Appendix 423

A-2. physicrrl Property Conversion Factors

Acceleration of gravity = 32.172 ft./sec./sec. = 980.6 cm./sec./sec

Electrical conductance; 1 mho = 1 ohm-'

= 10" megamho = 10' micromho

Heat Value of Fuel

Lower heating value = Higher heating value - 10.3 (9Hp 4- HzO), Btu/lb. where: H, = weight % hydrogen in fuel HoO = weight % water vapor in fuel GPM = (pounds/hour) /(500 X Sp.Gr.)

0.321 (GPM) (Flow Area, sain. 1 Velocity, feet/sec. = - * -

Head, feet = 2.31 (Pkssure or head, psi) /Sp.Gr. (GPM) (Sp.Gr.) (Head, feetj

3960 (Efficiency, fraction) Brake horsepower, BHP =

Weight/Volume (avoirdupois unless otherwise stated)

Density of sea water = 1.025 grams/cc. 1 gram-molecular volume of a gas at 760 mm Hg and Oo C. = 22.4 liters 1 U. S. gallon = (8.34 X Sp.Gr. of fluid), pounds Weight of one cu.ft. liquid = (62.32 pounds x Sp.Gr. of fluid), pounds/cu.ft. 1 pound avoirdupois = 1.2153 pound apothecaries' 1 grain avoirdupois = 1 grain troy =1 grain apothe- caries' weight

Air Analysis" By Weight % By Volume %

Nitrogen 75.41 78.2 oxygen 23.19 21.0

*Neglects trace gases such as argon, xenon, helium, krypton and assumes djy basis.

Gas Constants, (R), Universal

R = 0.0821 ( a m ) (liter)/(g-mol) (OK) = 1.987 (g-cd.) / (g-mol) ( OK) = 1.987 Btu/ (1b.-mol) (OR) = 1.987 (Chu)/(lb.-mol) (OK) = 8.314 joules/ (g-mol) (OK) = 1,546 (ft.) (lb.force)/(Ib.-mol) (OR)

= 10.73 (1b.-force/sq. in abs.) (cu.ft.)/ (1b.-mol) ( O R ) = 18,510 (1b.-force/sq.in.) (cu.in.) / (Ib.-mol) (OR) = 0.7302 (Atm) (cuft)/(lb.-mol) ( O R )

R1 = R/mol.wt. gas where: Rt = individual gas constant

Avogadro Constant, N, = 6.02252 X lops molecules/ mol

Density, Vapor or Gases (Ideal), p

14'7 + *" + 32 , lbs./cu.ft. mol. wt., vapor .-( 359 )(T)(rn) where:p = gage pressure at actual condition, psig

OF = fahrenheit temperature at actual condition

p = -, 144 P pounds/cu.ft. R, =

where: P = absolute pressure, pounds/sq. in. abs. T = absolute temperature, "Rankine, "R o = standard conditions (0C 8c 760 mm Hg)

_ . v = v, (PJP") (T/T,) P"V = 1543 nT; P" = PSF abs.; V = cu. ft.

T = O R ; n = Lb. moles

lb 273 + O C cu.ft. = - (359) - - M w ( 273 ) (p yii.7) at " OC

Sp&c Volume, Gas or Vapor - V = l / p , cu.ft./pound

Velocity of sound in dry air @ Oo C. and 1 atm. = 1,089 ft./sec. Density of dry air @ Oo C. and 1 atm.

= 0.001293 gm/cu.cm. = 0.0808 lb./cu.ft.

Viscosity (Dynamic)

1 Poise = 1 gram/cm.-sec. = 1 dyne-sec./sq:cm. = 0.1 kg/meter-sec. 1 Poise x 100 = Centipoise ( p ) Poise x 2.09 X = pounds (force) -sec./sq.ft. Poise X 0.10 = pascal-sec.

= slugs/ft.-sec.

(continued on nexr page)

424 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants

A-2. (Continued). Physical Property Conversion Factors

Poise X 0.0672 = pounds (mass)/(ft.-sec.) = poundal-sec./sq.ft. Poise X 0.10 = Newton-sec./sq. meter Centipoise X 0.01 = gm./cm.-sec. Centpoise X 6.72 X lo-' = pound/ft.-sec . Centipoise X 2.4 = pound/ft.-hr. Millipoise X 1000 = poise Micropoise X 1,OOO,OOO = poise Slugs/ft.-sec. X 47,900 = centipoise 1 centistoke = 1.076 X ft.*/sec. 1 centipoise (cp) = 0.01 gm./cm. sec. Slugs/ft.-sec. x 32.2 = pounds (mass)/ft.-sec. Pounds/ft.-sec. x 3600 = lb./ft.-hr. Pounds (mass) /ft.-sec. X 1487 = centipoise Pounds (mass) /ft.-sec. X 0.031 1 = slugs/ft.-sec. = pounds (force) -sec./sq.ft. Viscosity of air @ 68O F. = 180.8 X poise Viscosity of water @ 6 6 O F = 0.010087 poise

V i i s i t y (Kinematic)

Kinematic viscosity, centistokes X 1.076 X 10-5 = ft.'/sec.

Dynamic viscosity, centipoise Fluid density, gm./cu.cm.

Kinematic viscosity, centistokes ( v ) - - Centipoise

Centistokes X 0.01 = stokes, sq.cm./sec. Centistokes X 1.076 X lo-' = sq.ft./sec. Centistokes X 0.01 = Stokes, sq.cm./sec.

- Sp.Gr. d liquid relative to water at 39.2" F. (4" C.)

Thermal Conductivity (through a homogeneous material)

Btu (ft.) (&-cal.) (m.1 (sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.) X 4.134 X 'p = (sq.cm.) ("c.) (sec.)

(Bt.4 (in.) 1.200 lo= (sq.ft.) ("F.) (hr.)

(kilowatt hrs.) (in.) 3'518 (sqft.) ("E'.) (hr.)

(g.-d.) (-1 'Btu (in.) (sq.cm.) ("C.) (hr.) lo-' = (sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.)

Btu (ft.) 6'719 X 1 O - * = (sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.)

(g.-Cal.) (cm.) Btu (in.) (sq.cm.) ("C.) (sec.) 2.903 'Os = (sq.ft.) ("F.) (hr.)

Specific Gravity (Liquid)

of liquid @ 60 F.* of water @ 60 F.* =

or at other specified temperature

Oil

141.5 sa t 60" F./60" F. = 131.5 + deg- API

Liquids Lighter Than Water

Liquids Heavier Than Water

Specific Gravity (Gases)

Rof air 53.3 S E = ~ =- whereR= gas constant

mol. wt. (gas) mol. wt. (gas) 29

- sg = mol. wt. (air) -

Density, Liquid p

Density liquid, p = (62.3 Ib./cu. ft. water) (Sp. Gr. liquid), pounds /a. ft.

Metric

1 gram= 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams = 1,000 milligrams = 1,000,OOO microgram

= 10" megagram = 0.001 kilogram

1 liter = 10 deciliters = 1.0567 liquid quarts 10 liters = 1 dekaliter = 2.6417 liquid gallons 10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter = 2.8375 U. S. bushels

(Continued on next page)

Appendix 425

A-2. (Concluded). Physical Property Conversion Factors

1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches = 100 centimeters = 1,000 millimeters = 1,000,000 miscrons = 1,000,000 micrometers = 1/1,000 kilometer = 1O'O Angstrom units

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter = 3.937 inches 25.4 millimeters = 1 inch

Specific Heat

(gram-cal.) Btu (gram) ("C.1 X 1.8= (pound) ("C.)-

Btu (pound) (OF.) x 1.0=

joules X 1055= (pound) ( P.)

kilowatt-houra = (kilogram) ("C.)

kilowatt-houre x 2.930 x 10-r = (pound) (OF.)

Specific heat of water at 1 am. = 0.238 cal./gm-OC. Btu/lb. - O F. X 0.2390 = Btu/Ib. - O R

Heat Transfer C d u e n t

PCU/(hr.) (sq. ft.) ("C.) x 1.0 = Btu/ (hr.) (sq.ft.) (OF)

Kg-d./ (hr.) (sq. m.) ( "C.) X 0.2048 = Btu/ (hr.)(sq.ft.) (OF) G-cal./ (sec.) (sq. un.) ( "C.) X 7,380 = Btu/(hr.)(sq.ft,)(OF) Watts/ (sq. in.) (OF.) x 490 = Btu/ (hr.) (sq. ft.) ( O F . )

Energy units

Pound-Centigrade-Unit (PCU) X 1.8 = Btu X 0.45359 = calorie

x 0.0005276=

X 1899.36 = joules

X 1400.4 = ft.-lb.

kilowatt-hr.

Calories x 3.9683 = Btu X 3091.36 = ft.-lb. X 0.001559 = horsepower-hr. x 0,001163 = kilowatt-hr. x 4187.37 = joules

Pressure

1 mm H g = 1,333 dynes/sq. cm. 750 mm Hg = 10 dyneslsq. cm. = 1 megabar Q OC.

and g = 980.6

CoverFrontmatterHalf Title PageTitle PageDedicationCopyrightTable of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition

Chapter 8: DistillationPart 1: Distillation Process PerformancePart 2: Hydrocarbon Absorption and StrippingPart 3: Mechanical Designs for Tray Performance

Chapter 9: Packed TowersBackmatterAppendixIndex

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