EXPLAIN M05 - 1 Coverage Planning
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Transcript of EXPLAIN M05 - 1 Coverage Planning
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1 NOKIA 6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0
Coverage Coverage Planning Planning
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Module objectives
9 DEFINE COVERAGE THRESHOLD
9 DESCRIBE DIFFERENT COVERAGE PLANNING MARGINS
9 LOCATION PROBABILITY9PENETRATION LOSS
9 CALCULATE COVERAGE AREAS
At the end of this module you will be able to
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Content of Coverage Planning
9 COVERAGE THRESHOLD
9 COVERAGE AREA
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Coverage Planning
9 COVERAGE THRESHOLD
9 COVERAGE AREA
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Coverage ThresholdBasics
Based on the calculated maximum allowed path loss in PBGT, the coverage threshold can be defined
Coverage threshold depends on margins related to
Location probability (= slow fading)
Fast fading / Interference degradation
Polarization / Antenna orientation loss
Body loss
Penetration losses (vehicle or building)
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Real maximum allowed path loss
Coverage ThresholdDL Calculation Process
function (location probability)
From power budget calculations
function (morphological area)
Okumura-Hata
function (morphological area)
= Maximum allowed path loss => Coverage threshold
Cell radius
Cell area
EIRP -
Minimum allowed receiving level
Slow fading and other margins
Building penetration loss
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Full coverage of an area can never be guaranteed!
Coverage ThresholdLocation Probability
Outages due to coverage gaps Pno_cov due to interferences Pif
Total location probability in a cell (1- Pno_cov) * (1- Pif)
Both time and location probability
Typical required values are 90-95%
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When calculating cell radius, LP is 50% by the cell edge and ~75% over the cell area
To get 90% LP, the cell radius has to be reduced
Coverage ThresholdSlow Fading Margin
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1-
3
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2
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1
0 1 2 3
90% of the area
Slow fading margin
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ETSI specific margin
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATIONFrequency (MHz): 1800 System: DCS1800Case description: MS Class: 1
RECEIVING END: BS MSRX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm -108.00 -100.00 AInterference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 BBody Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 CCable Loss + Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 DRx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 EDiversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 FIsotropic Power dBm -124.00 -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-FField Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*TRANSMITTING END: MS BSTX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 KBody Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 LIsolator + Combiner + Filter dB 0.00 2.20 MRF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-MCable Loss + Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 OTX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 PPeak EIRP W 0.63 562.11(EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P
* Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])
BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to
Coverage ThresholdInterference Degrade Margin
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Coverage ThresholdPolarisation / Antenna Orientation Loss
Polarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientation of the mobile antenna (vertical-horisontal)
Typical loss 5-10 dB due to mismatch of polarisation
Sometime taken into account but not always
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Coverage ThresholdBody Loss
Body loss happens because of the existence of the human body
Typical loss 5-10 dB depending on the distance between mobile and human body
Typically taken into account in coverage threshold
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Coverage ThresholdPenetration Loss
Penetration losses have to be added as mean value, and standard deviation need to be taken into account as well
type mean sigma
urban building 15 dB 7 dB suburban 10 dB 7 dB in-car 8 dB 5 dB
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Coverage Planning
9 COVERAGE THRESHOLD
9 COVERAGE AREA
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COMMON INFO DU U SU F OMS antenna height (m): 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5BS antenna height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0Standard Deviation (dB): 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0BPL Average (dB): 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0Standard Deviation indoors (dB): 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F OArea Type Correction (dB) 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F ORoads width (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0Road orientation angle (degrees): 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0Building separation (m): 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0Buildings average height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F OPropagation Model OH OH OH OH OHSlow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22,8 19,8 17,8 13,8 13,8Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): 59,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1Coverage Threshold (dBm): -77,2 -80,2 -82,2 -86,2 -86,2Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,99OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F OPropagation Model OH OH OH OH OHSlow Fading Margin (dB): 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8Coverage Threshold (dBm): -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 4,39 5,70 6,50 10,69 14,99
Coverage AreaCell range: Example of Dimensioning (EXCEL based calculation)
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After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated
When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account
R
OmniA = 2,6 R1
2Bi-sectorA= 1,73 R2
2Tri-sector
A = 1,95 R32
R
R
Coverage AreaCoverage Area in Dimensioning
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Three hexagons Three cells
Coverage AreaHexagons vs. Cells
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Coverage AreaExample of Planning Tool Calculation
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Coverage AreaCell Area Terms
Dominance area
Service area
Coverage area
6dB hysteresis margin
coverage limit
cell coverage range
cell service range
dominance range
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Coverage AreaEnhancement
Improving link budget Sensitivity Power Antennas
Reducing the effect of geography BTS antenna heights Good network plan
Technical solutions for improving link budget Combiner by-pass Mast head preamplifier Booster
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Coverage AreaConclusion
Achievable cell size depends on Frequency band used (450, 900, 1800 MHz) Surroundings, environment Link budget figures Antenna types Antenna positioning Minimum required signal levels
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Exercises / Questions
9 List the margins needed for the coverage planning threshold!
9 Define the outdoor planning threshold for the GSM1800 network when STD = 9 dB and the required outdoor area location probability = 95 %.
9 Calculate slow fading margin for 95% probability when STD = 7, 8, 10 (Excel exercise, OPTIONAL).
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References
1. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1990.
3. W.C. Jakes, Jr., (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley-Interscience, 1974.
4. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planningfor GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.