EVS20001_Solid Waste Management

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EVS20001

Solid Waste Management

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Leachate Storage Lagoon

Anaerobic LagoonAerobic Lagoon

Treatment Plant

Brine Evaporation Pond

Leachate Treatment Plant

Aerobic Treatment Lagoon Reverse Osmosis Treatment

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Green Bins:Compostables

Blue Bins:Recyclables

Black Bins:Trash

Three Container System inSan Francisco

All Foodfruit, vegetables, meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish,bones, rice, beans, pasta, bread, cheese, and eggshells

Food-soiled Paperwaxed cardboard, napkins, paper towels, paper plates,paper milk cartons, tea bags, coffee grounds/filters,wooden crates, and sawdust

Plantsfloral trimmings, tree trimmings, leaves, grass, brush,and weeds

Material Accepted in Green Bin

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Busier Streets are Collected at Night

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Trough of water-food slurry

The slurry flows toward a device thatpulps the food waste, separates thefood waste, and returns the slurry tothe trough.

Pulping/separation device

Yellow containerfor separatedfood waste

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Separated food waste

In one of the larger dining halls, containers were stored overnightin a walk-in cooler. At other areas they were placed outside (covered)by the back door or loading dock for morning pickup.

Morning pickup outside one of the dining halls.

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Waste composted: yard trash, horse stall cleanouts, food waste

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Screening deviceFinished product

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Lecture 10 Organic Waste

Food Waste

South Korea

Lecture 10 Organic Waste Lecture 10 Organic Waste

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Case Study – Europe

• EU Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) aims toreduce biodegradable waste going to landfillby:– 25% in 2006 (2010)

– 50% in 2009 (2013)

– 65% in 2016 (2020)

• Applies to all EU member countries

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Case Study – Europe• Despite the Landfill Directive, there are vast differences in waste

diversion (including organic) between EU countries

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Bulgaria

Latvia

Poland

Estonia

Czech R

epublic

Portugal

Greece

Spain

United K

ingdom

Germ

any

Finland

Ireland

Sw

eden

Luxembourg

MSW

Am

ount

(kg·

capi

ta-1

)

Country (presented in order from lowest to highest GDP·capita-1)

GeneratedIncineratedRecycledComposted

Source: Eurostat MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams

Case Study – Europe• Even with waste directive, diversion function of GDP

Source: Eurostat MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

1,00,000

1,20,000

Was

te A

mou

nt (k

g·ca

pita

-1)

GDP (USD·capita-1)

Generated

Diverted

Comparison to CanadaWe have a lot of work to do!

Source: Statistics Canada MSW includes residential, ICI, and C&D waste Data not available for all provinces and territories

CANADA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

MSW

Am

ount

(kg·

capi

ta-1

·yr-1

)

GDP (CDN$·capita-1·yr-1)

Generated

Diverted

Moving towards ResourceManagement

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE PREVENTION

ExtractionManufacturingExtractionManufacturing

TransportTransport DistributionDistribution PurchasingUsePurchasingUse Re-useRe-use

SeparateCollectionSeparateCollection

RecyclingRecycling

Other treatmentand recoveryOther treatmentand recovery

Reduction at source Sustainable consumption

Avoided waste flows Diverted waste flows

Waste Minimization

Preparing for Re-use

PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION END OF LIFE

Basics guidelines

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http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/circular-

economy/interactive-system-diagram

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2012/06/06/video-what-a-waste-

report-why-the-numbers-matter

Why Do We Care How Solid Waste isRegulated/Managed?

Source: Brown, Michael, “Drums of Death”, Audubon, 120 July 1980.Source: Brown, Michael, “Drums of Death”, Audubon, 120 July 1980.

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Integrated Waste Management

Waste-to-Energy

Recycling, Reusing, CompostingSource Reduction

Landfilling

Source Reduction

• Reduce material use in product manufacture

• Increase useful life through durability andreparability

• Decrease toxicity

• Material reuse (pallets, containers, etc.)

• Efficient consumer use of materials

Source Reduction

• EPA estimates that 50% of the waste quantity canbe reduced with source reduction

• Should not be a substitute of one problem foranother

• Packaging is 50% of waste volume and 1/3 ofwaste weight– Paper and plastics– Spend more on food packaging than farmers net

income– Replace w/smaller, lighter, degradable material

Recycling

• Returning raw material to market• Pros:

– Save precious resources– Lessens need for mining of virgin materials– Lowers environmental impact of

mining/processing– Stretch landfill capacity– Improve efficiency of incinerators and composting

facilities

Recycling

• Cons:– Poorly managed sites can result in Superfund sites

• Waste oil recycling, newspaper de-inking, solvent andmetal recycling

• Can result in contamination of soil, groundwater, air– Require stable market– Only works if it is convenient

• Curbside pick-up• Drop off centers• Mail back programs

Composting

• Natural decomposition of organicmaterial– Need organic, water, oxygen– Not use preserved wood, human

wastes, bones, meat, fat, certain weeds

• Individual• Municipal

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Waste-to-Energy

Source Reduction

Landfilling

Recycling, Reusing, Composting

Waste to Energy (Combustion)

• There are three methods in which energy canbe recovered from incineration processes;– Heat– Electricity– Cogeneration (harnessing of useful heat and

electricity from one power plant)


• The two most common types of combustionthat are used at these facilities are;

– Mass Burning / Preparation– Combustion of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)


• Mass Burning / Preparation– MSW enters the facility and is inspected for the

presence of non-combustible, hazardous, andexplosive materials. These materials are separatedfrom the waste stream

– The waste stream is then fed into the combustionchamber along with forced air for “processing”.

– Some of these facilities can process 3000 tons ofMSW a day. They can however be scaled down to asmaller size if necessary


• Combustion of RDF;– All hazardous, iron containing or otherwise

non-combustible materials are removedfrom the waste stream.

– The remainder of the waste stream isshredded

– The material is then burned or furtherprocessed into pellets or cubes to be usedas fuel in other furnaces

– In some instanced the materials can beprocessed and packaged for re-sale toother facilities for use as fuel

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Grates

Ash Landfill Waste to Energy (Combustion)

• What are some of the pros and cons ofCombustion to Energy Operations?

• What are some of the environmental impactsof these types of facilities? (both good andbad)

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PROS:• Reduce volume of waste• Recover useful energy

– Steam– Waste

• Incinerator ash can be used in buildingmaterial


CONS:• Cost• High degree of sophistication needed to

operate safely and economically• Public perception of safety

– Stack emissions– Toxicity of ash


Waste-to-Energy

Source Reduction Recycling, Reusing, Composting

Landfilling

Landfilling

50-70% of municipal solid waste is landfilledModern landfill vs traditional landfillNo longer take hazardous wasteDo not receive bulk liquidsGas control systems Liners Leachate collection systemsGroundwater monitoring systemsBetter sited

Landfill Problems

• Physical amount and disposal sites• Costs to collect, handle, and dispose• Litter• Odor• Insects (flies, cockroaches) & rodents

– food– harborage

• Resource lost

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What is a Landfill?

• Concept fostered in early 20th century• An area of land that has solid waste deposited

on it in such a quantity to noticeably changethe surface elevation.

Why to use a landfill?

Potential Landfill Problems• Landfill can present problems with respect to:

– Spread of disease– Odors– Fires

– Contamination of groundwater– Gas emissions

Controlled by sanitarylandfill techniques

Controlled bymodern landfilldesign

Sanitary Landfill• Landfills may be:

– Excavated and filled– Fill existing depressions– Built up from the ground– A combination of above

• Operate landfills in acontrolled safe fashion– Use cover soil– Excavate cells– Compact the waste– Control access

Modern Landfills are EngineeredStructures

• Designed to Contain Leachate and MinimizeRelease of Pollutants from the Landfill

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Leachate

• Leachate is the liquid (or wastewater) thatforms when water (rainfall, groundwater)travels through solid waste

• Leachate can migrate into underlyinggroundwater, resulting in contamination

• Leachate can contain many differentchemicals, depending on what is in the solidwaste

Landfill Gas

• Landfill gas consists primarily of methane andcarbon dioxide

• Results from the anaerobic decomposition ofbiodegradable solid wastes

Typical Regulatory Requirements

• Location restrictions– Airports– Wetlands– Fault lines– Unstable areas– Endangered species

Typical Regulatory Requirements

• Liners -- Low permeability barrier layers– Compacted soil (clay)– Geomembranes (plastic)– Composites of both

• Liner keep leachate from migrating out of thelandfill

• Leachate must be collected and removed

Single Liner System

• One liner consisting of compacted soil orgeomembrane

Composite Liner

• A single liner consisting of compacted soil andgeomembrane in intimate contact

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Double Liner

• A liner system with low permeability barrierlayers with a leak detection system layer inbetween. The upper and lower componentsare either compacted soil, geomembrane, orcomposite.

Typical Composite Liner

2 ft compacted soilK <= 10-7 cm/sec

60 mil HDPEGeomembrane

2 ft drainage materialDesigned to maintainless than 1ft head on liner

Single Composite Liner

1 mil = 0.001 inch

3 ft compacted soilK <= 10-7 cm/sec

HDPE Geomembrane

2 ft drainage materialDesigned to maintainless than 1ft head on liner

GeonetHDPE Geomembrane

Double Liner Types of Geomembrane Materials

• HDPE• PVC• VLDPE• PP

Unloading Soil

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Grading Top - Roller

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How do you Remove Leachate fromthe Landfill?

• Drain as much as you can by gravity (linersystem and pipes)

• Pump from low points– Penetration through the liner– Pumps inside landfill

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Leachate Collection System

• If leachate flow is intercepted or impeded by aliner, then it should be removed from thelandfill by use of a leachate collection system.A leachate collection system is a high-permeability layer designed to transmitleachate from the liner.

How is Leachate Removed

Liner is sloped ~ 2-8%

DrainagePipe

What is a Geonet?

• A synthetic (HDPE) material used for drainageof liquids. It is a has transmissivity in the laterdirection.

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What is a Geotextile?

• A geosynthetic textile that is used in many civilengineering applications. It separates finegranular materials from coarse granularmaterials, plus it allows water to flow through.

Leachate is then sent to Treatmentand/or Storage Facility

Landfill

PumpStation

Gravity Drainage

LeachateStorage

Treatment

Leachate

• Can contain many compounds. The quality ofleachate is dictated by the type waste. ForMSW, leachate quality is very much dictatedby the phase of landfill stabilization.

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Waste Stabilization• Phases of Landfill Stabilization

– Previous investigators have described differentphases of landfill stabilization

– Simplified version:

PreliminaryAerobicPhase

AcidFormingPhase

MethaneFormingPhase

FinalAerobicPhase

Aerobic Aerobic

Anaerobic

Waste Stabilization• The phase of stabilization influences leachate

and gas characteristics

PreliminaryAerobic

AcidForming

MethaneForming

FinalAerobic

BOD,VFAConc

Leachate Characteristics

pH

Waste Stabilization• The phase of stabilization influences leachate

and gas characteristics

PreliminaryAerobic

AcidForming

MethaneForming

FinalAerobic

% GasVol.

N2

O2

CO2

CH4

Gas Characteristics

Lesson 3, SlideLesson 3, Slide 333333

Landfill Gas

• Gas wells are typically installed after thelandfill has been filled up

• A vacuum is pulled on these wells to extractthe gas into a pipe system

• The gas is then flared or turned to energy

Landfill Gas

• What is Landfill Gas?

+ OHOHC 25106 24 33 COCH +

Landfill Gas Contains• Methane• Carbon Dioxide• Water Vapor• Hydrogen Sulfide• NMOC (non methane organic compounds)• heavy metals??

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Why Bother with Landfill Gas?

• Odor• Toxics• Greenhouse Gas• Explosive Gas

• Potential Energy Source

How is Gas Collected?

• Typically use vertical wells.• Installed after landfill has reached final grade.• Use an auger.

MSW Landfill

Leachate collection pipe

Leachatewet well

Geomembrane cap

Geomembrane liner

Vertical gas collection wells

Horizontal gascollection wells

Landfill gaspressure

Landfill gas generation and flow Wells

• Passive Wells (wells open to atmosphere)• Active Wells (wells connected to a gas

extraction system).

Typical Landfill Gas Well

Waste

Cap

Gas Extraction Pipe

GravelPack

PerforatedPVC Pipe

WellHead

What is the Driving Force for Gas toLeave the Landfill?

• Pressure• Without any wells, gas will find way to surface

(or bottom)• Wells provide path of escape (create pressure

gradient)

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Landfill Gas is Typically Extractedto a Blower-Flare Station

Landfill

Note:Must Drain

Condensate

BlowerFlare

Station

Gas Wells

LFG Generation Curves

Year

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

Cu

bic

met

ers L

FG

0 10 20 30 40 50

Half-Life = 1.35 yr

Half-Life = 3.68 yr

Half-Life = 20 yr

What is Condensate?

• Moisture that condenses from landfill gaswhen it cools.

Gas to Energy?

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Waste-to-Energy

Recycling, Reusing, CompostingSource Reduction

Landfilling

QUESTIONS

EVS20001_Solid Waste Management

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