Express Cruisers (ANCON-NIOSH)€¦ · BOAT DETAILS BoatLength EnginesExhaustGenerator 1 31' Twin...
Transcript of Express Cruisers (ANCON-NIOSH)€¦ · BOAT DETAILS BoatLength EnginesExhaustGenerator 1 31' Twin...
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURES ON EXPRESS AND EXPOSURES ON EXPRESS
CRUISERSCRUISERSProgress Summary
Alberto Garcia, M.S.Augusto Villalon*
G. Scott Earnest, Ph.D., P.E., C.S.P.Bryan Beamer, Ph.D., P.E.**
Richard A. Blackman***Daniel R. McCormick***
National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthDivision of Applied Research and Technology
Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch* Ancon Marine Consultants
** University of Wisconsin - Stout*** U.S. Coast Guard
BOAT DETAILSBOAT DETAILSBoat Length Engines Exhaust Generator
1 31' Twin Volvo Penta 8.1 L Through Hub Gas 120 v 7.3KW Kohler
2 30' Twin Mercruiser 5.0 L Through Hub Gas 120 v 5.0KW Kohler
3 40' Twin Mercruiser 8.1 L Sides and Underwater Gas 120 v 7.3KW Kohler
4* 37' Twin Mercruiser 8.1 L Through Transom Gas 120 v 7.3KW Kohler
5 33' Twin Volvo Penta 5.7 L Through Hub Gas 120 v 5.0KW Kohler
6 36' Twin Mercruiser 8.1 L Sides and Underwater Gas 120 v 7.3KW Kohler
Boat 4 equipped with both through transom and through hub (underwater) exhaust, selectable by the operator
*
METHODSMETHODS• Evaluations typically took several hours for each boat.• CO monitors and stop watches were synchronized with
computer’s clock to accurately correlate each test with downloaded data.
• CO monitors were placed at various locations on the boat.• Air sampling occurred while boat was stationary and
moving.• While moving, boat speed and relative wind speed was
measured and recorded.• Smoke tests were performed while stationary and moving.• Temperature and relative humidity were measured every
time a new run was initiated.• All warning labels were inspected.
TEST MATRIXTEST MATRIX
Stationary or Underway Condition ConditionStationary (at slip) Generator on Generator and propulsion
engines on
Stationary (on water) Generator on Generator and propulsion engines on
Idle speed With canvas under 2-3 configurations such as - all up, side curtains off, only bimini top up, etc.
2 mid-range speeds With canvas under 2-3 configurations such as - all up, side curtains off, only bimini top up, etc.
Open throttle With canvas under 2-3 configurations such as - all up, side curtains off, only bimini top up, etc.
TYPICAL SAMPLE TYPICAL SAMPLE LOCATIONSLOCATIONS
Not to Scale
Cockpit AreaSwim Platform
RESULTS BOAT 4 RESULTS BOAT 4 (Canvas Fully Deployed)(Canvas Fully Deployed)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO C
once
ntra
tions
(ppm
)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
37’ Exhaust Transom
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 4 RESULTS BOAT 4 (Partial Canvas)(Partial Canvas)
37’ Exhaust Transom
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 4 RESULTS BOAT 4 ((BiminiBimini Top)Top)
37’ Exhaust Transom
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO C
once
ntra
tions
(ppm
)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 1 RESULTS BOAT 1 (Canvas Fully Deployed)(Canvas Fully Deployed)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
31’ Exhaust Hub
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 1 RESULTS BOAT 1 (Partial Canvas)(Partial Canvas)
31’ Exhaust Hub
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO C
once
ntra
tions
(ppm
)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 1 RESULTS BOAT 1 ((BiminiBimini Top)Top)
31’ Exhaust Hub
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO C
once
ntra
tions
(ppm
)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 3RESULTS BOAT 3(Canvas Fully Deployed)(Canvas Fully Deployed)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
40’ Sides and Underwater
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 3RESULTS BOAT 3(Partial Canvas)(Partial Canvas)
40’ Sides and Underwater
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO C
once
ntra
tions
(ppm
)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
RESULTS BOAT 3RESULTS BOAT 3((BiminiBimini Top)Top)
40’ Sides and Underwater
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Boat Speed (mph)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm)
Rear PortRear CntrRear StbdCapt. SeatCntr WindCabin
NIOSH Ceiling
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Duration of Test (sec)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm) Boat 1
Boat 2Boat 3Boat 4Boat 5Boat 6
RESULTS RESULTS BOAT COMPARISON BOAT COMPARISON
(CANVAS FULLY DEPLOYED)(CANVAS FULLY DEPLOYED)
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
Instrument Saturated
NIOSH Ceiling
Samples taken on Center of Swimming Platform
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Duration of Test (sec)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm) Boat 1
Boat 2Boat 3Boat 4Boat 5Boat 6
RESULTS RESULTS BOAT COMPARISON BOAT COMPARISON (BIMINI TOP ONLY)(BIMINI TOP ONLY)
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
NIOSH Ceiling
Samples taken on Center of Swimming Platform
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Duration of Test (sec)
CO
Con
cent
ratio
ns (p
pm) 8.1 L (Boat 4)
8.1 L (Boat 1)8.1 L (Boat 6)8.1 L (Boat 3)
RESULTSRESULTSEXHAUST COMPARISON 4 BOATSEXHAUST COMPARISON 4 BOATS
CENTER OF STERN (BIMINI TOP ONLY)CENTER OF STERN (BIMINI TOP ONLY)
5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 25 mph
NIOSH Ceiling
• Boat 1: 31’ Exhaust Hub
• Boat 3: 40’ Exhaust S&U
• Boat 4: 37’ Exhaust Transom
• Boat 6: 36’ Exhaust S&U
RESULTS SUMMARYRESULTS SUMMARY
• When canvas is deployed, CO concentrations reached instantaneous levels above the IDLH near the swimming platform for some of the evaluated boats.
• Canvas configuration significantly affects CO concentrations in the cockpit area.
• At low speeds and going into the wind with canvas fully deployed, with no forward hatches, windows nor front panels opened, the station wagon effect is maximized pulling significant amounts of CO into the cockpit.
• Different exhaust configurations have a major impact on how CO concentrations are entrained into the cockpit and occupied areas.
RESULTS SUMMARYRESULTS SUMMARY• CO concentrations are typically higher at the stern of the
boat and gradually lower as you move forward.• Stationary smoke tests into the engine compartment
showed satisfactory sealing of the bulkhead between the engine and adjacent compartments on all boats.
• Warning labels were missing important information to properly warn users of potential hazards and preventive/corrective measures to prevent CO poisonings.
• With the cabin door closed, the cabin is typically under negative pressure when the A/C is running. This condition can lead to CO intrusions if a leak should occur.
DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION• Evaluation of 6 express cruisers showed that most
propulsion and generator engines produced hazardous CO concentrations near the stern.
• These concentrations are particularly hazardous for boats operating at idle or at slow speeds with canvas fully deployed or for a boater near exhaust outlets.
• Exhaust configuration and fresh air ventilation of cockpit area plays an important role on the CO concentrations into the cockpit and occupied areas.
• It seems to be apparent, by observing the charts, that high CO concentrations are also a problem outside the enclosure on the swim platform and a bigger problem with canvas deployed than when it is not deployed
CONCLUSIONS & CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
• Underwater exhaust will significantly reduce CO concentrations inside the cockpit compared to surface exhaust.
• Some canvas configurations should not be used while boat is moving or propulsion and/or generator engines are running.
• Study the possibility of adding force draft blowers into the cabin to create a positive pressure minimizing the potential for CO intrusions. Auxiliary blowers can be fitted and routed to ventilate cockpit and swim platform to minimize/break the negative pressure areas throughout the vessel.
CONCLUSIONS & CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
• Encourage the cabin sliding door suppliers to develop better sealing of these doors.
• Encourage windshield manufacturers to study the possible ventilation through the center and side wings of the windshield.
• Due care should be exercised when designing the powered ventilation system on the engine compartment to locate the air intake on the opposite side of the generator exhaust, potentially moving the intake much forward on the vessel.
• Continue development of cleaner burning engines with catalytic converters since they have the potential to greatly reduce CO concentrations to safer levels.
CONCLUSIONS & CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
• Recommend that ABYC examine their standards and emphasize ventilation problems that can lead to CO intrusions and take a strong position against through transom exhaust. Since NMMA uses ABYC standards in their certification, the result will be a large number of boats built to this standard.
• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other types of modeling are currently being conducted to better assess exhaust plume configurations.
• Further work should be done on the areas of our recommendations.