Principles of Evolution Chapters: 12, 13, 14 How did life begin? How did life begin?How did life...
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Transcript of Principles of Evolution Chapters: 12, 13, 14 How did life begin? How did life begin?How did life...
Principles of Principles of EvolutionEvolutionChapters: 12, 13, 14Chapters: 12, 13, 14
How did life How did life begin?begin?
The Bubble Model (1986) The Bubble Model (1986) by Lermanby Lerman
Chemical reactions Chemical reactions of the primordial of the primordial soup took place soup took place inside bubbles of fat inside bubbles of fat molecules.molecules.
See page 255 in See page 255 in bookbook
Primordial Soup (A.I. Primordial Soup (A.I. Oparin)Oparin)
Early Earth atmosphere Early Earth atmosphere (N, Methane, ammonia)(N, Methane, ammonia)
Energy from sun, Energy from sun, volcanoes, lightningvolcanoes, lightning
Chemical reactions Chemical reactions created amino acidscreated amino acids
Rain washed these into Rain washed these into the oceanthe ocean
Created the primordial Created the primordial soup.soup.
A Brief History of LifeA Brief History of Life
animationanimation
Early OrganismsEarly Organisms
Prokaryotes are Prokaryotes are oldest organisms oldest organisms (3.5 billion years old)(3.5 billion years old) CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria – –
photosynthetic photosynthetic bacteriabacteria
Impact on Impact on atmosphere: atmosphere: Oxygen!!!!Oxygen!!!!
Groups of bacteriaGroups of bacteria
EubacteriaEubacteria- “true - “true bacteria”, ex. Ecolibacteria”, ex. Ecoli
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria – – ancient bacteria, ancient bacteria,
Then came the Then came the eukaryoteseukaryotes
Appeared 1.5 billion Appeared 1.5 billion years agoyears ago
Life moved onto land!!!Life moved onto land!!!
The Theory of The Theory of EvolutionEvolutionChapter 13Chapter 13
13-1 Where did the theory of 13-1 Where did the theory of natural selection come from?natural selection come from?
Pre Darwin:Pre Darwin: (1809) Jean Baptiste (1809) Jean Baptiste
de Lamarkde Lamark Variation hypothesisVariation hypothesis
– evolution occurs – evolution occurs through acquired through acquired characteristics (body characteristics (body changes over time)changes over time)
Example: giraffe neck Example: giraffe neck lengthlength
Larmark: Aquired Larmark: Aquired CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Evolution by Natural Evolution by Natural SelectionSelection
Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1859)(1859)
Journey of the Journey of the H.M.S. Beagle – H.M.S. Beagle – recorded all the recorded all the plants and animals plants and animals on journeyon journey
Darwin’s ObservationsDarwin’s Observations
Observed gradual Observed gradual change – found fossils change – found fossils that were similar, but not that were similar, but not identical, to the current identical, to the current day animalday animal
On Galapagos island he On Galapagos island he observed finches that observed finches that resembled those in resembled those in South AmericaSouth America
Darwin’s finches: notice the Darwin’s finches: notice the beaksbeaks
I. Natural Selection- survival I. Natural Selection- survival of the fittest (Darwin)of the fittest (Darwin)
1. Variations exist within populations1. Variations exist within populations
Theory of Natural Theory of Natural SelectionSelection
2. Some variations (mutations) are more 2. Some variations (mutations) are more advantageous for survival and advantageous for survival and reproduction than othersreproduction than others
Theory of Natural Theory of Natural SelectionSelection
3. “fit”organisms 3. “fit”organisms survive and survive and reproduce – genes reproduce – genes are passed to are passed to offspringoffspring
IsolationIsolation- leads to a new species, two - leads to a new species, two population of same species can not population of same species can not breedbreed
ExtinctionExtinction- leads to species replacement- leads to species replacement
AdaptationsAdaptations
Changing of a Changing of a species that results species that results in its being better in its being better suited to its suited to its environment environment (choosen by natural (choosen by natural selection)selection)
MutationsMutations
Peppered Moth ExamplePeppered Moth Example
Structural AdaptationsStructural Adaptations
MimicryMimicry CamouflageCamouflage Warning colorationWarning coloration
Structural Adaptation: 1. Structural Adaptation: 1. MimicryMimicry
Example: Viseroy and Monarch Butterflies
ViceroyMonarch
2. Camouflage2. Camouflage
adaptations that allows an organism to adaptations that allows an organism to "blend" into it's environment"blend" into it's environment
Examples: Examples:
More examples of Camo.: More examples of Camo.: Sea Dragon
Structural Adaptation: Structural Adaptation: Warning: Standing outWarning: Standing out
Poison Arrow Frog
Warning and Mimicry
A regal ring-necked snake displaying its aposematic coloration
Physiological AdaptationPhysiological Adaptation
Changes in metabolic processes: venom, warm vs. cold blooded
More physiological More physiological adaptations: adaptations:
Behavioral Adaptations:Behavioral Adaptations:examples examples
Jaguar – hunting methods – one bite – occipital crunchers
Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution
Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence
Missing links Missing links between groups of between groups of organisms.organisms.
Compare fossils with Compare fossils with current day speciescurrent day species
Structures and EvolutionStructures and Evolution
Homologous Homologous structures –structures – agreeing agreeing
Similar structures Similar structures and derived from the and derived from the same body part.same body part.
Ex. Bone structureEx. Bone structure
Vestigial structuresVestigial structures
Remnant of another Remnant of another structurestructure
No function, reduced No function, reduced in sizein size
Ex. Appendix, Ex. Appendix, tailbones,wisdom tailbones,wisdom teeth in humans, teeth in humans, hipbones in whales, hipbones in whales,
Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man
• TonsilsTonsils
• Coccyx (tail bone)Coccyx (tail bone)
• AppendixAppendix
• Little toeLittle toe
• Wisdom teethWisdom teeth
• Nipples on malesNipples on males
• Nodes on ears "Darwin's points"Nodes on ears "Darwin's points"
• Ear muscles for wigglingEar muscles for wiggling
• Body hairBody hair
Darwin’s PointsDarwin’s Points
Human AppendixHuman Appendix
Human TonsilsHuman Tonsils
Analogous Analogous Structures :oppositeStructures :opposite
Similar in function, Similar in function, but different but different structuresstructures
Wing of butterfly vs Wing of butterfly vs wing of a batwing of a bat
III. Embryo DevelopmentIII. Embryo Development
Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates came before land, air breatherscame before land, air breathers
DNA Evidence DNA Evidence (biochemical)(biochemical)
DNA sequence DNA sequence studies are more studies are more reliable than fossil reliable than fossil studies.studies.
Human EvolutionHuman Evolution
Chapter 14Chapter 14
Evolution of PrimatesEvolution of Primates
Includes Monkeys, Includes Monkeys, apes, humansapes, humans
Evolved 40 million Evolved 40 million years agoyears ago
3-D vision3-D vision Flexible Flexible
shoulders/rotating shoulders/rotating forelimbsforelimbs
Primate Characteristics Primate Characteristics cont.cont.
Opposable thumbOpposable thumb Complex brainsComplex brains
Human Ancestors
• - African origins
• - Bipedal locomotion
- Hominid
• - humanlike, bipedal primate
Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus
4.4 mya4.4 mya Most primitive Most primitive
hominidhominid Discovered 1992Discovered 1992
AustralopithecusAustralopithecus
Australopithecus Australopithecus anamnesis anamnesis
- oldest upright - oldest upright primateprimate
- 4.2 – 3.9 million - 4.2 – 3.9 million years oldyears old
Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis
““Lucy” – Lucy” – 3.5 – 2.9 million 3.5 – 2.9 million
years agoyears ago Teeth and pelvis Teeth and pelvis
resemble humansresemble humans
Homo habilusHomo habilus
- handy human- handy human - larger brain- larger brain - stone tools- stone tools - 1.5 to 2 million - 1.5 to 2 million
years oldyears old
Homo erectusHomo erectus
upright humanupright human - built fires- built fires - well made stone - well made stone
toolstools - 1.5 million years old- 1.5 million years old
HOMO ERECTUS
Modern Humans - Homo Modern Humans - Homo sapienssapiens
wise humanwise human - 125,000 years ago, - 125,000 years ago,
African originsAfrican origins - - NeanderthalsNeanderthals- heavy - heavy
bodiesbodies - 5 feet tall- 5 feet tall - good hunters- good hunters - lived in caves- lived in caves - buried dead- buried dead - did not make it- did not make it
Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon
slighter build and tallerslighter build and taller - 35,000 years old- 35,000 years old - direct ancestors to - direct ancestors to
humanshumans - out competed - out competed
NeanderthalsNeanderthals - caves- caves - elaborate tools- elaborate tools - artists- artists
Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon