Everyone is a Biologist ! Today: Four Questions What are the Characteristics of Life? How diverse is...

Everyone is a Biologist !

Today: Four Questions

What are the Characteristics of Life?

How diverse is life?

How do we study the natural world?

Who are some of the key people who played a role in the history of

biology?


All living things exhibit five characteristics in combination.


ATOM

MOLECULE

ORGANELLE

CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

ORGAN SYSTEM

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM


Each level of biological organization exhibits emergent properties.

Ex. Capillaries transport blood (property not exhibited by

individual endothelial cells).


Energy Use & Metabolism

Metabolism - biochemical reactions that acquire & use energy.

Why do organisms need energy?

How do organisms obtain energy?


Maintenance of Homeostasis

Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite conditions in the external environment.

Human body temperature is………

if body temperature rises, you sweat.

if body temperature lowers, you shiver.


Reproduction, Growth & Development

Asexual reproduction - involves a single parent; progeny are genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual reproduction - involves 2 parents; progeny are genetically diverse.

Is it essential for an individual to reproduce?


Irritability & Adaptation

Irritability - immediate response to a stimulus.


Irritability & AdaptationAdaptation - an inherited behavior or characteristic that enables an organism to survive & reproduce.

Over time, adaptations are modified by natural selection.


Life is always changing…..

On the level of DNA……

Change = Evolution

Evolution is the backbone of biology.

Life is Diverse

Biodiversity refers to the many different types of organisms on earth.

Taxonomy is the biological science that classifies life according to evolutionary relationships.

The Domain is the largest group of organisms.

Life is Diverse

Life is Diverse

Kingdom Phylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares

Life is Diverse

Human classification scheme:

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Primates

Family Hominidae

Genus & species Homo sapiens

How do we study the Natural World?

What is the Scientific Method?

Methodical exploration

What makes science unique!


Question

Hypothesis

Prediction

Observations

Now What???


Question

Hypothesis

Prediction

Observations

Experiment


After you perform your experiment, you need to analyze the generated data. Does the data support or not support your hypothesis?

If your data does not support the hypothesis then……

If your data does support your hypothesis……..


What is difference between hypothesis, theory & law?

Hypothesis - “an educated guess”; a tentative explanation of phenomena.

Theory - a widely accepted explanation of natural phenomena; has stood up to

thorough & continual testing.

Law - a statement of what always occurs under certain conditions.


How is a control group different from an experimental group?

History of Biology

Aristotle (384-322BC) Began much of what we call biology today

Microbiology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Father of Microbiology

Best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and f or his contributions towards the establishment of

microbiology

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Great biologist in numerous areas

Cell Biology

Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Coined the biological term “cell”

Cell Theory

Matthias J akob Schleiden (1804-1881) Co-f ounder of the cell theory

Stated that the diff erent parts of plants are composed of cells

Theodore Schwann (1810-1882) Co-founder of the cell theory

Stated that the diff erent parts of animals are composed of cells

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) Supplied the third part of the cell theory stating that

every cell originates f rom another cell

Genetics

Gregor J ohann Mendel (1823-1884) Father of Genetics

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Father of Evolution by Natural Selection

DNA

J ames Watson (1928- ) and Francis Crick (1916-2004) Discovered the structure of DNA in 1953

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) Helped Watson & Crick significantly

with the discovery of the structure of DNA

DNA

Martha Chase (1923-2003) and Alf red Hershey (1908-1997) Provided more evidence that DNA, not protein,

was the genetic material in 1953

Oswald Avery (1877–1955) Discovered that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made

Everyone is a Biologist ! Today: Four Questions What are the Characteristics of Life? How diverse is...

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