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APA DOCUMENTATION

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VERSIONVERSIONVERSIONVERSION

ESSENTIALS OF APA DOCUMENTATION

from

THE WRITING CENTER

445 West 59th Street

Room 2450

212-237-8569

JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

OVERVIEW

APA, which stands for the American Psychology Association, is a form of documenting

sources in the social and natural sciences.

• APA requires in-text citations (author’s last name, year, and page) for quotations,

paraphrasing, and references to specific passages.

• APA is double-spaced from beginning to end, from title page to reference page,

including all longer quotations, etc.

• APA emphasizes the author and date of publication by placing them near the

beginning of the entry.

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• APA initializes the authors’ first and middle names; as a rule, we are not on a first

name basis with authors in APA. Use last names only.

• Regarding page numbers, ‘p.’ “pp.” or nothing at all: When referencing – either

within your essay or reference list – any periodical or journal that uses a volume

number, just include the range of page numbers, for example: 56-58. If your

reference doesn’t include a volume number, for example a book, put “pp.” in

front of the range of two or more pages that you are referencing: pp. 56-58. Use

‘p.’ when referencing a single page: p. 16.

• Regarding the use of city and place names in the References: If a city is a “world

city” – (casually stated: a city having a direct and tangible impact on global

affairs; even more casually stated: a city that any educated person knows the

location of – for example: London, New York, Paris, etc.) then these cities are

listed without the country, for example, London: Janus Press. APA requires

the naming of states in publication, except for the following U.S. cities:

Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and San

Francisco. Otherwise, use the post office abbreviation for the state: Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

• If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of

the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. For example,

Iowa City: University of Iowa.

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ONE OF THE VERY FIRST THINGS YOU NEED TO DO IS SET UP

THE DOCUMENT.

Preparing the Text of the Paper

Using Microsoft 2007

Margins: 1 inch on each side, top and bottom.

(To set margins in Microsoft Word 2007: Go to Page

Layout, Margins, Normal)

Typeface: 12-pt Times New Roman (To set typeface

and font size: Font on toolbar)

Line spacing: Double space between all lines in the

paper, including block quotations. (To set line-

spacing: 1. On the Home tab, click Paragraph.

Under Spacing, in the After box, the default setting

is 10 pt, chan ge it to 0 pt. Now, under Line

Spacing, click Double).

Paragraphs and Indentation: Indent the first line of

every paragraph and (if applicable) every footnote.

(Note: use the Tab button, not the space bar.)

Headers: APA documentation requires that you have

a header on each page of your essay. (To set header:

Go to Insert; go to Header and Footer, click Page

Number, click Top of Page, then Plain # 3; place

cursor before #1 and type in first three or so words of

the title, space. To exit the Header and Footer box,

double click, left, in the body of the text. (To reenter

Header, double click left on Header).

Preparing the Text of the Paper

Using Microsoft Word 2003

Margins: 1 inch on each side, top and bottom. (To set

margins in Microsoft Word: Go to File/Page

Setup/Margins).

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Typeface: 12-pt Times New Roman (To set typeface

and font size: Go to Home, Format/Font)

Line spacing: Double space between all lines in the

paper, including block quotations. (To set line-

spacing: Go to Format/Paragraph/Line Spacing)

Paragraphs and Indentation: Indent the first line of

every paragraph and (if applicable) every footnote.

(Note: use the Tab button, not the space bar.)

Headers: APA documentation requires that you have

a header on each page of your essay. (To set header:

Go to View/Header and Footer, click the Align

Right button on your toolbar and type in the first

three to four words of your title, leave a space and

then click # on the dialogue box and then click close.)

NOW SAVE THE SETTINGS – AND YOU ARE READY TO

WRITE

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APA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front material: Preparing the text of the paper using Microsoft Word 2007 & 2003

Overview Title page 1 Abstract 2 Miscellaneous 3 Format: Title Page (2nd example) & first page of essay 4 References (Alphabetizing entries & Hanging indent) 5 Use of titles: Inside the paper/on title page & in References 6 &7 Bibliographic Form Anthology of Citations 8 Use of Quotations in Text 8 & 9 Citing Interviews (Personal Conversations) & Email 9 & 10 Further examples of in text citations 10 – 12

Arranging sources in the reference list Books etc. 13 – 18 Periodicals 19 - 20 Government Reports 20 Reviews: Book, Movie & TV 20 - 21 Audiovisual Material: Movies, TV series, Music Recordings 21 – 22

Arranging references to legal materials Court Cases 23 Statutes 23 Testimony & Hearings 23 Bills & Resolutions 24 Executive Order 24 Federal Regulation 24

Electronic Reference Formats

Types of Electronic References & Where to Cite 25 Digital Object Identifier (DIO) 26 Website only 26 Documents (found on Google, etc.) 26 – 28 Articles/Abstracts, etc. found via Library databases 28 Articles/Abstracts, etc. found on CD-Rom databases 28 Email Communications 29 Archived Messages (Discussion group, newsgroup, mailing lists) 29 – 31

Extended Reference List

Classical Works (Bible, ancient texts) 32 At-a-Glance Directory for 110 models/examples of reference citations 34 – 36 Full models of 110 examples 37 – 52

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Running head: CAREER VERSUS MOTHERHOOD

[Use of the running head is optional except in manuscripts sent for publication]

Career versus Motherhood:

The Debate over Education for Women at the Turn of the Century

Name

Course/Professor

College

Date

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Abstract

The abstract should be written in a block paragraph format (i.e. a paragraph that looks like this one). The

abstract offers a synopsis or summary of the gist of your paper. It lets the reader get a bird’s eye view of

the entire paper. For longer papers, ten pages or more, the abstract should be about 100 words, though a

shorter abstract would be appropriate for shorter papers.

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SOME OVERALL BASICS:

Career versus Motherhood: The Debate over Education for Women at the Turn of the Century

Indent by pressing TAB and start writing. APA style encourages the use of subheadings to

highlight a paper’s organization. However, not all professors will require that you use such subheadings.

References

Your references are arranged in alphabetical order by author’s last name and they follow the publication

format of the hanging indent. See the handout.

Footnotes

Given the parenthetical citations in the body of the paper, most of you will not require this page.

However, if you come across some piece of information that you wish to share with your reader and the

information does not really belong in the body of your discussion (let’s say something about one of your

authors or sources), you may add a Footnote page and number your notes with Arabic numbers to match

the raised numbers you have marked in your text after the appropriate passages.

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APA STYLE RESEARCH PAPER FORMAT

Apes and Language 1

Apes and Language:

A Review of the Literature

John Smith

Psychology 101

Professor Ford

John Jay College of Criminal Justice

April 10, 2009

Research paper header

(i.e. short title consisting of

3-5 words) and page

number (five spaces apart)

in the top right corner.

Page numbering starts on

the title page. Full title

and

subtitle

Student’s name,

centered

Course number

Instructor’s

name

Date submitted

Double space between lines

Apes and Language 2

Abstract

The abstract should be written in a block

paragraph format (i.e. a paragraph that

looks like this one). The abstract offers a

synopsis or summary of the gist of your

paper. It lets the reader get a bird’s eye

view of the entire paper. For longer

papers, ten pages or more, the abstract

should be about 100 words, though a

shorter abstract would be appropriate for

shorter papers.

Apes and Language 3

Apes and Language:

A Review of the Literature

Over the past thirty years,

researchers have demonstrated

that………………………………………

……………………………………………

……………………………………………

…….

How Spontaneously Have Apes Used

Language?

In his famous book Brown

(1997)

argues……………………………………

………………….

Research paper header and

page number appear on

each page in the top right

corner

Full title

appears for

the second

and last

time at the

top of the

first page of

the text of

your essay. Subheadings (if any)

centered

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Apes and Language 15

References

Ape said to have used sign language dies at 27. (2000, April 21).

New York Times, p. A 18.

Begley, S. (1998, January 19). Aping Language. Newsweek, 131,

56-58.

Greenfield, P.M. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (1990). Grammatical

combination in Pan paniscus. In S.T. Parker & K.R.

Gibson (Eds.), “Language” and intelligence in monkeys

and apes (pp. 540-578). Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Patterson, F. & Linden, E. (1981). The education of Koko. New

York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Murphy, J.S., Williams, S.L., et al.

(2000). Language comprehension in ape and child:

Monograph. Atlanta, GA: The Language Research Center.

Retrieved January 6, 2009, from the Langauag Center

website: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwire/monograph.html

Research paper header and

page number appear on each

page in the top right corner.

Double spacing is used

throughout

Entries are alphabetized by authors’

last names.

If there is not author, the title moves to

the author position and the entry is

alphabetized by the first significant

word of the title.

The first significant word is any word

but: The, An and A.

References are arranged

in a hanging indent

format, i.e. the first line of

an entry is at the left

margin; subsequent lines

indent ½ inch (or five

spaces).

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CITATION BASICS AND USE OF TITLES

When you are citing your primary sources – the short stories, plays, or poems – from, for

instance, Literature for Composition, this is what it is supposed to look like.

Example:

Hawthorne, N. (1996). Young Goodman Brown. In S. Barnet, M. Berman, W. Burto & M. Stubbs (Eds.),

Literature for composition: Essays, fiction, poetry and drama (4th ed., pp. 1150-1159). New

York: Harper Collins. (Story originally published in 1914)

Other examples:

Chopin, K. (1996). Ripe figs. (follow the rest of the format)

O’Connor, F. (1996). Guest of the nation. (follow as above)

RULES:

1) Alphabetize your references!

2) Follow strict rules of capitalization/no capitalization in titles in the References.

3) Have at least 3 – 5 citations per page. The rule of thumb is that you use at least one or two

sources for short paragraphs.

4) If you quote directly, you must include author, year of publication, page #.

5) If you paraphrase or summarize (not copy or plagiarize), give only author and year.

What references look like in the text of your paper and on title page and how they appear only in

References.

USE OF TITLES

Inside the paper/on the title page In References only

Short Stories, Essays, Articles and Poems Short Stories, Essays, Articles and Poems

“The Story of an Hour” The story of an hour

“Black Men and Public Space” Black men and public space

“Salvation” Salvation

“Harlem” Harlem

“The Man to Send Rain Clouds” The man to send rain clouds

“To His Coy Mistress” To his coy mistress

“Everyday Use” Everyday use

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“Araby” Araby

Inside the paper/on the title page In References only

Plays Plays

Trifles Trifles

A Raisin in the Sun A raisin in the sun

Newspaper, Journals, Magazines, Newspaper, Journals, Magazines,

Some Dictionaries, Some Some Dictionaries, Some

Encyclopedias Encyclopedias

New York Times New York Times

Journal of American Psychology Journal of American Psychology

Webster’s dictionary Webster’s dictionary

Time Time

Encyclopedia Americana Encyclopedia Americana

Collier’s encyclopedia Collier’s encyclopedia

Novels and Books in General Novels and Books in General

Feudal Society Feudal society

The Sociology of Art The sociology of art

Literature for Composition Literature for composition

Wuthering Heights Wuthering heights

Jane Eyre Jane Eyre

The Rhetorical World of Augustan The rhetorical world of Augustan

Humanism: Ethics and Imagery humanism: Ethics and imagery from

Swift to Burke Swift to Burke

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APA STYLE: BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORM

ANTHOLOGY OF CITATIONS 1

The examples of bibliographic form which follow may be used as guides in preparing academic papers. These examples are based on the style manual that has been approved for all classes at John Jay College: American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.

For the most part, academic writing – at least in the social sciences – is cumulative, which is to say, it is based on what has come before. Because of the nature of our college, John Jay – like a medical or engineering school – needs timely information. Thus we use APA, which requires you to cite the year of your sources. The most recently published sources will most likely have the most up-to-date data, and these most likely will assume, acknowledge, and/or incorporate past findings and discussions of the issue under study.

Even when presenting your own ideas try to find an authoritative source to cite. Doing so gives validity to your own position – and will show that you are not plagiarizing.

There are two steps in the APA style of the documentation: 1. Works are cited in the abbreviated form in the body of the paper. These are in-text citations. 2. Full information about all works cited in the text is given at the end of the paper in a section headed References.

CITING SOURCES IN THE TEXT OF THE PAPER

• TO DOCUMENT THE SOURCE of the information within the text of your paper, follow the author-date method of citation; that is, the author’s last name and the year of publication should appear in the text. This documentation can be done in a variety of ways, depending on the flow of the sentence:

Niederhoffer (1967) found that... In a later study, (Niederhoffer, 1972), researchers indicated... Several studies (Brown, 1975; Funk, 1980; Pepper & Smith, 2001) support the idea…

� When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.

As suggested in a famous sociological study (Brown & Turner, 1967)...

� When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs in text. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after ‘al’).

o [first citation in text] Crawford, Stewart, Cochran, Parker and Besson (1989) proved... o [subsequent citations] Crawford et al. (1989) found that...

1 The information is this handout is taken from a variety of sources, including: Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.), websites sponsored by John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Columbia

University, Purdue University, et cetera.

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� When a work has six or more authors, cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after ‘al’). In the reference list, provide the surnames and initials of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

• TO CITE A SPECIFIC PART OF A SOURCE, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Words page and chapter are abbreviated. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that page, but not chapter, is abbreviated in such text citations:

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10) One researcher (Niederhoffer, 1937, p. 145) suggested that… Several studies (Rogers, 1979, p.76; Taylor & Young, 1986, p 67) showed that...

� If there is no author, use an abbreviated title in double quotation marks and the year.

In one incident (“Music and Learning,” 1999, p. A2) the researchers found...

• DIRECT QUOTATIONS OF FEWER THAN 40 WORDS are enclosed in double quotation marks and put directly into the paper’s text. The citation is part of the sentence and the punctuation follows.

Reppetto (1978) found that “in the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets that ultimately counted” (p. 259). According to Rippetto (1978), “In the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets that ultimately counted” (p. 259). Another sociologist stated, “In the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets, that ultimately counted” (Reppetto, 1978, p. 259), referring to those difficult times.

• DIRECT QUOTATIONS LONGER THAN 40 WORDS are presented in form of a block without quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin (in the same position as a new paragraph), and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout the quotation. The page number or citation information at the end of the quote is outside the punctuation of the sentence. Reppetto (1978), considering the work of secret agents, found that:

In the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets that ultimately

counted. Criminals were easier to hunt down if they could be recognized

and reported. Thus an obscure gang of train robbers became famous as

Butch Cassidy and The Wild Bunch after Pinkerton agents circularized a

group photo taken while the gang was on holiday at Fort Worth, Texas. (p.

259)

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• PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS for which no recoverable data exist, are always cited in the text and are not included in the reference list. Such communications may be LETTERS, MEMOS, PERSONAL INTERVIEWS, TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS, AND SOME ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (E.G., E-MAIL OR MESSAGES FROM NONARCHIVED DISCUSSION GROUPS OR ELECTRONIC BULLETING BOARDS). In-text citations should include the name of the person, the nature of communication, and its date. Mention the individual’s significance to the subject matter if this is not made clear elsewhere in the paper.

► PERSONAL CONVERSATION

T.Montague, Chairman, Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company, (personal interview, October 10, 2000) T.K. Liu (telephone conversation, April 4, 2001) ► E-MAIL COMMUNICATION

T.G. Smith (Dallas correction officer, e-mail communication, July 12, 1998) believes that....

► CLASS OR LECTURE NOTES AND HANDOUTS

Refer in your paper to information learned in a class lecture or discussion by writing “class notes” or “lecture notes” and the date within parentheses: (class notes, May 2, 2009). Any handout received in class should be referred to similarly (class handout, April 8, 2009). Do not include such information on the reference page as it is also unrecoverable.

►SECONDARY SOURCES are materials that you actually have read but that review, interpret, describe, analyze or refer to research or work conducted by other authors.

In the text, give a citation in parentheses for the secondary source (i.e., to the one you have actually

read) and mention the original work according to what you have found out from the secondary source. In the reference list, provide information only about the materials that you have actually read.

Text citation →Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) was performed… Reference list entry → Cotheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100, 589-

608.

Further Examples of Reference Citation in Text

• At first mention in a paragraph of any information gathered from your reading, cite the source and provide the year. Either use the author’s name (surname only) as the subject of that the sentence (followed by the year of publication within parentheses):

Johnson (2008) stated that World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th Century.

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O r place the author’s name and year of publication within parentheses at the end of the sentence:

World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th Century (Johnson, 2008).

• Use the author as the subject in your sentence if you’re going to follow up with one or more sentences that come from that author’s work. Doing so allows you to use nouns (author) and pronouns (he, she, they) to refer back to the named author without the need to cite the year subsequent times in the paragraph; however, include the year the first time you use that source again in another paragraph.

Johnson (2008) stated that World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th Century. The author went on to state that…. Johnson also noted….

There is no need to include the year in subsequent references within the same paragraph as long as the reference cannot be confused with other studies cited.

Addison’s (2007) multi-experiment study was a breakthrough in the field. However, Decker and Bowen (2001) challenged Addison’s findings.

• Put the author in parentheses at the end of the sentence if you’re only providing one piece of information before moving on to another subject or author.

World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th Century (Johnson, 2008). Studies have highlighted techniques that foster such conclusions (Henry, 2008; Yarber, 2006).

However, cite the year along with the author each time you cite within parentheses.

Johnson (2008) stated that World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th Century. The author also noted…. The study presented four societal effects on psychological trend among the young (Lee, 2008).

• If including a quotation, put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quoted lines:

Johnson (2008) suggested that after the Great War "the rate of domestic crime rose for decades" (p. 39).

Note that the page number comes immediately after the quote, whether it’s at the end of the sentence or not:

Although fairy tales contain “frightening information, they thrill rather than terrify” (Lee, 2008, p. 35) a healthy child.

• When using a quotation from an electronic source without page numbers: provide the title of the heading of the section where the quote appears, followed by the abbreviation for paragraph (para.), followed by the paragraph number.

“The system guarantees health benefits for all” (Liu, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 4).

As noted by the National Association of Social Workers ([NASW], 1999), “social workers elevate service to others above self-interest” (Ethical Principles, para. 2).

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►CLASSICAL & ANCIENT (INCLUDING BIBLICAL) WORKS

• When a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very old works, cite the year of the

translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by the version.

When you know the original date of publication, include it in the citation.

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

James (1890/1983)

• Reference list entries are not required for major classical works, such as ancient Greek and

Roman works or classical religious works; simply identify in the first citation in the text the version

used. Parts of the classical works (e.g. books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos) are numbered

systematically across all editions, so use these numbers instead of page numbers when referring to

specific parts of your source:

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version)

Qur’an 5:3-4 (Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV)

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ARRANGING SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST

The reference list provides the necessary information to retrieve and locate any source cited in the body of the paper. Every in-text citation must have a complete reference entry in the reference list.

• Authors names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and all initials for all authors of a

particular work. If there are more than six authors, provide the surnames and initials of the first six,

and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

• The reference list is alphabetized by author’s last name. If no author is given, alphabetize by the title of

the work in place of the author.

• Use an ampersand “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a single work.

• If you have more than one work by a particular author, arrange the titles by publication date, oldest to

newest.

• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another reference, as the first author of a group, list

the one-author entries first.

• When a work has more than six authors, provide the surnames and initials of the first six authors, and

shorten any remaining authors to et al.

• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle of a work.

• Italicize titles of books, periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.

• If no publication date is given, type n.d. in parenthesis (n.d.).

BOOKS

The word “References” should appear at the top center of the reference list page.

Use a hanging indent on the first line of each reference entry (flush left margin); indent the second and subsequent lines one tab setting

► SINGLE AUTHOR: Lofland, L.H. (1973). A world of strangers: Order and action in urban public space. New York: Basic Books.

Christ, G. (2000). Healing children’s grief: Surviving a parent’s death from cancer. New York: Oxford University Press.

Waldfogel, J. (2006). What children need. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ► MULTIPLE AUTHORS

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Taylor, I.R., Walton, P., & Young, J. (1973). The new criminology: For a social theory of deviance. New York: Harper & Row.

Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2009). The American welfare state: Laggard or leader? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Green, P., Kane, D., Christ, G., Lynch, S., & Corrigan, M. (2006). FDNY crisis counseling: Innovative responses to 9/11 firefighters, families, and communities. New York: Wiley Publishing Co.

►CORPORATE AUTHOR Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1999). Uniform crime reports for the United States: 1998. Washington, DC: U.S.

Government Printing Office.

• When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South

Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.

National Institute of Mental Health. (2000). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

• If author and publisher are the same, use the term “Author” for publisher:

Columbia University School of Social Work. (2009). Field education manual. New York: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

• If the online edition of the DSM was used, replace the city and publisher with the DOI:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349

• Identify a pamphlet or brochure as such in brackets [ ]:

Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (2006). Guidelines for reporting about people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

►EDITED BOOK (COLLECTION OF ESSAYS) Gatrell, V.A.C., Lenman, B., & Parker, G. (Eds.). (1980). Crime and the law: The social history of crime in Western

Europe since 1500. London: Europa Publications. ►NO AUTHOR GIVEN College-bound seniors. (1984). Princeton, NJ: College Board Publications. ►ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR A COURSE-PACK

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• Single author:

Mullen, E. J. (2006). Facilitating practitioner use of evidence-based practice. In A. R. Roberts & K. R. Yeager (Eds.), Foundations of evidence-based social work practice (pp.283-303). New York: Oxford University Press.

Williams, P.J. (n.d.). Meditations on masculinity. In D. Orenstein (Compiler). Sociology 213: Race and ethnic relations [Course-pack]. New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

• Multiple authors:

Burnette, D., & Kang, S. Y. (2003). Self-health care by urban, African American elders. In B. Berkman & L. Harootyan (Eds.), Social work and health care in an aging society: Education, policy, practice, and research (pp.123-147). New York: Springer.

Mincy, R. B., Lewis Jr., C. E., & Han, W. J. (2006). Left behind: Less-educated young Black men in the economic boom of the 1990s. In R. B. Mincy (Ed.), Black males left behind (pp. 1-10). Washington DC: Urban Institute Press.

• Multi-volume work:

McLanahan, S. S., & Carlson, M. J. (2001). Poverty and gender in affluent nations. In N. J. Smesler & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, Vol. 17 (pp.11894-11900). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Limited.

Spitzer, S., & Scull, A. (1977). Social control in historical perspective: From private to public responses

to crime. In D.F. Greenberg (Ed.). Corrections and punishment (pp. 265-286). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

►SOURCE REPRINTED IN ANOTHER

Dharni, G. (2003). Elements of self-motivation theory. In K. Chesterson & T. Guthiel (Eds.), Self-motivation theory: An appraisal (pp.119-138). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Handbook of child psychology, pp. 29-48, by K.L. Halsey, Ed., 2003, New York: Wiley)

►EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST Barzun, J., & Graff, H.F. (1977). The modern researcher (3d ed.). New York: Harcourt. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. ►REPUBLISHED WORK Beccaria, C. (1986). On crime and punishments (D. Young, Trans.) Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original

work published 1764) ►TRANSLATED WORK Weber, M. (1964). The theory of social and economic organization. (A.M. Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). New

York: The Free Press. (Original work published 1947)

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• A chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work, or republished work:

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

►MULTI-VOLUME WORK Beveridge, A.J. (1916-1919). The life of John Marshall (Vols. 1-4). New York: Houghton and Mifflin. ►DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and

nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947) Abstracted in DAI and obtained from the university Ross, D.F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar

but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

Unpublished (does not appear in DAI) Wilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,

University of Missouri, Columbia.

►INTRODUCTIONS, PREFACES, FOREWARDS AND AFTERWARDS

• Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterward (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.

Funk, R. & Kolln, M. (1998). Introduction. In E.W. Ludlow (Ed.), Understanding English Grammar (pp. 1-2). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

►UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER Sheehan, W.J. (1982, March). Wicked as Hell itself: Women in the prisons of Georgian London. Paper presented at the

meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Louisville, KY.

Zweben, A. (2007, July). The relationship between medication adherence and treatment outcomes. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Scientific meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Chicago, IL.

►MATERIAL ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION BUT NOT YET IN PRESS

• Do not give the year (write the words “in press”), volume, or page numbers until the article or book is published:

Schwalbe, C. S. (in press). A meta-analysis of juvenile justice risk assessment instruments: Predictive validity by gender. Criminal Justice and Behavior.

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Sormanti, M. (in press). Bereavement practice. In T. Mizrahi & L. Davis (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social work, (20th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

►NON-ENGLISH SOURCE

Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation:

• Journal:

Wang, R. (2007). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2, 453-468.

• Book:

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La gènese de l’idée de hazard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Nazarova I. (2006). Adaptatsia I vozmojnye modeli mobilnosti sirot [Adaptation and possible models of orphans’ mobility]. Moscow: Moskovskii Obshestvenniy Nauchniy Fond.

►REPRINT FROM ANOTHER SOURCE From a book Annas, P. (1988). A disturbance in mirrors: The poetry of Sylvia Plath. New York: Greenwood. (Excerpted and

reprinted in Poetry Criticism, 1990, vol. 1, pp. 410-414) From an article or essay Conrad, J. L. (1986, Summer). Turgenev’s ‘Asja’: Ambiguous ambivalence, Slavic and East-European Journal, 30

(2), 215-229.(Excerpted and reprinted in Short Story Criticism, vol. 7, pp. 346-352)

►CITATION OF A WORK DISCUSSED IN ANOTHER WORK

To cite the work of an author whom you have not read but who has been cited by one you have, write the original author’s name in the text only (do not give year and do not cite in reference list). Then write the words “as cited in” and the source from which you read about the original. For example, the author you are reading (Fay) cites another (Kim):

• In text:

Another author (Kim, as cited in Fay, 2005) stated that "autism is a disorder of brain development" (p. 85).

Cite Fay in the reference list, not Kim.

According to Mitchell (as cited in Arles, Ziegler & Curtis, 1999), children develop…

Cite Arles and colleagues in reference list, not Mitchell.

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►SECONDARY SOURCES are materials that you actually have read but that review, interpret, describe, analyze or refer to research or work conducted by other authors.

In the text examples, see p. 10.

Reference list entry → Cotheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100, 589-

608. ►ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE OR DICTIONARY ENTRY With author

Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Capron, A.M. (1983). Euthanasia. In Encyclopedia of crime and justice (Vol. 2, pp. 709-715). New York: The Free Press.

Ivanoff, A. M., & Riedel, M. (1997). Suicide. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed. Revised, CD ROM). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Kaushal, N., Reimers, C., & Reimers, D. (2007). Essay on economy and immigration. In M. Walters, R. Ueda, & B. H. Marrow (Eds), The new Americans: A guide to immigration since 1965. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (pp.320-332). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

No author

Electron gun. (1993). In Collier’s encyclopedia. (Vol. 9, p. 1). New York: Macmillan Educational.

►ELECTRONIC BOOKS

(See also ELECTRONIC REFERENCE FORMATS)

Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it.

Davis, J. Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0

De Huff, E.W. Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

►ABSTRACT

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• If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name.

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58.

Bossong, G. Ergativity in Basque. Linguistics, 22(3), 341-392.

►GRAPHIC DATA (e.g. INTERACTIVE MAPS AND OTHER GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA)

• Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information.

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion

PERIODICALS

►JOURNAL ARTICLE Bachman, R., & Pasternoster, R. (1993). A contemporary look at the effects of rape law reform: How far have

we really come? The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 84, 554-574. [more than six authors] Van Honk, J., Tuitena, A., van den Hout, M., Putman, P., de Haan, E., Stam, H., et al. (2001, March).

Selective attention to unmasked and masked threatening words: relationships to trait anger and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 711-720.

• Include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number only if each issue begins with page 1.

Rudisill, J. R., & Edwards, J. M. (2002, Winter). Coping with job transitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 54(1), 55-64.

►MAGAZINE OR NEWSLETTER ARTICLE

• Give date shown on publication—month for monthlies and month and day for weeklies. Give volume number and page numbers following magazine name.

Fiske, H. (2009, January 13). Nursing home social workers speak out. Social Work Today, 3(1), 8-11.

Jordan, K. (2007, August). Babies listening to Mozart. Science, 278, 986-997.

►MONTHLY MAGAZINE ARTICLE

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Klinger, E. (1987, October). The power of daydreams. Psychology Today, 36-44. ►WEEKLY MAGAZINE ARTICLE With author Easterbrook, G. (1987, August 17). Big dumb rockets. Newsweek, 46-60. No author Shuttle crew studying ozone layer in atmosphere. (1993, April 11). Time, 34. ►NEWSPAPER ARTICLE With author Browne, M.W. (1985, July 30). Puzzling crystals plunge scientists into uncertainty. New York Times, pp. C3, C15. No author Swimmer killed by alligator in spring at a park in Florida. (1987, July 14). New York Times, p. A18.

• If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, separating them with a comma (e.g., pp. A1, A7), and for continuous pages, use a hyphen (e.g., pp. C4-C6).

Metz, A. (2008, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times, pp. A1, B3.

Sloan, J. (2009, January 2). Social workers engaged in rebuilding community. The Washington Post, pp. B4-5.

►LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.

►REVIEW

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

►CONFERENCES OR PRESENTATIONS

• Paper presented at a meeting:

Zweben, A. (2007, July). The relationship between medication adherence and treatment outcomes. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Scientific meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Chicago, IL.

• Poster session:

Chen, F. (2006, January). A grounded theory study on social work case managers' interactions with families of individuals with severe mental Illness. Poster session presented at the 10th Annual Conference of the Society for Social Work and Research, San Antonio, TX.

GOVERNMENT REPORTS

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• If no authors/editors are identified, use the name of the office as the author. If the specific office that produced the report is not well known, give the name of the highest department or agency as well.

• If the document is available from the Government Printing Office, show that as the publisher. Show the publication/report number, if there is one.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. (1964). Smoking and health: Report

of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. (Public Health Service Publication No. 1103). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997). Drug courts: Overview of growth, characteristics, and results. (GAO/GGD-

97-106). Washington, D.C.: Author.

REVIEWS

►OF A BOOK Schatz, B.R.(Reviewer). (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information].

Science, 290, 1304. ►OF A MOTION PICTURE, TV PROGRAM, ETC. Kraus, S.J.(Reviewer).(1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion

picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

►ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS

Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. (The first example below is from a newspaper article; the second is from a scholarly journal.) In brackets, write "Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work. Provide the web address after the words "Retrieved from," if the review is freely available to anyone. If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write "Available from" and provide the information where the review can be purchased.

Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/ mfs52.1.html

Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us ]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck -t.html?pagewanted=2

AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA

►MOTION PICTURE WIDELY AVAILABLE

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Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

►MOTION PICTURE OF LIMITED CIRCULATION

For a film, video, etc. not widely available, include distributor name and address: Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn Hooker

[Motion picture]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc,, 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023)

►TELEVISION SERIES Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET. ►MUSIC RECORDING Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by Artist if different from writer]. On Title of album

[Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

►AUDIO PODCAST

• For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Bell, T. & Phillips, T. 2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm

►VIDEO PODCAST

• For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education

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REFERENCES TO LEGAL MATERIALS

• APA defers to the style used by the legal profession for the citation of legal material. See pages 216-224 of the APA Manual for more in depth details, and see The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation (Bluebook; 18th ed., 2005) for a comprehensive discussion, available at Reference Desk, Reserve, and Law Reference KF 245. B58)

• For in-text citations of LEGAL MATERIALS give enough information to enable the reader to locate the full entry in the reference list quickly and easily, that is, give the first few words of the reference list entry and date.

► COURT CASES

• In text, cite the name of the case (italicized) and the year of the decision. If 2 or more years are given, cite those years as well. Use “v.”, never “versus” or “vs.”

Text citation → As federal Judge Bue asserted in Sierra Club v. Froehlke (1987), the fullest and most independent critique necessarily must come from … Reference list entry→ Sierra Club v. Froehlke, 816 F.2d 205 (5th Cir. 1987) Text citation → The Supreme Court recognized in Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984) a duty of care to protect third parties from the dangers presented by an involuntary mental patient in state custody. Reference list entry→ Durflinger V. Artiles, 563 F.Supp. 322 (D.Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984). ► STATUTES

• In text, give the popular or official name of the act and the year it was passed. Each word of the statute is capitalized but not italicized.

Text citation → To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated against in the workplace, the U.S. Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Reference list entry for the statute → Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336, § 2, 104 Stat 328 (1991) Reference list entry for the code → Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1201 et seq.(West 1993). ► TESTIMONY AND HEARINGS

• Provide in text the title (italicized) or number (or other descriptive information) and the date. Text citation → One of the most constructive steps that Washington could take to help families (Urban America’s Need, 1992) would be to create agencies that … Reference list entry→ Urban America’s Need for social services to strengthen families: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the

Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, 102d Cong., 1 (1992).

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► BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

• The number of a bill or resolution should be preceded by H.R. (House of Representatives) or S. (Senate). Consult The Bluebook (2000, table T.10) for abbreviations of words commonly used in legislative materials.

Text citation → Senate Bill 5936 (1992) might be the most important for providing funding to assist low-income housing.

One of the bills (S. 5936, 1992) would provide desperately needed operating funding to support low-income housing. Reference list entry→ S. 5936, 102d Cong. § 4 (1992) ►EXECUTIVE ORDER Text citation → Under the authority of Executive Order 11609 (1994), the information should be provided… Reference list entry→ Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971-1975), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. 301 app. At 404-07 (1994). ►FEDERAL REGULATION Text citation → This provision of FTC Credit Practices Rule (1999) affects only consumer goods … Reference list entry→ FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. § 444 (1999)

• Reference style to ELECTRONIC MEDIA is covered in the library handout APA STYLE: ELECTRONIC REFERENCE FORMATS available at http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/researchnew.html

• Library handout APA STYLE: RESEARCH PAPER FORMAT provides guidelines on how to arrange the appearance of materials in your research paper. Available at http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/researchnew.html

• Books addressing such issues as how to conduct a research, organize and write student papers can be found in the following call number areas: PE 1110, PE 1478, and LB 2369.

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ELECTRONIC REFERENCE FORMATS (APA STYLE)2

Uniform methods for citing electronic media are still evolving. In this handout, we created a PATTERN for citing electronic references consistent with the 6th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2009).

Electronic Reference Format = Basic Reference Format For Print Media + Retrieval Statement Types of Electronic References Where to cite E-Mail Communication In the text only A Web Site In the text only Specific Documents available on the Internet (free access)

In the text In the Reference List

Articles/Abstracts from databases accessed via the World Wide Web (limited access)


Articles/Abstracts from CD-ROM databases


Archived messages (newsgroup, discussion group, electronic mailing list)


Electronic Sources

Provide the same information, in the same order, that you would for a printed source (or as much of that information as possible), followed by enough electronic retrieval information needed for one to locate the source. The date that you retrieved a document is needed if the source content is likely to change. Providing this date confirms the content at the time of your research. The date of retrieval is not needed if the content is not likely to change, for example, a journal article or a book. Provide path information (URL) needed to find the material:

For journal article based on a print source:

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2008). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2008). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

2 The information is this handout is taken from a variety of sources, including: Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association, websites sponsored by John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Columbia University,

Purdue University, et cetera.

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DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)

Internet content can be changed, deleted, or moved to another location, so publishers have begun assigning a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles, books, and other published material. Because a DOI offers a permanent link to the location of a source on the Internet, neither the date of retrieval nor the URL are needed. If a DOI is available for a source (usually found on the first page of an electronic journal article and on the database landing page for the article), include it rather than the date you retrieved the source and its URL. If possible, copy and paste the DOI into your reference list, as a DOI string may be long, and it must appear exactly as it appears in the source. A reader may locate the reference source by pasting the DOI into a Google Scholar search or at CrossRef.org, which is the official DOI search service.

• Example of DOI: 10.1080/1468385042000247583

Article from an Online Periodical with an Assigned DOI

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. doi:0000000/000000000000

Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European

Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Article from an Online Periodical without an Assigned DOI

• Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist

Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

• If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title.

Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science

Research, 29, 535-555.

CITING A WEB SITE To cite an entire Web site (not a specific document), it is sufficient to give the address of the site IN THE BODY OF THE TEXT OF YOUR PAPER. No entry in the Reference List is needed. For example:

One of the most complete and interesting guides to entertainment, dining, and real estate in New York is CitySearch (http://ny.citysearch.com).

CITING SPECIFIC DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

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Think Google – in other words, these are documents which everybody can retrieve from the WWW without any restrictions. The basic retrieval statement IN THE REFERENCE LIST is the following: Retrieved month day, year, from the exact URL address.

� an article, for example: Moscou, J. (1999, October 8). Jewell to appeal public figure ruling: Libel suit against Atlanta Journal –

Constitution takes a turn. Editor&Publisher Interactive . Retrieved October 9, 1999, from http://www.mediainfo.com/home/news/newshtm/stories/100899n2.htm

� a government report, for example:

U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002). Drug courts: Better DOJ data collection and evaluation efforts needed to measure

impact of drug court programs. (GAO No. GAO-02-434). Retrieved May 14, 2002, from U.S. General Accounting Office Web site: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02434.pdf

• When referring to an Internet document consisting of multiple pages (i.e. different sections have different URLs), provide a URL that links to the home (or entry page) for the whole document.

Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, U.S. Department of State. (1997, March). International Narcotics Strategy Report, 1996. Retrieved February 22, 1999, from http://www.state.gov/www.global/ narcotics_law/1996_narc_report

• When referring to a particular chapter/section of a multiple-page document, provide a URL that links directly to that chapter/section. Use a chapter/section identifier (if available) in place of page numbers.

Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, U.S. Department of State. (1997, March).

Financial crimes and money laundering. In International Narcotics Strategy Report, 1996 (chap. 15). Retrieved February 22, 1999, from http://www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/ 1996_narc_report/ money96.html

• If a document is contained within a large and complex web site (such as that for a university or government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede URL with a colon.

• Identify the author of the document (if known). Halsall, P. (1998) Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Persia. Retrieved May 15, 2002, from the Fordham

University Web site: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook05.html Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. (1997, August). History of the National Security Council, 1947-

1997. Retrieved August 19, 2002, from the White House Web site: http://www.whitehouse.gov/ nsc/history.html

• If no publication date is given, type (n.d) in parenthesis United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December

8, 1999, from http://ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc1997.htm

• If report of an organization is available on organization Web site, identify the organization as the author.

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Freedom House, Inc. (2002). Nations in Transit 2002. Retrieved July 15, 2002, from

http://www.freedomhouse. org/research/nattransit.htm

• When the author of a document is markedly different from the provider (e.g., the host organization), explicitly identify the latter in the retrieval statement.

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in

America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved November 9, 1999, from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare

CITING ARTICLES/ABSTRACTS FROM LIBRARY LICENSED DATABASES ACCESSED VIA

THE WWW

Those are documents retrieved from commercial, licensed databases (PsycINFO, Lexis-Nexis, EbscoHost Academic, Westlaw, etc.); the access to them is limited exclusively to subscribers (CUNY or John Jay College Library). That’s why many of the Library’s electronic resources can be searched from the designated computers only or from a distance using the secure login procedure.

The basic retrieval statement IN THE REFERENCE LIST is the following: Retrieved month day, year, from name database, (item no.- if applicable)

3 Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999). Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does

optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303-326. Abstract retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycINFO database.

Lou, M. (1998, August 8). Detective hurt by ricochet recalls closer brush with death. The Buffalo News.

Saturday final ed. (882 words). Retrieved September 20, 1999, from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Hoffman, J. (1997). Macroeconomic indicators and New York City women’s drug arrests. Social Justice, 24, 82

(25pp.). Abstract retrieved February 16, 1999, from Infotrac: Expanded Academic ASAP database (item A1972954).

Ross, D. (1999, June). Assessing the patterns of citizen resistance during arrests. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,

68 (6), 5-11. Retrieved October 1, 1999, from Criminal Justice Periodical Index database. Cornell, S. (1998). Beyond the Great Story: Postmodern possibilities, postmodern problems. American

Quarterly, 50, 349-57. Retrieved October 5, 1999, from Project Muse database.

CITING ARTICLES/ABSTRACTS FROM CD-ROM DATABASES CD-ROM references don’t have the date of retrieval information. The basic retrieval statement IN THE REFERENCE LIST is the following:

Retrieved from name of database, CD-ROM, (item no.-- if applicable) Balter, M. (1998, January 16). Has French AIDS research stumbled? Science, 279, 312-314. Retrieved from

SIRS Researcher, CD-ROM (item 3334557). Sport Instructors and Coaches (1997). In Encylopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL:

J.G. Ferguson. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance, CDROM.

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CITING E- MAIL COMMUNICATIONS E-mail communications are cited as personal communications IN THE BODY OF THE TEXT OF YOUR PAPER. Because they do not provide recoverable data, e-mail communications have NO entries in the Reference List. For example:

T.G. Smith (Dallas correction officer, e-mail communication, July 12, 1998) believes that …

CITING ARCHIVED MESSAGES (DISCUSSION GROUP, NEWSGROUP,

AND ELECTRONIC MAILING LISTS) Only archived and retrievable newsgroup, discussion group, or electronic mailing list messages are included as complete references into the REFERENCE LIST at the end of your paper. (‘Electronic mailing lists’ are often referred to as “listservs.” However, LISTSERV is a trademarked name for a particular software, thus ‘electronic mailing list’ is the appropriate generic term).

• Paging or length statement is not required in this form.

• Provide the authors full name or the screen name, if the full name is not available.

• Follow the date with the subject line of the message (a.k.a. “thread”), DO NOT ITALICIZE IT.

• Provide any identifier for the message in brackets after the title. Use the abbreviation ‘msg’.

The basic retrieval statement IN THE REFERENCE LIST is the following: Message posted to the exact URL address or Message posted to name of the electronic mailing list, archived at the exact URL address: Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Msg. 1.] Message posted to news://sci.psychology.

Consciousness Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref-

Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg. 31.] Message posted

tohttp://groups.yahoo./group/visualcognition/message/31 Top ten rules of film criticism. [n.d.]. Message posted to LISTSERV Discussions on All Forms of Cinema,

archived at LISTSERV@ american.edu/ Get cinema-1 log9504A WomanBlue (1999, February 17). Men are from Earth, women are from Earth: Is there a difference in how

men and women conduct business? [Topic 29]. Message posted to http: //form.netscape.com/ directory/community/ cgi-bin/quest_fs.sqi?WE_ FORUM=Women

BLOG (WEBLOG) AND VIDEO BLOG POST

• Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? Message posted to http://www.spring.org.uk/

the1sttransport. (2004, September 26). Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video File]. Video posted

to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M

WIKIS

• Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects (i.e. free-for-alls) that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.

• However, please also note that these cites sometime provide a good overview of a topic, but are best not used as sources in your research.

• The EXTERNAL LINKS at the end of Wikipedia can sometimes be very useful, reliable and are worth checking out.

OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay

AUDIO PODCAST

• For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following

information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Bell, T. & Phillips, T. 2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm

VIDEO PODCAST

• For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following

information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com

ELECTRONIC CITATIONS IN TEXT

Follow the author/date format for print media. For quotations, give page number, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in the text. Note that the words ‘page’ and ‘chapter’ are abbreviated in the text citations. For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by paragraph symbol or the abbreviation ‘para’. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.

Taylor (1996) found, that… A study (Taylor, 1996, para. 10) indicated… One researcher (Taylor, 1996, chap. 2) found, that…

APA DOCUMENTATION

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Oliver and Shackleton’s study (1998, p.398) suggested… An interesting medical study (Oliver and Shackleton, 1998) indicated… Another study (Myers, 2000, ¶ 7) reveals that… The follow-up study (Brown, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 4) confirmed that…

APA DOCUMENTATION

39

Classical Works

When a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very old works, cite the year of the

translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by the version. When you

know the original date of publication, include it in the citation.

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

James (1890/1983)

Reference list entries are not required for major classical works, such as ancient Greek and Roman

works or classical religious works; simply identify in the first citation in the text the version used. Parts of the

classical works (e.g. books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos) are numbered systematically across all editions, so

use these numbers in text instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts of your source:

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version)

Qur’an 5:3-4 (Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV)

General Form for Electronic References

From the 5th Edition of the Publication Manual (© 2001)

Note: Some elements of the 5th edition's style guidelines for electronic resources differ from previously

published guidelines.

Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web-

or e-mail-based discussion groups, and Web- or e-mail-based newsletters.

Online periodical:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000).

Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

Online document:

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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Citations in the body of your paper - "intext" citations

APA Style requires "Short Form" citations in the text of the document, along with an alphabetized Reference List.

Citations in the text of the document should include the author's surname, the year of publication, and, when there is a specific statement, fact or quote from a source used, a page number where the quote is located in the text.

Example

Nothing seemed so certain as the results of the early studies (Tatt, 2001, p. 445). It was precisely this level of

apparent certainty, however, which led to a number of subsequent challenges to the techniques used to

process the data (Jones & Wayne, 2002, p. 879). There were a number of fairly obvious flaws in the data:

consistencies and regularities that seemed most irregular, upon close scrutiny (Aarns, 2003; West, 2003, p.

457).

The Reference List for our sample would include full references for all the works cited in the paper:

APA DOCUMENTATION

41

EXTENDED REFERENCE LIST

AT-A-GLANCE DIRECTORY

(FULL EXAMPLES FOLLOW)

APA Bible and classical works are not included in the References: see above

APA 00. Single Author

APA 01. Journal article, 1 author, journal paginated throughout a volume

APA 02. Journal article, 2 authors, journal paginated by issue

APA 03. 3 to 6 authors

APA 04. More than 6 authors

APA 05. Journal article in press

APA 06. Magazine or popular periodical article

APA 07. Newsletter article

APA 08. Newsletter article, no author

APA 09. Daily newspaper article, no author

APA 10. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages

APA 11. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor

APA 12. Entire issue of a journal (special or theme issue)

APA 13. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number

APA 14. Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal

APA 15. Monograph bound into journal with continuous pagination

APA 16. Abstract as original source

APA 17. Abstract from a secondary source

APA 18. Journal supplement

APA 19. Periodical published annually

APA 20. Non-English journal article, title translated into English

APA 21. English translation of a journal article

APA 22. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source

APA 23. Book, third edition, Jr. in name

APA 24. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

APA 25. Edited book

APA 26. Book, no author or editor

APA 27. Book, revised edition

APA 28. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work

APA 29. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

APA 30. Encyclopedia or dictionary

APA 31. Non-English book

APA 32. English translation of a book

APA 33. Brochure, corporate author

APA 34. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors

APA 35. Article or chapter in an edited book in press, separately titled volume

APA DOCUMENTATION

42

APA 36. Chapter in a volume in a series

APA 37. Non-English article or chapter in an edited book

APA 38. Entry in an encyclopedia

APA 39. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book

APA 40. English translation of an article or chapter, reprinted from another source

APA 41. Report available from the government Printing Office (GPO)

APA 42. Report available from the National Technical Information Service

APA 43. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

APA 44. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service

APA 45. Government report in an edited collection

APA 46. Report from a university

APA 47. Report from a university, edited, monograph

APA 48. Report from a private organization

APA 49. Published proceedings, contribution to a symposium

APA 50. Proceedings published regularly

APA 51. Unpublished contribution to a symposium

APA 52. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

APA 53. Poster session

APA 54. Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI, obtained from UMI

APA 55. Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI, obtained from university

APA 56. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

APA 57. Unpublished master's thesis

APA 58. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

APA 59. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited

APA 60. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted

APA 61. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work

APA 62. Publication of limited circulation

APA 63. Review of a book

APA 64. Review of a film or motion picture

APA 65. Audiovisual media, film or motion picture

APA 66. Television broadcast

APA 67. Television series

APA 68. Single episode from a television series

APA 69. Music recording

APA 70. Audio recording

APA 71. Internet article based on a print source

APA 72. Article in an Internet-only journal

APA 73. Article in an Internet-only journal, retrieved via ftp

APA 74. Article in an Internet-only newsletter

APA 75. Multipage document created by private organization, no date

APA 76. Chapter or section in an Internet document

APA 77. Stand-alone web document, no author identified, no date

APA 78. Document available on university program or department web site

APA 79. Report from a university, available on private organization web site

APA 80. US government report available on government agency web site

APA DOCUMENTATION

43

APA 81. Report from a private organization, available on organization web site

APA 82. Abstract of a technical report retrieved from a university web site

APA 83. Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university web site

APA 84. Paper presented at a virtual conference

APA 85. Message posted to a newsgroup

APA 86. Message posted to online forum or discussion group

APA 87. Message posted to an electronic mailing list

APA 88. Electronic copy of a journal article

APA 89. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search

APA 90. Electronic copy of an abstract obtained from a secondary database

APA 91. Electronic version of US government report available by search from GPO

APA 92. Computer software

APA 93. Computer software and manual available on university web site

APA 94. Data file, available from government agency

APA 95. Data file, available from NTIS web site

APA 96. Reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors

APA 97. Cite a particular “chapter” in a video

APA 98. Cite a poem

APA 99. Cite a source that I found in another source

APA 100. Cite software made for a game console

APA 101. Cite the contributors to a book or tape

APA 102 Cite the name of a series

APA 103 Cite Spark Notes and Cliff Notes

APA 104 Artwork sighted in a gallery or museum

APA 105 Artwork reproduction

APA 106 Reproduction of an Artwork in a Serial of Journal

APA 107 Reproduction of an artwork from a website.

APA 108 Reproduction of an artwork from a database.

APA 109 Museum Exhibit

APA 110 Blackboard/Intranet

APA 111 Brochure

APA DOCUMENTATION

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APA 00, Single Author Stewart, J.B. (2002). Heart of a soldier. New York: Simon & Schuster.

APA 01. Journal article, one author, journal paginated consecutively throughout the volume Wolf, E. (1990). Distinguished lecture: Facing power. American Anthropologist, 92, 586-596.

APA 02. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue Heilbrun, C., & Resnik, J. (1990). Convergences: Law, literature, and feminism. Yale Law Journal, 99, 1913-

1950.

APA 03. Three to six authors Evans, P., Preston, V., Jones, M., West, H., Cooper, B., & Williams, M. (2002). The astronomical timetable. New

York: Preston Press.

APA 04. Journal article, more than six authors Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). The myth of depression.

Health Culture, 9, 221-229.

APA 05. Journal article in press Myers, B., & Ansler, M. (in press). Left, right, forward?: Racism and radical politics. Journal of Politics and

Culture.

APA 06. Magazine article Miller, J. H. (2001, April). The next interpretation of nothing. Cultural Trends, 8+.

APA 07. Newsletter article Broca, J. R. (2001, Fall). Artistic training as therapy. Art and Psychology Bulletin, 21, 83-87.

APA 08. Newsletter article, no author Understanding the new regulations. (2002, May). Scioto Valley Newsletter, 9, 3-4.

APA 09. Daily newspaper article, no author New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

APA 10. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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APA 11. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor Mays, E. S. (2001, 11 June). The business of business [Letter to the editor]. Wall Street Journal, p. 3.

APA 12. Entire issue of a journal; journal, special issue; special issue of a journal Beasley, E. (Ed.). (2001). The new logic [Special issue]. Journal of Contemporary Philosophy, 9(6).

APA 13. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number Wisener, A., & Jameson, M. L. (2002). Parental understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research

in Parenting, 78(3, Serial No. 422).

APA 14. Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal Bishop, A. L., & Bishop, P. S. (1999). Atmospheric anomalies. Journal of Experimental Geography Monographs,

70(3, Pt. 2).

APA 15. Monograph bound into journal with continuous pagination West, M. D., Evans, C. B., & Mays, W. (1999). Validity of the Type B personality [Monograph]. Journal of

Cultural Psychology, 82, 344-426.

APA 16. Abstract as original source Myers, W. L., & Jones, P. B. (1999). Cholinoceptive pyramidal cells [Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,

42, 320.

APA 17. Abstract from a secondary source Burrows, W. R., Ellitch, P. B., & Wilson, J. R. (2000). Cognitive functions of adolescents: Urban vs. rural.

American Journal of Cultural Neuroscience, 8, 22-46. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology. 10 (Abstract No. 994).

APA 18. Journal supplement; supplement, to a journal Rogers, J. W., Kinner, R. L., & Weis, V. (2000). The architecture of the gravitational lens. Astronomicity,

16(Suppl. 2), 170-192.

APA 19. Periodical published annually Swidler, A., & Arditi, J. (1994). The new sociology of knowledge. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 305-329.

APA 20. Non-English journal article, title translated into English Tremblay, G. (2000). La version française des lois constitutionnelles du Canada [The French version of the

constitutional laws of Canada]. Les Cahiers de Droit, 41, 33-60.

APA 21. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue

APA DOCUMENTATION

46

von der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures on Poetics (M. T. Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), 31-56.

APA 22. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-

distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

APA 23. Book, third edition, Jr. in name Massey, W. R., & Jameson, W. M., Jr. (2001). Organizational behavior and the new internet logic (3rd ed.). New

York: McGraw-Hill.

APA 24. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher Aguidar Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Rural and urban birthrate statistics (No. 53.9877). Iswari, Asina-Waall

Province: Author.

APA 25. Edited book Gilbert, H. S., & Hart, L. N. (Eds.). (2000). Racism and mapmaking: Never a straight line?. New York: Preston

Press.

APA 26. Book, no author or editor Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (10th ed.). (1998). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

APA 27. Book, revised edition Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

APA 28. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than 1 year Anderson, J. B. (Ed.). (1989-1999). A history of mythology and culture (M. Arlan, Ed.) (Vols. 1-10). New York:

Preston Press.

APA 29. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).

Washington, DC: Author.

APA 30. Encyclopedia or dictionary Sanborn, W. B. (Ed.). (2001). Dictionary of tribal mythologies (4th ed., Vols. 1-14). New York: Preston Press.

APA 31. Non-English book Wolf, C. (1968). Nachdenken über Christa T. [The quest for Christa T.]. Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verlag.

APA 32. English translation of a book

APA DOCUMENTATION

47

Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish (A. Sheridan, Trans.) (2nd ed.). Studies in Critical Theory. New York: Vintage Books (Original work published 1978).

APA 33. Brochure, corporate author Winslow-Ames Consulting Group. (2003). Caring for the elderly: An intensive workshop (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. New

York: Author.

APA 34. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.), 16th century England (pp. 327-384).

London: Methaneon. APA 35. Article or chapter in an edited book in press, separately titled volume in a multivolume work

(two part title)

Anderson, W. R. (in press). Weakening the boundaries of insight. In J. Eddington & P. R. Burns (Eds.), Studies in military history. Vol. 2: Perspectives on racism: The new world order.. New York: Preston Press.

APA 36. Chapter in a volume in a series Aarnsworth, E. (2002). Magnesotic irregularities in rock formations. In A. Beales & P. M. Jessing (Eds.),

Handbook of Geology. Vol. 4: Southwestern US (5th ed., pp. 97-121). New York: Preston.

APA 37. Non-English article or chapter in an edited book, title translated into English Bourdieu, P. (1989). L'opinion publique [Public opinion]. In P. Campagne (Ed.), 50 idées qui ébranlent le monde;

dictonnaire de la Glasnost (pp. 204-206). Paris: P.U.F.

APA 38. Entry in an encyclopedia Marchant, E. (2003). Gypsy oak. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 42, pp. 304-305). Chicago:

Encyclopedia Britannica.

APA 39. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work, republished work Altallan, M. (2001). The Oxbird legacy. In T. Boynes (Ed. & Trans), The standard edition of the complete works of

Altallan (Vol. 22, pp. 14-64). New York: Preston Press (Original work published 1973).

APA 40. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, reprinted from another source Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget's theory (G. Gellerier, & J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson & S.

Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, 703-732, by P. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley).

APA 41. Report available from the government Printing Office (GPO), government institute as author National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). Psychodiagnosis: A bibliography (DHHS Publication No. 12-9022).

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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APA 42. Report available from the National Technical Information Service Cohen, B. G. (2003). Human aspects in espionage equipment. Denver, CO: National Institute for International Security (NTIS No. PB87-240722).

APA 43. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Josse, P. L. (1999). Writing in the classroom: Teaching with journals (Report No. NCRSL-BB-25-6). East Lansing,

MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 988 082).

APA 44. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service such as the NTIS or ERIC Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Progress report on the EPA acid rain program (EPA Publication No.

430-R-99-011). Rockville, MD: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

APA 45. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service, article or chapter in an edited collection Gergen, D. M. (2001). Religious affiliation and mental health. In J. Minden (Ed.), Psychological studies in rural

populations (NDR Publication No. 93-42002, pp. 352-401). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

APA 46. Report from a university Griggs, J. R., & Williams, H. M. (2001). Prevalence of land entitlement certificate forgeries (Tech. Rep. No. 17).

Niederlanden, Eastern Isaawi: University of Guernsey, Crime Research Centre.

APA 47. Report from a university, edited report, monograph Ansler, M. R., & Josse, F. (Eds.). (2001). Violence, media, and anxiety among adolescents (Redding Institute

Research Monograph No. 25). New London: Weim University, Department of Education.

APA 48. Report from a private organization Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1994, July). Baby boomers in retirement: What are their prospects? (Issue Brief

No. 151). Washington, DC: Author.

APA 49a. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book Muller, A. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). The mind's outer eye. In Alaska Symposium on Perspectives. Vol. 43:

Perspectives on perspective (pp. 237-288). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.

APA 49b. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book Muller, A. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Alaska Symposium on Perspectives. Vol. 43: Perspectives on perspective. Fairbanks:

University of Alaska Press.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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APA 50. Proceedings published regularly Woese, C. R. (2002). On the evolution of cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 8742-8747.

APA 51a. Unpublished contribution to a symposium Beales, J. (2001, May). Beyond seeing: Cultural blindness and lettering [Fieldnote data summary and slide

presentation]. In M. Wilkes (Chair), Textual perspectives. Symposium conducted at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Society, New York.

APA 51b. Unpublished contribution to a symposium Miller, A. S. (2003, May). Slide presentation and field note summary. In M. L. Irons, (Chair), Storytelling in rural

gatherings. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the RGS, Marseilles, France.

APA 52. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Buraku: The case of a Japanese minority.. Paper

presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.

APA 53. Poster session Durwith, N. (2001, June). Indexing surveys: Software that works.. Poster session presented at the annual meeting

of the Political Science Society, Washington, DC.

APA 54. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and obtained on university microfilm Winters, S. L. (2001). Health care programs and rural population growth (Diss, University of Agal, 2000).

Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 834B (UMI No. AAD66-26988).

APA 55. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and obtained from university Gans, E. L. (1982). The discovery of illusion (Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1981).

Dissertation Abstracts International, 27, 3046A.

APA 56. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Roberts, M. B. (2001). Land use and the law.. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.

APA 57. Unpublished master's thesis, university outside the United States Sanchez, E. (2001). Druidic dreams: Paluo's letters from the isle of Skye. Unpublished master's thesis, University of

Agal, Agal, West Zaapen, Dept English.

APA 58. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication Myers, B. (1992). The regimental rituals. Unpublished manuscript.

APA DOCUMENTATION

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APA 59. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Nomiya, D. (1988). Urbanization and income inequality: A cross-national study. Unpublished manuscript,

Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

APA 60. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted Anderson, M. J. (2001). War and journalism: A brief history of history. Manuscript submitted for publication (copy

on file with author).

APA 61. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work Deaux, M., & Wise, A. R. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex]. Unpublished raw data.

APA 62. Publication of limited circulation Chambers, W. R. (Ed.). (2002). INAC Projects. (Available from the Isaawian Nation Arts Council).

APA 63. Review of a book Landower, A. (2002). Reading the ropes of the new reality [Review of the book Under glass ties: The new media

fantasy of realism]. Contemporary Culture, 42, 533-567.

APA 64a. Review of a film or motion picture Reiner, E. J. (2001, 20 May). Breaking away: A tradition of rebellion [Review of the motion picture Bernice's

sandals] (dir. Anthony Peters). New Media, p. 45.

APA 64b. Review of a video Betisse, N. (2001). Visual visor: A videotext of art history studies [Review of the video program Discovering

Culture]. Contemporary Culture, 42, 3467-3499.

APA 65a. Audiovisual media, film or motion picture Mendelson, I. (Producer) & Axelson, E. (Writer/director). (2001). One for the money [Motion picture]. United

States: Siren Screens.

APA 65b. Film, limited circulation Veron, E. (Producer) & Pickard, N. L. (Director). (1999). Tangoesque: light leg language [Motion picture].

(Available from Dance Am Inst., 73 West 74th, Suite 160, New York, NY 10023).

APA 66. Television broadcast Lott, B., & Frank, S. H. (Prod.). (2001, Sept. 10). The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer [Television broadcast]. New

York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

APA 67. Television series Michaels, D. A. (Producer). (2002). The heart [Television series]. New York: WNET.

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APA 68. Single episode from a television series Hall, B. (Writer) & Sackheim, D. (Director). (1999). The last word. In J. DeWitt, A. Brenneman, & N.

Chaidez (Producters), Judging Amy [Television series episode]. New York: New York Broadcasting Company.

APA 69a. Music recording Bruel, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris: MM Musique.

APA 69b. Rerecording by artist other than writer Jones, J. (2002). The winding [Recorded by A. Berry, & P. Miller]. On Wind water and sand [CD]. Bay Point,

RI: Real Records. (1982).

APA 70. Audio recording Miro, J. L. (Speaker). (2001). Pressure, poison, and the physics of purity (Cassette recording No. 310-450-88-B).

Washington, DC: International Society of Mystery Writers.

APA 71. Internet article based on a print source Lessing, J. P. (2001). The physics of cultural magnets. Journal of Anthropological Studies, 8, 273-299. Retrieved

July 3, 2002, from http://jas.org/2001-8-lessing.html.

APA 72. Article in an Internet-only journal Jameson, E. S. (2002, June 12). Narrative therapy: A cure for care givers. Innovation in Treatment, 7, Article

0007a. Retrieved May 10, 2001, from http://journals.sla.org/treatment/volume7/0007a.html.

APA 73. Article in an Internet-only journal, retrieved via file transfer protocol Mercer, K. R. (2001). The matter at hand: Chaos is nothing. Atomic Psychology, 6, Article056a. Retrieved 21

December 2001, from ftp://www.atomicpsychology.edu/mercer.

APA 74. Article in an Internet-only newsletter Cherchneff, I. (1997, July). The exhaust fumes of stars. Physics@UMIST Research Newsletter(2). Retrieved from

http://www.phy.umist.ac.uk/Research/research_NL/NewsLetter2/nl2.shtml.

APA 75. Multipage document created by private organization, no date Commit to be fit! Arlington Chapter. (n.d.). Heart helps: Ten 10 minute workouts. Retrieved August 5, 2002, from

http://www.fitcommit.org/10minuteworkouts.

APA 76. Chapter or section in an Internet document Petrie Environmental Watch Center. (2002, Aug. 2). Recent conservation legislation. In Law and land use in

Petrie County (section 2). Retrieved August 3, 2002, from http://www.petriecenter.org/landuse/legislation/2.htm.

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APA 77. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date TechNo's adolescent quotient questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2002, from

http://www.asnu.edu/TechNo/AQQ.htm.

APA 78. Document available on university program or department web site Reibel, J. H. (1994). Pedagogy for the 21st century. Retrieved January 1, 2002, from Columbia University, Institute

for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/ILTpedagogy.html.

APA 79. Report from a university, available on private organization web site University of Manne, Center for Medical Education. (2001, December). Patients as effective educators in chronic

conditions. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from the Milbrook Memorial Fund Web site: http://www.mmf.org/reports/patients.html/.

APA 80. US government report available on government agency web site, no publication date indicated United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). Federal sentencing statistics by state. Retrieved Aug 2, 2002, from

http://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm.

APA 81. Report from a private organization, available on organization web site ResearchFirst, Ltd. (2001, Jan. 1). Conservation easements and land use. Retrieved May 2, 2002, from

http://www.researchfirst.org/jan/publications/conservation.pdf.

APA 82. Abstract of a technical report retrieved from a university web site Celifano, C. R., & Roland, W. M. (2001). Measured rates of glacial melting in 4 locations (ORSI Polar Research

Institute Report No. 14). Abstract retrieved May 5, 2002, from http://www.orsi.edu/npri/14.htm.

APA 83. Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university web site Dietrich, E. (2002, January 16). The left hand meets the right brain. Paper presented at the 2002 Symposium on

Neurocentric Art. Abstract retrieved May 3, 2003, from http://www.nacouncil.org/2002Symposium/dietrich.htm.

APA 84. Paper presented at a virtual conference Genile, P. (2003). Natural wealth and the national agenda. Paper presented at the NatureWatch 2003 online

conference. Retrieved May 16, 2003, from http://naturewatch.org/Politics&Plants2003.

APA 85. Message posted to a newsgroup Williams, A. (2003, January 4). New tectonic tracking techniques [Msg 3]. Message posted to

news://sci.geology.hawaii.

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APA 86. Message posted to online forum or discussion group Beales, M. S. (2003, February 2). Strategic planning software can replace post-it notes [Msg 26]. Message

posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nonprofit.

APA 87. Message posted to an electronic mailing list Harris, B. (2003, March 4). Version tracking: Keeping records of editorial changes. Message posted to

TheWriteDirection electronic mailing list, archived at http://writedirection.net/mail-archive/msg00124.html.

APA 88. Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database Jameson, M. M., Wilson, A. E., & Myers, B. R. (2003). Managing managers in the changing workplace. Journal

of Management and Culture, 43, 423-450. Retrieved April 15, 2003, from alaJOURNALS database.

APA 89. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search Nottingham, B. (2003, March 3). Toying with industrial restraints. New Amsterdam Beacon.. Retrieved April 4,

2003, from http://www.nabeacon.com.

APA 90. Electronic copy of an abstract obtained from a secondary database Otsu, T., & Saito, T. (1990). The problem of local optimality with OSMOD. Psychometrika, 55(3), 517-518.

Abstract retrieved May 13, 2003, from PsycINFO database.

APA 91. Electronic version of US government report available by search from GPO

Access database (on the web) U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed to guide investments

(Publication no. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access: http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/acces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index. html.

APA 92. Computer software Erickson, R. S. (2003). Xcelcior.. (Computer software).

APA 93. Computer software and manual available on university web site Benzinger, A. (2003). Anti-plagiarism software for educators [http://www.nisu-

c.edu/faculty/academics/benzinger/APS.htm]. (Computer software and manual).

APA 94. Data file, available from government agency National Educator Interview Survey-Current education topics: 2003. (Version 6) [Data file]. Hyattsville, MD: National

Center for Higher Education Statistics.

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APA 95. Data file, available from NTIS web site Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (2003). National Extended

Care Facility Roster [Data file]. Available from National Technical Information Service Web Site: http://www.ntis.gov.

APA 96. Citing a reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors Levertov, D. (1996). Witness. In C. Milosez (Ed.), A book of luminous things: An international anthology of poetry (p.

72). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Reprinted from Evening train, 1992, New York: New Directions) APA 97. How do I cite a particular "chapter" in a video Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12 [Motion picture]. (2002).

United States: Walden University. Since the APA Publication Manual does not address what to do when a video is divided up into distinct sections, you could start drawing parallels to other citations that are similar, for example a "single episode in a television series", where both the series name and episode name are given in the citation. However, we would recommend that instead of inventing new rules that may or may not be right, you should cite the recording as a whole, then refer to the specific part in the text of your paper. So your citation would be:

Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12 [Motion picture]. (2002).

United States: Walden University.

• The in-text citation would be:

...and in "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set," we find that blah blah blah (Learning, 2002). APA 98. Cite a poem

The tricky part: Original or reprinted:

In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the anthology or collection, or if it has

been reprinted from a previously published book.

How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?

Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back

of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must

obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a

reprinted poem.

Test #2: The title of the anthology indicates that the poem is new or reprinted.

Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art edited by Jan Greenberg. (original poems)

The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. (reprinted poems)

Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.

How do I cite an original poem?

In APA select "book" and answer "A chapter or part of the book (like an introduction or preface)" as the

content of the book you are citing. List the name of the poem as the title of the section.

Citing an original poem in an anthology of multiple authors

• Katz, B. (2001). Lessons from a painting by Rothco. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Heart to heart: New poems

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inspired by twentieth-century american art (p. 55). New York: Harry N Abrams.

Citing an original poem in a collection by a single author

• Oliver, M. (1992). When death comes. In New and selected poems (pp. 10-11). Boston: Beacon.

How do I cite a reprinted poem?

Select the "book" format but change the default value on the following screen ("Book") to "Reprint of a

nonperiodical source."

Citing a reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors

• Levertov, D. (1996). Witness. In C. Milosez (Ed.), A book of luminous things: An international anthology of

poetry (p. 72). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Reprinted from Evening train, 1992, New York: New

Directions)

Citing a collection of reprinted poems by a single author

• Stevens, W. (1961). The collected poems of Wallace Stevens (pp. 92-95). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Reprinted from Harmonium, 1937, New York: Alfred A. Knopf)

APA 99. Cite a source that I found in another source

Scenario: You have read a journal article written by John Smith. In the article, John Smith includes a quote

from a book authored by Jane Adams (which you have not used in your own research). You would like to

include Jane Adams' quote in your own paper.

Follow example #22 in the APA Publication Manual ("Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source").

Include an entry for the source you have in hand (the journal) in your reference list. In your parenthetical

reference after the quote, credit the original source in addition to citing the secondary source. Use the words

"as cited in..." to indicate that you are using material from a secondary source. For example: ...concluded that "without a doubt, the chicken came before the egg" (Adams, 1980, as cited in Smith, 2005).

APA 100. Cite software made for a game console

The APA Publication Manual doesn't address this particular case of course, but you can use the "Computer

Software" citation type and replace the description ("Computer software") with something like "Xbox game"

-- for example:

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Xbox game]. (2004). Electronic Arts.

APA 101. Cite the contributors to a book on tape or CD

Rowling, J.K. (Author), & Fry, S. (Narrator). (2000). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets [CD]. Bath,

England: Cover to Cover.

APA 102. Cite the name of a series

In APA, provide the name of a series after the name of a book and prior to the publication information.

Author (Date). The circulatory system (Vol. 4). Encyclopedia of health. Publication location: Publisher.

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APA 103 Cite Spark Notes and Cliff Notes

Ward, S., & Spain, S. (n.d.). Themes, motifs & symbols. In SparkNote on The Awakening. Retrieved February

11, 2006, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html

Kelly, M. (n.d.). Character analyses: Edna Pontellier. In CliffsNotes on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11,

2006, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html

Note: The "n.d." indicates that the site does not provide a date of electronic publication for the note. You

may indicate the copyright year in that field, if you wish.

APA 104 Artwork sighted in a gallery or museum

Referencing artworks can be quite challenging. However, if you follow the examples provided and make

logical connections between referring to artworks in the body of your work and in the reference list, the

reader of your work should be in no doubt which artwork you are referring to and will be able to identify the

artist, type of artwork and where it was sourced.

Original artwork viewed in gallery or museum or public exhibition includes artists name, date of work,

title of work, description in [ ], name of gallery or museum, place/city where the gallery or museum is located.

Example 1:

Dent, S. (1984). Wild animals [Sculpture]. Victorian Art Gallery, Melbourne.

Example: Text citation

The sculpture represented the merging of two lives. Bronze was utilized to show strength and longevity

(Dent, 1984).

Or

“My first impression of this particular sculpture (Dent, 1984) was…”

Example 2:

Caravaggio, M. (1595). Musicians [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.


• Realism flourished in paintings based on secular themes, for example, Musicians (Caravaggio, 1595),

and the emergence of a remarkable eroticism, achieved in part by the use of shadows and light.

APA 105 Artwork reproduction

Reproduction of an artwork from a book. In this case you need to include information about the book

where the artwork was sighted including the slide/figure number and identifying page/s as well as the

information on the artwork itself.

Van Gogh, V. (1888). Entrance to the public gardens in Arles [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New

York. In J. Pearce (1964), European painting: 1880-1913 (slide 22, p.16). New York: McGraw.


(Van Gogh, 1888, p.16)

When a copy of the artwork is reproduced in your essay:

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Van Gogh, 1888, Entrance to the public gardens in Arles.

When referring to more than one artwork within the body of your work you must clearly identify each

one using a consistent method. E.g. Figure 1, Figure 2 etc.


• In Van Gogh’s Entrance to the public gardens in Arles (see Figure 1) it is obvious… whilst one of his later

paintings Wheat field and cypress trees (see Figure 2) show

Figure 1. Van Gogh, 1888, Entrance to the public gardens in Arles. Figure 2. Van Gogh, 1889, Wheat field and cypress

trees.

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APA 106 Reproduction of an Artwork in a Serial of Journal

Example: Reference List entry

Kirkland, D. (n.d.) Peter O’Toole [Photograph]. Icons. (2002, Summer). Better

Photography, 42, 58-63.

Note: In this example, the author of the article and the photographer were one and the same.


(Kirkland, n.d., p. 61)

When a copy of the artwork is included in your work.

Kirkland, n.d., Peter O’Toole.

APA 107 Reproduction of an artwork from a website.

Example: Reference List entry

McCahon, C. (1954). Manakau [Watercolour]. Retrieved January 17, 2007, from

http://www.mccahonhouse.org.nz/fifties/5360manukau1954.asp?artwork=19


(McCahon, 1954)


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APA 108 Reproduction of an artwork from a database.

Example: Reference List

Dali, S. (1931). The persistence of memory [Painting]. In C. Stuckey (2005), The persistence of Dali.

Art in America, 93(3), 114-125. Retrieved February 2, 2007, from ProQuest Arts database.


• (Dali, 1931)


APA 109 Museum Exhibit

Curator, I. M. A. (Curator). (2008). Tapestries of 15th century France. [Museum exhibit]. New York:

Metropolitan Museum of Art.

If no curator is credited or available:

Tapestries of 15th century France. (2008). [Museum exhibit]. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

APA 110 Blackboard/Intranet

Note: You are advised to check with your professor before referencing from Blackboard. Some professors

may not permit it. If you do reference material from Blackboard include as much detail as possible to show

clearly where you retrieved it from, e.g.:

Professor’s name, date/s, folder name, paper name, Blackboard. John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

APA 111 Brochure

Note: Brochure is in square brackets [ ]

Example:

National Radiological Protection Board. (2001). X-rays: How safe are they? [Brochure]. Chilton, UK: Author.

Examples:

Alcohol Advisory Council of the United Kingdom. (n.d.). Alcohol: Facts & effects [Brochure].

Edinburgh: Author.

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