FASH 15 textiles synthetic fibers. the polymers for synthetic fibers are synthesized or made from...
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Transcript of FASH 15 textiles synthetic fibers. the polymers for synthetic fibers are synthesized or made from...
FASH 15 textiles
synthetic fibers
synthetic fibers
the polymers for synthetic fibers are synthesized or made from small simple molecules (not naturally occurring)
often petroleum-based chemicals (petrochemicals) using complex procedures—less than 1% of total use per year
different chemical compounds used to produce nylon, polyester, olefin & acrylic
synthetic fibers—common properties
heat sensitivity —fibers that soften or melt with heat; differ in their level of sensitivity; use care washing, ironing & dry cleaning
chemical resistance —fibers do not absorb water, solvents, acids, or bases; resist soiling; difficult to dye
piling —formation of tiny balls (tangled fiber ends) on fabric surface due to abrasion; strength of fibers keeps balls from falling off naturally
synthetic fibers—common properties
static electricity—generated by friction; more rapid in cold, dry regions; attracts dust, soil, & lint—brushing to remove increases problem
oleophilic—high affinity for oils & greases
synthetic fibers—common manufacturing processes: melt spinning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr8cbpAt9oQ
participation activity:melt spinning
…working in groups of 4, collect the necessary equipment
•tweezers•candle•matches
…once you have set up your “lab”carefully take turns trying out melt spinning
•heat the fabric until some melts•quickly draw out the melt with tweezers
HOW UNIFORM ARE YOUR “FIBERS”?
•polyester fabric (4 pieces)•cup of water•foil
synthetic fibers—common manufacturing processes
drawing—aligns molecules in more parallel, crystalline, oriented arrangement; drawn to develop desirable strength, pliability, toughness & elasticity
heat setting—uses heat to stabilize the shape & dimensions of yarns or fabric; after cooling, fabric/ yarn stable at heat lower than at which it was set
synthetic fibers—identification
burn tests used to identify presence of some; not good for blends or fibers that are flame-retardant or heat resistant—does not identify specifics
microscopic appearance not reliable because so easily modified
solubility tests only procedure that differentiate among synthetics
synthetic fibers—common modificationsfiber shape & size
because of melt-spinning process, changing cross-sectional shape is relatively easy—spinneret hole
hollow fibers provide better thermal properties & lighter weight, hide soil
•trilobal, pentalobal, & multilobal fibers used in apparel & interiors•flatribbon fibers used in formalwear •channel fibers used in activewear
synthetic fibers—common modifications
low-piling fibers—engineered to minimize pill formation; decreases fiber’s flex life
high-tenacity fibers—produced by combining drawing with molecular-chain-length modifications; tow ropes, air bags, parachute cords
low-elongation fibers—stretch less under force, but as strong as regular fibers; apparel & interior items that receive hard use—work apparel & heavy-duty upholstery
synthetic fibers—nylon
the first synthetic fiber—1939 by DuPont
introduced to public in women’s hosiery
unlike any fiber in use at the time—stronger, more abrasion resistant, excellent elasticity, heat set, lightweight, chemical resistant
also had drawbacks—static buildup, poor hand, poor comfort on skin, low resistance to sunlight
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFEHKRdXb9Y&feature=related
synthetic fibers—nylon
production—made from various substances; numbers after name indicate # of carbon atoms in starting materials nylon 6,6
physical structure—available in multifilament, monofilament, staple in a variety of lengths & tow in a wide range of deniers & shapes, as partially drawn or completely finished filaments
produced in bright, semi-dull & dull lusters with varying degrees of strength
synthetic fibers—nylon
physical structure
synthetic fibers—properties of nylon
aesthetics—smooth, lightweight, high strength; can be lustrous, semi-lustrous, or dull; varied drape depending upon use; voids & flat sides scatter light & hide soil
durability—outstanding durability; excellent strength & high elongation; excellent abrasion resistance
comfort—not as comfortable to wear as natural fibers; great for wind- and water-resistant jackets
synthetic fibers—properties of nylon
appearance retention—•highly resilient due to heat-setting; pleats, creases & embossed designs become integral•compressional resiliency important in carpets•shrinkage resistance high due to heat set & low absorbency
care—•hot water may cause permanent wrinkling but can help remove oily stains•color scavenger•dries quickly•resistant to mildew, insects & fungi; low sunlight resistance
synthetic fibers—nylon environmental concerns & sustainability
•all concerns associated with petrochemicals—made from by-products (waste)•production consumes more energy than polyester or cotton•nitrous oxide is emitted from production facilities•processing uses few cleaning chemicals•less water, salt & acid used for dyeing•recycling reasonable—carpet recycled to a nylon 6 raw material or mixed with plastic or concrete; performance enhancing additives pose challenge
synthetic fibers—nylon environmental concerns & sustainability
synthetic fibers—nylon uses
most important—carpets
apparel:•lingerie, hosiery, socks•sporting goods—tents, sleeping bags, •average car uses 25 lbs of fiber—upholstery, carpet, head liners, door & visor trims•umbrellas, clotheslines, toothbrush, hair brush•luggage, backpacks
synthetic fibers—types & kinds of nylon
synthetic fibers—polyester
first produced in England—introduced in the US in 1951 by DuPont
most widely used synthetic—“workhorse”
filament extremely versatile while staple can be blended with many other fibers—versatility in blending is unique advantage
produced by reacting dicarboxylic acid with dihydric alcohol—fibers are melt-spun & hot-drawn
synthetic fibers—physical structure of polyester
produced in many types:filaments—high- or regular-tenacity; bright or delustered; white or solution-dyed; regular or low-piling
generally smooth rodlike fibers with circular cross-section
other cross-sections:trilobal, octolobal, oval, hollow, voided, hexalobal, pentalobal (star shaped)
synthetic fibers—properties of polyester
aesthetics—blend well, maintaining natural fiber look & texture; microfibers particularly suited to high-fashion because of versatility & durability
durability—excellent abrasion resistance & strength; better sunlight resistance
comfort—poor absorbency lowers comfort factor; finishes & fiber modifications increase comfort
appearance retention—generally wrinkle resistant except when set by body heat and moisture
care—wash warm, machine dry medium heat, remove promptly, hang, touch up with steam
synthetic fibers—polyester environmental concerns & sustainability
•similar to nylon—petrochemicals •production energy less than nylon more than cotton•uses small amounts of water during production•uses toxic catalytic agents that contaminate soil & water—long term environmental impact•extensively recycled—creates significantly less pollution than creating virgin fibers
synthetic fibers—polyester uses
most widely used MF in US
•woven fabrics in apparel & interiors•knitted fabrics •fiberfill•nonwoven or fiberweb fabrics•tirecord•carpets•technical hoses, belts, •artificial arteries, veins & hearts
synthetic fibers—types & kinds of polyester
synthetic fibers—olefin
by 1957 Italy was producing olefin, US in 1960
has a combination of properties that makes it good for interiors, apparel that does not need ironing & technical uses
production —two processes; high-pressure—film & molded materials & low-pressure—textile use
melt-spun into water or cool air & cold drawn to six times its spun length—crystallizes very rapidly
gel spinning—dissolved polyethylene forms viscous gel in solvent; produces very high-strength fibers
synthetic fibers—olefin
physical structure—produced as monofilament, multifilament, stapled fiber, tow, and slit or fibrillated film yarns
fibers are colorless, often round in cross-section & have slightly waxy feel; cross section modified according to end use
synthetic fibers—properties of olefin
aesthetics—usually produced with medium luster & smooth texture; many sizes available; waxy hand; drape varied according to end use
durability—produced with different strengths according to end use; very durable & strong, lightweight; excellent resistance to chemicals
comfort—nonabsorbent; excellent wicking; good heat retention
appearance retention—excellent resiliency & recovers quickly from wrinkling
synthetic fibers—properties of olefin
care—•easy-care characteristics; suitable for a number of end uses•dry quickly•dry cleaning not recommended due to solvents•waterborne stains no problem•does not pick up color •oily stains are extremely difficult to remove•excess heat cause fiber to shrink & melt•excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, insects & microorganisms
synthetic fibers—olefin environmental concerns & sustainability
•similar to nylon—petrochemicals •easier to recycle than most fibers—used in packaging materials•seldom dyed•used in many products that protect environment—
•erosion control fabrics•weed barrier fabrics•protective covers for vegetables & flowers•hazardous waste transport container liners
synthetic fibers—olefin uses
apparel—underwear, socks, sweaters, glove liners; hosiery, saris, swimwear, wind- water- and cold-barriers in active & outdoor wear; Thinsulate
interior textiles—carpeting, upholstery, draperies & slipcovers; almost completely replaced jute as carpet backing; nonwoven fabrics—furniture webbing; mattress covers
technical—geotextiles, roadbed-support & stabilizer fabrics, car & boat interiors, boat
synthetic fibers—types & kinds of olefin
synthetic fibers—acrylic
first made in Germany in 1893
marketed frequently as being wool-like
production—some dry- or solvent-spun, others wet-spun
physical structure—cross-sectional shape varies according to spinning method
synthetic fibers—properties of acrylic
aesthetics—attractive & have soft, pleasant hand; bulky spun yarns are usually textured to be wool-like; matte luster; almost always staple fibers
durability—not as durable as nylon, polyester or olefin; satisfactory for apparel & interiors—withstand reasonable abrasion; piling can be noticeable
comfort—moderately comfortable because of irregular surface, low absorbency, lightweight, wicks well
synthetic fibers—properties of acrylic
appearance retention—moderate resiliency & recovery from bending—resist wrinkling; shrink when exposed to high temps & steam; cannot be heat-set; solution dyed colors are permanent
care—especially important to follow care label instructions with acrylic; care varies due to modifications or blends
synthetic fibers—acrylic environmental concerns & sustainability
•resistant to natural sources of degradation•production chemical require significant processing•recycling of solvents used in spinning is necessary to minimize environmental impact•wet-spun require washing & drying to remove chemicals•used more energy & water than polyester•not recycled
synthetic fibers—acrylic uses
relatively minor fiber in terms of use—mostly apparel, some interiors & technical
•fleece fabrics, sweaters, socks•pile fabrics & faux furs•craft yarns•upholstery fabrics•drapery fabrics•blankets•carpets & rugs•awnings, tarps, luggage, boat covers•outdoor furniture, tents, filtration fabrics
synthetic fibers—types & kinds of acrylic