Events Lead to WAREvents Lead to WARQUIZQUIZFrench & Indian War 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter

American Revolution Early Battles

22ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress

Military Actions Peace Actions

““The Road To War”The Road To War”

On January 1, 1776, the Continental Army was On January 1, 1776, the Continental Army was reorganized in accordance with a Congressional reorganized in accordance with a Congressional resolution which placed American forces under resolution which placed American forces under

George Washington's control. On that New Year's Day George Washington's control. On that New Year's Day the Continental Army was laying siege to Boston the Continental Army was laying siege to Boston which had been taken over by the British Army. which had been taken over by the British Army.

Washington ordered the Grand Union flag hoisted Washington ordered the Grand Union flag hoisted above his base at Prospect Hill. It had 13 alternate red above his base at Prospect Hill. It had 13 alternate red

and white stripes and the British Union Jack in the and white stripes and the British Union Jack in the upper left-hand corner. upper left-hand corner. 

Burgoyne Clinton Howe

After Lexington & ConcordAfter Lexington & Concord 2nd Continental Congress meets

Siege of Boston– 20,000 Troops

Fort Ticonderoga– Ethan Allen &

Green Mtn. Boys– Cannons for the Siege

• HENRY KNOX Battle of Bunker Hill

– Breed’s Hill Burgoyne, Clinton & Howe DECLARATION of

INDEPENDENCE

May 1776 2nd Continental Congress Richard Henry Lee - “ These United

Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states”– John Adams(Ma)

Thomas Jefferson(Va)– Benjamin Franklin(Pn) – Robert Livingston(NY)

Roger Sherman(C) “SLAVERY PARAGRAPH” Abigail Adams ( women’s rights )

BRITISHBRITISH STRONG NAVY

– Largest in WORLD FACTORIES Milt. ENGINEERS NONCOMMISSION

OFFICERS CENTRAL GOV’T WEALTH SUPPORT of it’s

PEOPLE

SHORT TROOPS (MERCENARIES) -Hessians

3,000 MILES Away– Logistics/coordinate

UNFAMILIAR GROUND

SMOOTHBORE WEAPONS– Less accurate– MASS produced

AMERICANSAMERICANS

Idealistic “Cause”– Risk Everything

Familiar Ground Warfare Tactics

– Guerilla warfare

Rifles (Rifling)– More accurate– Individuals (frontier)

NO Navy NO Organized

Military NO Central Gov’t NO Finances NO Full Support of

the PEOPLE

Loyalists Oppose Popular Rule “the rule of people”– Class Prejudices

• The Great Masses are:– ILLITERATE / STUPID / EMOTIONAL

Loyalists (Tories) Reason for Loyalty

– Economic (business / trade)– Class

Patriots – Risk EVERYTHING– more African-Americans will support

the Revolution than England Financing the War

– LEVY Taxes in first year– individual states issued War Bonds

Army - Limited time service (6mth-Yr) Navy (Privateers)

John Paul Jones

War at SEA

British Blockade

Privateers

John Paul Jones (Bonhomme Richard)

“I have not yet begun to fight”

NEW YORKNEW YORK: Aug. 22,1776 Landings Washington 20,000 many untrained Howe 32,000 (8,000 Hessians) - Long Island -White Plains - Brooklyn Heights – NY taken Nathan Hale “I regret that I have but one live to give

for my country” Retreats into New Jersey TRENTON TRENTON 12/24/76 “Delaware River” 1,400

Hessians captured (5 casualties) PRINCETONPRINCETON 1/3/77 “Patriot Moral Victories”

Early Events Lead to REVOLUTIONEarly Events Lead to REVOLUTION

Gen. BurgoyneBurgoyne marches from Canada toward Albany 7,000 troops

takes Fort Ticonderoga -looses Hessian troops at the “Battle of Bennington”

Burgoyne’s troops “harrassed” all along the way – Daniel MorganDaniel Morgan (frontier Rifleman) (frontier Rifleman)

SARATOGASARATOGA - Oct. 17,1777 surrenders to Gen. Horatio GatesHoratio Gates (Turning Turning PointPoint)

- Feb. 1778 France recognizes U.S. - 1779 Spain / 1780 Netherlands

Aug. 25, 1777 Howe - attacks PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

-Sept. BrandywineBrandywine try to stop British

-Sept. 25 British capture Philadelphia

-Oct. 4 GermantownGermantown – Fog saves MonmouthMonmouth – Molly PitcherMolly Pitcher Money Problems

– BondsBonds / InflationInflation

“Valley ForgeValley Forge” -11,000 troops, Short of Supplies Hardships / Suffering

Foreign Officers Train Troops – Friedrich von SteubenFriedrich von Steuben (Prussian)

train american troops – Casimir PulaskiCasimir Pulaski (Polish)

Cavalry Unit

Chapter 4 – Section 4Chapter 4 – Section 4“WAR IN THE SOUTH”“WAR IN THE SOUTH”

NORTHWEST TERRITORYNORTHWEST TERRITORY

1778 - George Rogers Clark and his Virginia Volunteers travel Ohio River capture British Forts

Feb. 1779 – will travel miles through frozen rivers - chest deep with NO deserters

BATTLE VINCENNESBATTLE VINCENNES NOW we will claim

the whole Ohio Valley NORTHWEST TERRITORY after the war

Chapter 4 – Section 4Chapter 4 – Section 4“WAR IN THE SOUTH”“WAR IN THE SOUTH”

Fall 1778 British take SavannahSavannah

May 1780 Cornwallis / Clinton take Charles TownCharles Town (Capture 5,500 rebels)

CamdenCamden smashes only American forces left to defend the South

“Guerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfare” rebels like: Francis MarionFrancis Marion (swamp fox) Andrew Pickens and Thomas Sumter

Kings Mtn,NCKings Mtn,NC (Bunker Hill in reverse)

Cowpens,SCCowpens,SC (Daniel Morgan) leads Southern Army

Guilford Court, NC Cornwallis to Virginia

Cornwallis is VULNERABLE

YORKTOWN &YORKTOWN &“FINAL VICTORY”“FINAL VICTORY”

By 1780, French had joined the war Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette “idea”

-Combine armies & attack Cornwallis

French FleetFrench Fleet attacks “Chesapeake Bay” (Cut-off British Army)

8,000 French / 9,000 American troops Oct. 19, 1781

Cornwallis SurrendersCornwallis Surrenders

– YORKTOWNYORKTOWN - - WAR IS OVER

Unit 2 TEST TUESDAYUnit 2 TEST TUESDAY “French & Indian War” Ch. 3-4 “Stirrings of Rebellion” Ch. 4-1 “Ideas Influence Revolution” Ch. 4-2

– Enlightenment Philosophers *Great Awakening– Declaration of Independence (3 Dem. Ideas)

“Battling Toward Saratoga” Ch. 4-3 – #1 battles #2 battles #3 battles

“Winning the War” Ch. 4-4 – Vincennes (NW) - #4 Southern Battles

Treaty of Paris of 1783Treaty of Paris of 1783 (terms/conditions)– Mississippi River - Northwest Territories – Effects of the Revolution

• Social * Economic * Political

YORKTOWN, VICTORY YORKTOWN, VICTORY and Starting a NATIONand Starting a NATION

Final Moments to IndependenceFinal Moments to Independence British still hold New York, Savannah

& Charleston March 1782 King George III

New ministers – war too costly Paris delegates

– Benjamin Franklin– John Adams– John Jay

Treaty of Paris of 1783– Terms & Conditions

Why We WONWhy We WON* British successful in occupying cities

but not countryside* British depended on support from the sea+ Americans knew the land+ Americans knew the land+ Foreign support + Foreign support

– French FleetFrench Fleet– Spanish attack Mississippi Valley & GulfSpanish attack Mississippi Valley & Gulf

+ Washington’s leadership abilities+ Washington’s leadership abilities+ Determination / Spirit of Patriots+ Determination / Spirit of Patriots

– Small % of individuals with determination Small % of individuals with determination SACRIFICESACRIFICE and and CREATEDCREATED the United States the United States

Treaty of Paris of 1783Treaty of Paris of 1783– Independent Nation– Right to use waters

off coast of Canada– Florida (Spain) – Mississippi River

Boundary (NW terr.)• Respect our right

to Trade on Miss.– British promise to withdraw troops from

Forts throughout NW Territory

The American RevolutionThe American RevolutionChanges the WorldChanges the World

SOCIALSOCIALGrowing EgalitarianismEgalitarianism

(view that Ability, Effort, Virtue defined your worth “NOT your wealth or family position

-NEW definition of people / society / country“Seperation of Church And StateSeperation of Church And State”

(Where is it written? Is it written? What was it?)Letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison

BEFORE revolution TAXES - Government / “1” ChurchAFTER - “MANY” Churches Eventually NO tax $ went to church “meant to PROTECT peoples right to

worship as they see fit – not LIMIT”

ECONOMICECONOMICConfront profiteering & inflation

American Rev. ENDS Navigation Acts NO British Trade Restrictions

(U.S. merchant marine & manufactor) Migrations across Appalachian Mtn’s

Westward “Northwest Territory” Break-up of Large “Estates” =

Many new “small farms” Ends “PRIMOGENTREPRIMOGENTRE “ 1st born inherits

POLITICALPOLITICALColonist gained a great deal of stature &

influence in the world with our ideas 3 Main Democratic Ideas in

“Declaration of Independence” Most states draft ‘new’ constitutions with

many new Democratic features 13 Colonies become 13 “STATES”

together by LIMITED Central Gov’t (FEDERALISM)

“Articles of Confederation”