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Check your understanding of how to summarize.

Exercise I

Knowing how to argue is a useful skill. We use it onourselves in order to arrive at decisions; we use it with others aswe discuss business strategies or policy changes on committees,as members of the local PTA, a law office, an environmentalaction group; we use it as fundraisers for a cause, like savingwhales, we use it in applying for foundation grants and in draftinga letter to the editor of our hometown paper; we use it when wediscuss child abuse, toxic waste, tax cuts, pothole repair, working

mothers, and university investment policies. Our ability to expressopinions persuasivelyto present our views systematically asargumentswill allow us to make some difference in public life. Ifwe lack the necessary skills, we are condemned to sit on thesidelines. Instead of doing the moving, we will be among themoved; more persuasive voices will convince us of what me mustdo. (pp. 222- 223).

--Hall, B. & Birkerts, S. (1998). Writing well(9th ed.). New York: Longman.

Topic Sentence: Knowing how to argue is a useful skill.

For this exercise, youll have to choose the main points. Circle themain points from thepassage in the selection of sentences/phrases below.1. We must use it on ourselves in order to arrive at decisions2. members of the local PTA

3. we use it with others4. drafting a letter to the editor of our hometown paper5. Our ability . . . will allow us to make some difference in publiclife6. we are condemned to sit on the sidelines7. saving whales

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Once youve identified the main points in the passage, your nextstep will be to draft a summary based on the main points thatyouve chosen. Use the space below to write down yoursummary.

Exercise 2

Audiences want the sense that youre talking directly to themand that you care that they understand and are interested. Theyllforgive you if you get tangled up in a sentence and end itungrammatically. They wont forgive you if you seem to have acanned talk that youre going to deliver no matter who theaudience is or how they respond. You can convey a sense ofcaring to your audience by making direct eye contact with them

and by using a conversational style. (p. 475)

---Locker, K. O. (2003). Business and administrativecommunication (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Summary

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Exercise 3

Writing a memo is essentially like writing any other form oftechnical communication. First you have to understand your

audience and purpose. Then you gather your information, createsome sort of outline, write a draft, and revise it. Making the memolook like a memo - adding the structural features that your readerswill expectis relatively simple. Your software has templates, oryou can build the structure into your outline or shape the draft atsome later stage. (p. 424).

--Markel, M. (1996). Technical communication: Situations and

strategies. New York: St. Martins Press.

Exercise 4Vocalizations that might be construed as symbols of various

sorts in different animals are usually accompanied by gestures.One student found that only 3 percent of the signals amongrhesus monkeys were not accompanied by gestures. Whateveranimals express through sounds seems to reflect not a logicalsequence of thoughts but a sequence accompanying a series ofemotional states. Animals communicative activities thus differfrom human language in that they consist essentially of signs not

arbitrary symbols. (p.470)

--Finegan, E. (1994). Language its structure and use (2nd ed.).Fortworth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

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Exercise I: Choose the Main Points

In addition to the topic sentence, numbers 1, 3, and 5 represent the more important points in this paragraph.

Exercise I: Read a Sample Summary

The ability to argue is valuable because we use it for so many reasons: both to make choices for ourselves and to persuade others.Without this ability to argue we lose our power to affect change (Hall & Birkerts, 1998).