external representation

8/7/2019 external representation

1/19

r

External Representations


2/19

2


3/19

External cognition

External cognition is a branch of cognitive science with

focuses predominately on role played by external

representation (such as diagrams and textual descriptions) in

human cognition and also the relationship between internal

and external representations

language-based external representations (such as books) and

graphic-based forms of external representations (such as

diagrams and maps)

importance of external representations in human cognition

3


4/19

External representations :

images

graphs

icons

audible sounds

texts with symbols (e.g., letter and numbers)

Shapes

Textures

4


5/19

External representations Mental representation

Norman (1993) :externalrepresentations play a critical role in

enhancing cognition and intelligent behavior

3793

5

The visual representation, by holdingpartial results outsidethe mind,extends a persons WM


6/19

representational effect

: differentrepresentations of a common abstract structure

can have a significant effect on reasoning and decision making

effective displays facilitate problem solving

6


7/19

Medication prescriptions

Inderal 1 tablet 3 times a day

Lanoxin 1 tablet every A.M.

Carafate 1 tablet before meals and at bedtime

Zantac 1 tablet every 12 hours (twice a day)Quinaglute 1 tablet 4 times a day

Coumadin 1 tablet a day

Lanoxin *Inderal * * *Quinaglute * * * *

Carafate * * * *Zantac * *Coumadin *

Breakfast Lunch Dinner Bedtime

7


8/19

External Representation

Instructions

text

List of procedures

quantitative and qualitative reasoning

over-the-counter pharmaceutical labels

External representations have always been a vital means for

storing, aggregating, and communicating patient data

8


9/19

Diagrammatic representations

Gestalt Psychology

perception the whole is different from the sum of its parts

9


10/19

Diagrams

http://psychology.about.com

the law of proximity

10 External representations


11/19

Diagrams

the law of similarity

11



12/19


13/19

The Law of Symmetry

13

Diagrams



14/19

14

Diagrams

The low ofpragnaz



15/19

information visualization

Card et al. (1999) : information visualization as the use ofcomputer supported, interactive, visual representations ofabstract data to amplify cognition.

visual representations of medical data:

Numeric (e.g., laboratory data)

Non-numeric information (e.g. symptoms and diseases)

static

dynamic

Medical imagingpatient monitoring systems

genetic sequencing and alignment

15


16/19

taxonomy of data representations

how different kinds of medical data displays impact

performance?

five major classes of representation types :

listtable

graph

icon

generated text

16


17/19

evaluating the efficacy of a representation

1. Latency

2. Accuracy

3. compactness

17


18/19

external representations can amplify cognition :

1. By increasing the memory

2. By processing resources available to the users

3. By reducing the search for information

4. By using visual presentations to enhance the detection ofpatterns

5. By using perceptual attention mechanisms for monitoring

6. By encoding information in a manipulable medium

18


19/19

www.mums.ac.ir/dbmi

19

external representation

Documents

Transcript of external representation