What is Strabismus?

ocular misalignment

Define failure to thrive.

1. weight below 3rd or 5th percentile, or

2. decelerations of growth that have crossed 2 major growth percentiles, in a short period

Most common cause of amblyopia. StrabismusName 2 required newborn screening tests.

PKU and congenital hypothyroidism

Name some common newborn screening tests.

hemoglobinopathies (sickle), galactosemia

How do you evaluate for iron deficiency in children?

get hemoglobin or hematocrit bt 6-12 months of age

what is the meaning of a red reflex in an ophthalmoscopic exam of a newborn

no cataracts or retinoblastoma

how do you test for strabismus

what do you do if the child tests positive

asymmetric light reflex, or

cover-uncover testchild focuses on object with both eyes, then cover one eye, if the uncovered eye deviates then it is a sign of strabisumus

refer to ophthalmologist asap to prevent amblyopialeading cause of death in children under 1yo

SIDS

what is the car safety law for children

rear-facing car seat until 1yo and weighs 20 lbs

front-facing seat btw 20-40 lbs

booster seat when >40lbs, with shoulder beltleading cause of death of children older than 1 yo

accidents and injuries

contraindications to vaccineshx of anaphylactic reaction to vaccine or its component (regardless if having fever or not)

sx: nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea allegic rhinitissigns: nasal turbinates swollen (boggy), pale/bluish color

allergic rhinitis

tx for allergic rhinitis antihistamines, decongestants or intranasal steroids

complications of tx for allergic rhinitis

excess use of decongestants can cause rebound congestion

rhinitis medicamentosaname sx of allergic rhinitis sneezing

itching (nose/eyes/ears)rhinorrhea - thin/waterypostnasal dripcongestionanosmia

HAearachetearing/red eyesdrowsiness

contrast the mucous secretion of rhinitis vs sinusitis

rhinitis - thin/watery

sinusitis - thick/purulent

how do you test for nasal polypsspray a topical decongestant, the polyp does not shrink, but the surrounding nasal mucosa does

name some 1st gen antihistaminesdiphenhydraminechlorpheniraminehydroxyzine

name some 2nd gen antihistaminesloratadinefexofenadinecetirizine

why do 2nd gen antihistamines have less sedative effects than 1st gen

less penetration into cns

name a decongestant and its mech of action

pseudoephredine

alpha agonstwhy avoid oral decongestants may cause tachycardia, tremors, insominiaside effects of corticosteroid nasal sprays

nosebleeds, pharyngitis, URI

describe urticarialarge, irregularly shapedpruriticerythematous wheals

describe angioedema

painlessdeepsubcu swelling

involves:periorbitalcircumoral

describe anaphylaxis

systemic rxn:skin findingsdyspneavisceral edemahypotension

immediate tx for anaphylaxisepiSQ or IM

what is asthma msucle spasms

signs/sxasthma

wheezingSOBcoughincrease airway sectionsincreased expiratory phase

what 2 major triggers of asthmaviral infxallrgens

acute relief of asthmabeta2 agonistalbuterol