EVALUATING MILGRAM´S STUDIESEVALUATING MILGRAM´S STUDIES

Miligram observed participants Miligram observed participants sweat, sttuter, tremble, groan, sweat, sttuter, tremble, groan, bite their lips, and dig their bite their lips, and dig their fingernails into their flesh. He fingernails into their flesh. He argued that his debriefing of the argued that his debriefing of the participants after the experiment participants after the experiment prevented any lasting harm. prevented any lasting harm.

Aggression:Aggression:

It's an action intended to harm It's an action intended to harm another person. There is less another person. There is less aggression among married aggression among married couples, but not much less. couples, but not much less.

Freud said that aggression is an Freud said that aggression is an instinctive biological urge that instinctive biological urge that gradually builds up in everyone and gradually builds up in everyone and must some point be realized must some point be realized

Why are people aggressive?Why are people aggressive?

Freud and evolutionary theories seem to be Freud and evolutionary theories seem to be simplistic to fully account for human simplistic to fully account for human aggressiveness, however. aggressiveness, however.

The evidence for hereditary influences on The evidence for hereditary influences on aggression is strong specially in animals. aggression is strong specially in animals.

Hormones also play an important role in Hormones also play an important role in aggression. One possibility is that aggression aggression. One possibility is that aggression is related to one´s levels of testosterone, the is related to one´s levels of testosterone, the masculine hormone that is present in both masculine hormone that is present in both sexes sexes

People learn many aggressive responses by People learn many aggressive responses by watching others watching others

When are people When are people aggressive?aggressive? People are more likely to be People are more likely to be

aggressive when they are both aggressive when they are both physiological aroused and physiological aroused and experiencing strong emotions experiencing strong emotions such as anger.such as anger.

Frustration aggression Frustration aggression hypothesishypothesis was originally developed by John was originally developed by John

Dollard and colleagues. They Dollard and colleagues. They proposed that frustration always proposed that frustration always results aggression and, results aggression and, conversely, that aggression will conversely, that aggression will not occur unless a person is not occur unless a person is frustrated. frustrated.

Generalized arousalGeneralized arousal

Apparently, the arousal from the Apparently, the arousal from the exercise made aggression more likely; exercise made aggression more likely; the insult released it. The Aggression the insult released it. The Aggression occurs not merely as a function of occurs not merely as a function of internal impulses or particular internal impulses or particular situations but as a result of the situations but as a result of the interaction of individual characteristics interaction of individual characteristics and particular environmental and particular environmental circumstances.circumstances.

Enviromental influences Enviromental influences on aggressionon aggression The link between Phychological The link between Phychological

arousal and the likehood of arousal and the likehood of aggressive behavior points to the aggressive behavior points to the possibility is one of the research possibility is one of the research topics in environmental topics in environmental psychology.psychology.

ALTRUISM AND HELPING ALTRUISM AND HELPING BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR Helping behavior Helping behavior is defined as is defined as

any act that is intended to benefit any act that is intended to benefit another person. Helping can another person. Helping can range from picking up dropped range from picking up dropped packages to donated a kidneypackages to donated a kidney

Altruism; Altruism; an unselfish concern an unselfish concern

for another's welfare.for another's welfare.