 billion$50 billion

Hitler gets the message:Hitler gets the message:Hitler gets the message:Hitler gets the message: May 21, 1941: German May 21, 1941: German

submarine torpedoes the submarine torpedoes the Robin MoorRobin Moor,, a US a US merchant shipmerchant ship

Hitler Invades Hitler Invades RussiaRussiaHitler Invades Hitler Invades RussiaRussia Hitler’s need for Hitler’s need for oiloil & quest & quest for for lebensraumlebensraum leads to a full leads to a full scale invasion of the scale invasion of the USSRUSSR

June 22, 1941: Hitler June 22, 1941: Hitler launches Operation launches Operation BarbarossaBarbarossa - the crushing of - the crushing of RussiaRussia

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:

Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

FDR sends FDR sends aidaid to the to the Soviets to preserve Russia Soviets to preserve Russia to to fightfight Germany Germany

We began a We began a lend-leaselend-lease program that would program that would eventually top eventually top $11 billion$11 billion

Hitler’s forces Hitler’s forces stopped at the stopped at the gates of gates of MoscowMoscow

Atlantic ConferenceAtlantic ConferenceAtlantic ConferenceAtlantic Conference August 1941: FDR & August 1941: FDR &

ChurchillChurchill meet on a meet on a destroyer off Placentia Bay, destroyer off Placentia Bay, New FoundlandNew Foundland

Announce the Announce the eighteight-point -point Atlantic Atlantic CharterCharter

FDR & FDR & ChurchillChurchillFDR & FDR &

ChurchillChurchill

The Atlantic The Atlantic CharterCharterThe Atlantic The Atlantic CharterCharter Called for Self-Called for Self-Determination &Determination & an end to an end to ImperialismImperialism

DisarmamentDisarmament & the creation & the creation of system of of system of general general securitysecurity: (: (United NationsUnited Nations))

1941: FDR1941: FDR used his powers used his powers as Commander-in-Chief to as Commander-in-Chief to order navy ships to order navy ships to convoyconvoy merchant ships as far as merchant ships as far as IcelandIceland

HitlerHitler orders his ships to orders his ships to strike in “self-strike in “self-defensedefense””

The Shootin’ CommencesThe Shootin’ CommencesThe Shootin’ CommencesThe Shootin’ Commences September 1941: USS September 1941: USS

GreerGreer fired on fired on –FDR orders to “FDR orders to “shoot on shoot on

sightsight”” October 1941: The October 1941: The KearneyKearney

lost 11 menlost 11 men

The Reuben JamesThe Reuben JamesThe Reuben JamesThe Reuben James October 30, 1941: The October 30, 1941: The

Reuben JamesReuben James sunk with sunk with 100100 Americans dead Americans dead–Congress votes to end the Congress votes to end the

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

–Merchants could Merchants could armarm & enter & enter war zoneswar zones

Pearl HarborPearl HarborPearl HarborPearl Harbor 1940: US sets 1940: US sets embargoesembargoes

on Japanon Japan 1941: Japanese 1941: Japanese assetsassets in in

US frozen & all US frozen & all gasolinegasoline shipments endshipments end

Extent of Extent of Japanese Japanese Control, Control,

19411941

Japan sets its sights on Japan sets its sights on Southeast Asian Southeast Asian oil fieldsoil fields

Nov-Dec 1941: US & Japan Nov-Dec 1941: US & Japan negotiatenegotiate a solution to the a solution to the pending crisispending crisis

State Department insists State Department insists that Japan quit that Japan quit ChinaChina

US cracks Japanese US cracks Japanese secret secret codecode & knows an attack is & knows an attack is imminentimminent

FDR believes the attack FDR believes the attack will be on the will be on the PhilippinesPhilippines

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

December 7, 1941: December 7, 1941: “A day that will live in “A day that will live in

infamy”infamy”Japan attacks Pearl Japan attacks Pearl

HarborHarbor

December 7, 1941: December 7, 1941: “A day that will live in “A day that will live in

infamy”infamy”Japan attacks Pearl Japan attacks Pearl

HarborHarbor

Sunday, 7:55 a.m. - Sunday, 7:55 a.m. - Japanese Japanese bombersbombers attack attack Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

1919 US ships ( US ships (66 battleships) & battleships) & 150150 planes destroyed planes destroyed

24032403 US dead US dead

Japanese Japanese envoysenvoys are are delayed delivering delayed delivering message of warmessage of war to White to White House & come after word House & come after word has reached has reached WashingtonWashington of the attackof the attack

December 8, 1941: FDR December 8, 1941: FDR appears before appears before joint joint sessionsession of Congress of Congress declaring December 7 "a declaring December 7 "a day that will live in day that will live in infamyinfamy””

Congress votes to declare Congress votes to declare war on war on JapanJapan

FDR signs FDR signs declaration declaration

of warof war