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European Union: Treaty of Rome to Single European Act (1956-1986)
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Transcript of European Union: Treaty of Rome to Single European Act (1956-1986)
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Treaties of Rome – SEA
(1956-1986)
Aparna Prasannan
Meghabarna Das
G V S Vaishnavi
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Timeline
• Treaties of Rome: EEC, EURATOM• CAP, Empty Chair Crisis, Luxemburg Compromise• Merger Treaty• 1st Enlargement• EMU, EMS, ECU• 2nd Enlargement• European Parliament• Schengen Agreement• SEA
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Treaties of Rome-1957
• EEC
• EURATOM
• Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany
• EFTA: free trade; not economic and political integration. 1960: Austria, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland
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EEC and EURATOM
• 9 member Commission, Council of ministers (decision making), • 7 member Court of justice, 142 member parliamentary assembly-all 3• Reduce barriers to people, money, goods, services
• EURATOM: common market for atomic energy – primary focus on research• Merger Treaty:1965
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Common Agriculture Policy
• Empty Chair Crisis
• Luxemburg Compromise
• Qualified Majority Voting
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UK in EU
• 1946-Churchill- ”Britain was with Europe but not of it. We are interested and associated but not absorbed”
• Suez crisis
• Access to rich EEC market
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First Enlargement
Charles de Gaulle
Georges PompidouCharles de Gaulle- “Europe is the means for France to recover what it ceased to be after Waterloo: first in the world”
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Question
• One country , France influenced major issues in various stages in the history of EU. Was it really a good start?
Was France’s influence for the better or for worse?
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Food for thought
• Supranationalism vs Inter-governmentalism
Why do you think this shift happened? How do you think this might further or hamper the European integration process?
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AIM: SINGLE CURRENCY
Lower cost of transactions
Easy travel
Strengthen European role at international level
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BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
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Creation of the Economic and Monetary Union
• 1969: Barre Plan
• 1969 , December : The Hague Summit
• 1970: Werner Report
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• GOALS
– full liberalisation of capital movements
– irreversible convertibility of currencies
– the permanent locking of exchange rates
– possibly a single currency
• 1971, March: Experimental Launch of the First Stage
• 1971, August: The collapse of the Bretton Woods system
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SNAKE IN THE TUNNEL
• 1972: Basel Agreement
• Bilateral margins between their currencies limited to 2.25%
• 1973: Collapsed
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European Monetary System
• 1979: Jenkins European Commission
• The basic elements of the arrangement were: – The ECU
– An Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
– An extension of European credit facilities
– The European Monetary Cooperation Fund created in October 1972 and allocates ECUs to members' central banks in exchange for gold and US dollar deposits.
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European Currency Unit
• Artificial "basket" currency - used by the member states of the European Union (EU) as their internal accounting unit
• Weighted average of the participating currencies
• Forerunner of the ‘Euro’
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Exchange Rate Mechanism
• Fixed but adjustable rate system
• Participating countries are obliged to the band
• Adjustments of central rates were possible by consent
• Realignments were necessary to compensate for differences in inflation rates
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SECOND ENLARGEMENT
• 1981: GREECE
• 1986: SPAIN & PORTUGAL
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EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
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EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Parliamentary Assembly - 1951 3 communities, 1 assembly From appointed assembly to elected parliament
Summit Conference in Paris (1974)First direct elections - 1979
Enlargements Gradual increase in powers
First extension of Parliament’s budgetary powersunder Treaty of Luxembourg (1970)
Treaty of Brussels (1975) Right to scrutinize EU accounts Assess whether Commission rightly spent the EU budget
Single European Act (1986) Parliament’s assent is mandatory before a country joins EU
The emblem of Parliament until 1983
The Parliament's hemicycle
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SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (1986 – 87)
First major revision to the Treaty of Rome (1957)Major factors which triggered the formation of SEA
Effects of SEA
Single biggest market and trading powerCommunity institutions- new policy areasEP, Council of Ministers- new powersECJ – Court of First InstanceEuropean Political CooperationCohesion policy
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SCHENGEN AGREEMENT (1985)Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders
Signatures of the Schengen Agreement on 14 June 1985
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A simple sign marks the border between Spain and Portugal
Schengen, Luxembourg
Security for citizens and travellers Visa Information System (VIS) Schengen Information System (SIS)
KEY RULES Harmonization of Visa Policies Allowed residents in border areas freedom to cross borders Reduced speed of vehicle checks – allowed vehicles to cross borders without stopping Enhanced police cooperation and stronger Judicial cooperation
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Delor’s Commission (6/1/1986)
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http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.3.1.pdf
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13194723
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/index_en.htm
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_en.htm
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_singleact_en.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545933/Single-European-Act-SEAhttp://www.dadalos-europe.org/int/grundkurs2/etappe_3.htm
http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/political-guides-eu-history-timeline-of-key-eu-events-politi
REFERENCES
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http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/introducing_euro_practical_aspects/l25007_en.htm
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_4.1.1.html
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/emu/road/ems_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/emu/road/delors_report_en.htm
http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/ECU.html
http://aei.pitt.edu/7148/1/002383_1.PDF