Factors Considered in the Method Study

7/25/2019 Factors Considered in the Method Study

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FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE METHOD STUDY

Three important factors, which govern the selection process, are:

(i) Economic considerations

(ii) Technical considerations

(iii) Human reactions

Economic Considerations

Economic considerations in method-study include:

Cost of study

Time loss due to investigation

Costs associated with the implementation of changes in the present methods

The considerations for a!ove three costs are important, as the method-study is primarily

!ased on the principle of economic use of resources (such as human e"ort, machine utili#ation,

material handling, e"orts, etc) $ome process, though poorly planned, may not %t into the economic

via!ility of motion-study &n e'ample could !e processes for a product, which is unliely to have

repeat order n the contrary, a process in an assem!ly line, which is liely to !e repeated for ne't

few years, would score !etter on economic via!ility, despite o"ering marginal improvements

Features warranting need to undertake metod!stud"


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Item Features warranting need to undertake metod!stud"

*o! +roduction !ottlenec

+oor design for assem!ly

High reect rate

High fatigue

a!or intensive o!

a!or High la!or turn-over

E'cessive overt-time needed

High rela'ation allowance needed

a!or complaining a!out di.culty in handling o!, machines, etc

rder /epetitive, long-running

0uality High variation in 1uality

2nsafe woring conditions

+roductivity 3ne.cient use of resources (man, machine, material space, etc)

ong distance for material movement !etween processes

High wor-in-process inventory


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ac of !alance in la!or-intensive team-wor o!s, lie assem!ly line

$ystem +oor production planning and control

4o previous method-study conducted

/ecurrent dispute in incentive5wage schemes

Tecnica# Considerations

3t is important to understand that re1uisite technical now-how must !e availa!le to suggest

improvements 3n this, we must consider two areas

Tecnica# Considerations

Area $ur%ose E&am%#e

$ill, competence and

training of wor-study

practitioners

To handle the present assignment The assem!ly line is running

porrly due to !ad line

!alancing The wor-study

e'perts must have the

e'pertise in individual wor-

element and line !alancing at

the !ottlenec station

Technical limitation of

process

&void landing at unwora!le

alternates

4o need to invent a new

process5machine

The machine tool is not cutting

at optimal condition of speed

There is a need to devise new

tools, !ut tool material is not

availa!le in maret Hence,


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Esta!lishing the non-availa!ility of

appropriate technical e'pertise

e'pert advice is needed,

otherwise a!andon this item

from study

Human Reactions

& lot of emphasis is needed in the selection step on understanding the human reactions to

the tas undertaen 6or-study can only !e implemented with active cooperation with worers and

supervisors 7or this, some understanding of human reactions to wor-study is needed ne need is

to handle mental and emotional !locs in the mind of worer +roper scheme to handle resistance-

to-change is needed 7or this, we need to do the following:

8 Consultation, meeting with worers and union

9 e%ning o!ectives, scope and needs

; +roper written and oral communication with worers


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economic tecnica# ( uman considerations in metod stud" and can e'plain the di"erent

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F#ow Diagram

$tring iagram3t is a scale diagram on which color threads are wrapped around pins or pegs, which are used to

indicate the paths taen !y either worer or material or e1uipment when processing is done on

material from start to %nish

e%nition (as per >$ ;8;?)& scale plan or model on which a thread is used to trace and measure the paths of worers,

materials or e1uipment during a speci%ed se1uence of events

Amount o+ Detai#s

nly the nature of movement within the wor area

&pplication 7or studying layout of the plant

3ndicates !actracing in material movement, conestion, !ottlenec and over5under

utili#ation of shop-@oor

The pattern of material movement, as indicated !y the strings, is helpful in the modi%cation

in plant and machinery


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String Diagram

F#ow $rocess Cart

3t helps in setting out the se1uence of the @ow of a product or a procedure !y recording all events

under review using appropriate process chart sym!ols 3t covers sym!ols for operation, inspection,

storage, delay and transportation

T"%es o+ F#ow $rocess Carts

(i) 7low process chart for worers: +resents the process in terms of activities of the person

De/nition 0as %er 'S 12134

& process chart is setting out the se1uence of @ow of a product or a procedure !y recording all

events under review using appropriate process chart-sym!ols This chart gives a record of all events

associated with the worer

Amount o+ Detai#s

peration, inspection, movement and delay associated with the worers

A%%#ication

Aenerally used as a principal means of recording wor methods

Helps to understand the overall nature of the system !eing studied

Helps to eliminate @ow patterns that are not suita!le

Helps to allow storage space ade1uate to support the production rate Helps to eliminate costly errors !y analy#ing the material @ow

Helps to allow ade1uate space to avoid safety pro!lems

Helps to locate and si#e aisles appropriate for product handled

Helps to avoid !actracing of the material

Helps to identify the possi!ility of com!ining operations !y grouping di"erent machines or

operations to avoid handling, storage, and delays


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Helps to decide whether product @ow or process @ow layout of factory will !e useful

$rocess Cart S"m5o#

+rocess charts use %ve common sym!ols for recording the nature of events These were developed

!y &$BE (&merican $ociety of Bechanical Engineers) in 8


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S"m5o#

Resu#t

Out#ine

F#ow %rocess cart Two anded

0or o%erator4Man t"%e Materia# t"%e

peration peration peration peration +roduces,

&ccomplishes,

7urthers the

process

7 G Transportation Transportation Transportation Travels

7 3nspection 3nspection 3nspection G eri%es

1uantities

and5or 1uality

G G $torage Hold Holds, Ieeps,

/etains

7 G elay elay elay 3nterferes or

elays


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$rocess cart s"m5o#s and some e&am%#es

F#ow $rocess Cart

Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in ;uestions on F#ow $rocess Cart


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Transtutors is the !est place to get answers to all your dou!ts regarding @ow process chart =ou can

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that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost e"ective ur tutors are availa!le

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)i*e On#ine Tutor He#% +or ;uestions on F#ow $rocess Cart

Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e in@ow

process chart whocan e'plain the di"erent concepts to you e"ectively =ou can also interact directly

with our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your

pro!lems in your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will mae

sure that you achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will mae

sure that you get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE, I',

Round S.uareetc

MOTION ECONOMY

Botion economy provides a set of well-structures guidelines for analy#ing and designing (or

improving) the o!s 3t encompasses a wide set of guidelines for the scienti%c use of human !ody,

tolls and wor-place arrangement to increase the e.ciency of the man-machine system 3t also

covers the aspects for reducing wor-related fatigue Ta!le 9< presents the principle of motion

economy 3t is segmented into three !road areas:

(i) +rinciples related to the use of human !ody

(ii) +rinciples related to the arrangement of the wor-place

(iii) +rinciples related to the design of tools and e1uipment

$rinci%#es o+ motion econom"< use o+ te worker=s 5od" and design o+ te work%#ace, too#s

and e.ui%ment Use o+ te worker=s 5od"

8 Ensure to wor with two hands rather than one, as it is easier and natural

9 Ensure that the two hands should !egin and complete their movements at the same time

; Ensure that the motion of the arms should !e in opposite directions and should !e madesimultaneously and symmetrically


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Ensure that head, arm and !ody movements should !e con%rmed to the lowest classi%cation with

which it is possi!le to perform the wor satisfactorily, eg Ail!erthJs classi%cation of hand

movements:

(a) %ngers

(!) %ngers and wrists

(c) %ngers, wrists and forearms

(d) %ngers, wrists, forearms and upper arms

(e) %ngers, wrists, forearms, upper arms and shoulders

K Ensure that wor should !e arranged to permit natural ha!itual movements

D Ensure that movements should !e continuous and smooth with no sharp changes in direction or

speed

? Ensure that the two hands should not, e'cept during rest periods, !e idle at the same time

Ensure that, whenever possi!le, momentum should !e employed to assist the wor and,

minimi#ed if it must !e overcome !y the worer

8F Ensure that !allistic movements are faster, easier and more accurate than controlled (%'ation)

movements

88 Ensure that the need to %' and focus the eyes on an o!ect should !e minimi#ed and, when this

is necessary, the occasions should occur as close together as possi!le

Arrangement o+ te work%#ace

89 Ensure that there should !e a de%nite and %'ed position for all tools, e1uipment and materials

8; Ensure that all tools, e1uipment and materials should !e located as near as possi!le to the

worplace

8


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8 Ensure that tools, e1uipment and materials should !e conveniently located in order to provide

the !est se1uence of operations

8K Ensure that illumination levels and !rightness ratios !etween o!ects and surroundings should

!e arranged to avoid visual fatigue

8D Ensure that the height of the worplace and the seating should ena!le comforta!le sitting or

standing during wor

8? Ensure that seating should permit a good posture and ade1uate LcoverageM of the wor area

8 Ensure that the worplace should !e clean and ade1uately ventilated and heated

9F Ensure that noise and vi!ration, !oth local and general, should !e minimi#ed

Design o+ too#s and e.ui%ment

98 The hands should !e relieved of all wor that can !e done more advantageously !y a ig a

%'ture, or a foot-operated device

99 Two or more tools should !e com!ined wherever possi!le

9; Tools and materials should !e pre-positioned wherever possi!le

9


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and we will mae sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost e"ective

ur tutors are availa!le round the cloc to help you out in any way with industrial management

)i*e On#ine Tutor He#% +or Motion Econom"

Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e inmotion

economy whocan e'plain the di"erent concepts to you e"ectively =ou can also interact directly with

our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your pro!lems in

your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will mae sure that you

achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will mae sure that you

get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE, I', Round S.uareetc

Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart

Man!macine cart +or o#e %uncing o%eration

Out#ine $rocess Cart

3n records principle operations and inspection of the processes


& process chart giving an overall picture !y recording in se1uence only the main operations and

inspections

Amount o+ Detai#s3t shows only two principal elements:

(i) perations, and

(ii) 3nspection

A%%#ication

2sed in the preliminary investigation

6hen operation activities are su!ect to fre1uent changes or a more detailed analysis


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Out#ine $rocess Cart +or Re%airing a $unctured Scooter

Some Con*entions in Out#ine $rocess Cart


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Acti*it" > and ins%ection 2 occurs +our times, 5ut te num5er used in re%eat #ine is a#wa"s

one #ess tan te tota# as te /rst occasion is a#read" %#otted 5e+ore te re%eat 5reak 0Hence

te 0n!24 ru#e4


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S"m5o#s sowing du%#icate o%eration >

S"m5o# sowing dismant#ing and re!assem5#"

Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in ;uestions on Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart

Transtutors is the !est place to get answers to all your dou!ts regardingMu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart=ou can su!mit your school, college or university level homewor or assignment to us and we will

mae sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost e"ective ur tutors

are availa!le round the cloc to help you out in any way with industrial management

)i*e On#ine Tutor He#% +or ;uestions on Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart

Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e

inMu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart whocan e'plain the di"erent concepts to you e"ectively =ou can also


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interact directly with our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to

all your pro!lems in your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will

mae sure that you achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will

mae sure that you get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE,

I', Round S.uareetc

$rocedure o+ Metod Stud"

Bethod-study is a well esta!lished approach for systematic recording and critical

e'amination of e'isting and proposed ways of doing wor, as a means of developing and applying

easier and more e"ective methods and reducing cost $till, the greatest thing a!out this approach is

its @e'i!ility with which it may !e used in di"erent situations 7ollowing se1uence of phases are

involved in it:

$ase 2E) system Training of the personnel,

rearrangement of machine, arrangement of tools and reorientation of worplace are some e"orts to

install the new system 3n general, four-phased strategy is needed:

0i4 Se##ing te %ro%osa#


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0i*4 Commencement o+ new metod

0*4 Initia# monitoring o+ insta##ation acti*ities


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ata and facts o!tained in the previous step are to !e e'amined and analy#ed Critically

challenge everything that is done Consider the purpose of the activity, place and se1uence of the

o! and, persons and means to perform the o!

Ste% 8egins when the hand or !ody

mem!er causes parts to !egin to gotogether

Consists of actual assem!ly of parts

of putting together

Ends when hand or !ody mem!er

has caused parts to go together

K isassem!le & ight violet >egins when !ody mem!er causes

integral parts to separate

Consists of taing o!ect apart

Ends when !ody mem!er has

caused complete separationD /elease load / Carmine red >egins when !ody mem!er !egins

to rela' control of o!ect

Consists of letting go of an o!ect

Ends when !ody mem!er has lost

contact with o!ect

? Transport empty TE live green >egins when !ody mem!er !egins

to move without load

Consists of reaching for something

Ends when !ody mem!er touches

part or stops moving Transport loaded T Arass green >egins when !ody mem!er !egins

to move with an o!ect

Consists of !ody mem!erJs changing

location of an o!ect

Ends when !ody mem!er carrying

o!ect arrives at general destination

or movement ceases


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8F $earch $H >lac >egins when !ody mem!er

searches for part

Consists of attempting to %nd an

o!ect

Ends when !ody mem!er has found

location of o!ect

88 $elect $T ight gray >egins when !ody mem!er touches

several o!ects

Consists of locating an individual

o!ect from a group


located an individual o!ect

89 Hold H Aold ochre >egins when movement of part of

o!ect, which !ody mem!er has

under control, ceases

Consists of holding an o!ect in a%'ed position and location

Ends with any movement

8; 2navoida!le delay 2

=ellow chre >egins when hand or !ody mem!er

is idle

Consists of a delay for other !ody

mem!er or machine when delay is

part of method

Ends when !ody mem!er !egins

any wor

8egins when !ody mem!er deviatesfrom standard method

Consists of some movement or

idleness

Ends when !ody mem!er returns ot

standard position

8 /est for overcoming

fatigue /range >egins when !ody mem!er is idle

Consists of idleness necessary to

overcome fatigue from previous

wor

Ends when !ody mem!er woragain

8K +lan +B

>rown >egins when !ody mem!ers are idle

while worer decides on course of

action

Consists of determining a course of

action

Ends when course of action is


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determined

8D 3nspect Q 3 >urnt ochre >egins when !ody mem!er !egins

to feel or view an o!ect

Consists of determining a 1uality of

an o!ect


stopped to see an o!ect

Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in Ter5#ig

Tra*e# Cart 0A#so Ca##ed as Cross Cart4

3t is a more detailed type of movement chart in which the recorded details are lie:

(i) +attern of movement,

(ii) E'tent of movement or volume


3t is a ta!ular record for presenting 1uantitative data a!out the movement of worers, materials or

e1uipment !etween any num!er of places over any given period of time

Amount o+ Detai#s

olumetric data during travel !etween wor-area

A%%#ication

7or studying layout pro!lem in deciding how to minimi#e total @ow (of material) in the plant or wor-

place


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Tra*e# Cart

Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart

S"non"ms


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(ii) Aroup activities to !e recorded into convenient elements for time-study

(iii) Tae su.cient o!servations of time-study for determining accurate elemental time

(iv) draw in the form of !ar-chart for each activity of the leading operative or machine Tae a

common scale such as time for each activity

(v) 2se di"erent colour codes for di"erent sections within each !ar

(vi) calculate the amount of e"ective wor per cycle in percentage of total time

A%%#ication

(i) 7or preliminary investigation to study the e'tent of accuracy of particular activities

(ii) Helps in !alancing activities

(iii) 3n a situation of one operative running one or several operatives

(iv) 3n a situation of several operatives running one or several machines

(v) & team of operatives or a !an of machines

(i) Helps in e'ploring the possi!ilities of elimination, change in wor se1uence, com!ination and

simpli%cation of wor elements


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Factors Considered in the Method Study

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