EUROPEAN MONARCHS Chapter 18. Royal Theories SPAIN CCHARLES I (Charles V) HHapsburg TTerritory...
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Transcript of EUROPEAN MONARCHS Chapter 18. Royal Theories SPAIN CCHARLES I (Charles V) HHapsburg TTerritory...
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EUROPEAN MONARCHS
Chapter 18
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Royal Theories
ABSOLUTE MONARCH: A ruler with COMPLETE control
DIVINE RIGHT: God hand-picks those who rule and therefore Monarchs should have complete control – because they are God’s choice
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SPAIN
CHARLES I (Charles V) Hapsburg Territory included Spain, Low Countries of
Belgium, Netherlands, land in Americas 1519: Holy Roman Emperor “Charles V”
Works closely with RCC, Protestants a direct threat Declares Martin Luther an Outlaw Years of War against Protestants
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Spain
PEACE OF AUGSBURG: 1555, each German prince right to decide Protestant or Catholic
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Spain Splits Empire
1556: Divides empire between brother and son Brother took over old Hapsburg holdings in
Austria Son (Phillip II) rules Netherlands, Spain,
Sicily, and American colonies Charles lives rest of life in monastery
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SPAIN
1550 – 1650: Golden Age of Art El Greco Diego Velázquez Miguel de Cervantes
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SPAIN
PHILLIP II Devout Catholic, leader of
Counter Reformation Married to Mary I of
England Clashed with Protestants in
Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg)
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Spain
1560’s: Revolt! Dutch refuse to declare allegiance “COURT OF BLOOD” with Duke of Alba1609: Seven northern provinces become
Netherlands, southern remain in Spain’s hands
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SPAIN
England assists Dutch in Revolt SPANISH ARMADA: Spain’s fleet of
ships sent to invade England Fire Ships! After loss, several more ships lost on
trip around England
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Spain loses power due to
Phillip’s government too centralized Trusted no one
No industries – only money from New World
Bankrupt 4 times
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How did Spain vast empire affect the varied people they controlled? How did Phillip II trying to maintain power affect the People?
Think…
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FRANCE
HUGUENOT: French protestant Henry of Navarre = HENRY IV
Wedding in Paris leads to SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY
MASSACRE 10,000-70,000 Huguenots killed
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Henry of Navarre lives!
Escaped death by denying religion “Paris is well worth a mass”
HENRY IV EDICT OF NANTES: right to
worship, hold office, rule where Huguenots are in majority
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FRANCE
Young Louis XIII weak leader Cardinal Richelieu
Chief minister and most trusted adviser
Determined to strengthen monarchy
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Edict & Revocation of Nantes
Read the Edict of Nantes and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Answer guided Questions
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To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu…
Cut off Port city of LA ROCHELLE 14 months, until starving citizens
surrendered Ordered walls to be torn down Turn all churches Catholic
Punished Nobles for Revolts Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war to
undermine Hapsburg power
La Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to all Protestants to GET OUT of
France!
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FRANCE
LOUIS XIV “I am the State” (didn’t
need Cardinal’s help) Sun King ABSOLUTE POWER:
Louis in charge of all military, political, economic initiatives
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I can’t talk very loud so I need you to be quiet so I can talk and you can hear me.
Today’s agenda:1. Watch “Elizabeth” clip2. View page 539, answer question3. Read pages 540-544
1. Answer Reading checks, Cardinal Richelieu, Economics, 1-3
I lost my voice
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How did Louis XIV deprive Nobles power?
Deprived Nobles of influence Versailles (forced Nobles to
come to him) Influenced dress, dining and
gambling to bankrupt nobles Revokes Edict of Nantes,
outlaws Protestantism 200,000 Huguenots flee
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WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION
1701 Spanish King died, Louis wants throne for
his son Other monarchs didn’t want this
connection England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire
fought France TREATY OF UTRECHT:
Louis’s Grandson gets throne, but France and Spain can’t be ruled by same monarchs
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How did French Monarchs try to maintain power, and how did this affect the People? Huguenots? Nobles?
Think…
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ENGLAND
Elizabeth I & Parliament Parliament passed laws
favoring Protestantism Parliament pressured
her to marry Allowed MP’s speak
their minds without fear of punishment
Called 10 times in 45 years
Still an absolute ruler Robert DudleyQueen’s Favorite
Duke of AnjouPossible Marriage
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ENGLAND
Elizabeth died with no heir Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s
cousin) was put to death for trying to overthrow Elizabeth
Her son was King of Scotland James I
First Stuart to rule Believed firmly in DIVINE
RIGHT and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
Trouble with Parliament Country in debt, viewed as
“outsider” from Scotland
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James I
PURITANS: strict Calvinists demanding further reform from Church of England, take power away from Church officials
James I sees Puritans as threat
Refuses most requests of reforms
Puritans flee to New World (Pilgrims!)
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ENGLAND
Charles I Popular until marrying a
Catholic Princess Requested money from
Parliament Parliament refuses unless
Charles I signs: PETITION OF RIGHT: placed
limits on king’s power King can not levy taxes
without consent of Parliament Direct Challenge to:
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Charles I
Taxed without permission
Dismisses Parliament when they become outraged
1629: Charles will rule without Parliament (example of Absolute
Monarchy)
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ENGLAND
1640: Charles I in debt thanks to rebellions in Scotland Has to reconvene
Parliament to ask for money
“LONG SESSION” did not disband for many years After being ignored for 11
years MPs demanded Parliament be called at least once every 3 years
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ENGLAND
Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops in Anglican Church
Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest Puritan leaders for Treason Already escaped
Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power Parliament rises up against king Charles I supported by people 1642: Civil War began!
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English Civil War
ROYALISTS: nobles who supported king
ROUNDHEADS: supporters of Parliament Puritans, Merchants,
some upper classes Led by: OLIVER
CROMWELL
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ENGLAND
Royalist Army outmatched 1646, surrender
Oliver Cromwell dismisses all Parliament members who disagree with him RUMP
PARLIAMENT
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English Civil War
Label and analyze the Map of the English Civil War
Answer guided questions
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ENGLAND
Rump Parliament tries Charles I for treason
Charles refuses to recognize Parliament’s authority
Found guilty, Executed in front of own palace
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Lord Protector Cromwell
House of Commons outlaws House of Lords and Monarchy
England becomes a COMMONWEALTH
Cromwell: “LORD PROTECTOR of England, Scotland, Ireland” Demanded complete
obedience
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ENGLAND
RESTORATION Cromwell dies, son,
Richard, weak leader Parliament reconvenes
and vote to bring back monarchy
1660: Parliament invites Charles’ son to be king
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Restoration & Charles II
Charles II Supported religious
toleration Habeas Corpus Act of
1679 “may you have body” Guarantees right to
appear in court to see if accused should be held or released
1665: Bubonic Plague returns, killing 100,000+
Charles being presented the first pineapple grown in England
Columbian Exchange!
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ENGLAND
JAMES II Charles II brother Married to a catholic whose
Catholic sons outrank James’ protestant daughters
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688: Nobles invited James’
daughter Mary and her husband William to become King & Queen
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Glorious Revolution
William and MaryHad to sign:
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS: prevents monarchs from levying taxes without Parliament’s consent
Creating a:
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: monarchy limited by law
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The Glorious Revolution
Read about William & Mary and the Glorious Revolution
Answer Guided Questions
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ENGLISH MONARCHS
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How did English monarchs’ willingness or unwillingness to work with Parliament affect the People? English Civil War? English Bill of Rights?
Think…
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RUSSIA
1500’s Russia far behind western Europe in technology, centralized government
Run by church officials and boyars
BOYARS: landowners 1546: Young prince claims title
CZAR CZAR: (version of Caesar)
Emperor
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Ivan IV
Early Reforms: general council included
merchants and lower level nobles
promoted military officers on merit
reduced Boyars power Expanded borders and
increased trade
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Ivan IV TERRIBLE!
Ivan the Terrible 1560s: Ivan changes
Became suspicious of his closest advisors
Created a private police force to punish opposition
1565: seized land from 12,000 boyars
Killed thousands in Novgorod, suspected they wanted to separate from Russia
1581: killed his own son
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Russia
“TIME OF TROUBLES” many rulers because of lack of heir
1613: Michael crowned czar– first Romanov
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RUSSIA
Peter I 1682: became czar as
child, sister ruled until he was 17
Labored side-by-side with thousands of carpenters building a navy Takes Azov from Turks with
navy
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Peter the Great
Realizes Russia needs to Modernize
WESTERNIZATION: bringing elements of the western culture to Russia
1697: journeyed to Europe in disguise to learn hands-on skills and recruit experts to Russia
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RUSSIA
Reforms: brought Church under
state control Built up Russian industry Started first newspaper Sponsored new schools Modernized the calendar Promoted officials based
on service Early 1700s: fights
Sweden for a warm-water port ST. PETERSBURG Becomes new capital
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RUSSIA
1761: Peter III becomes Czar His wife, Catherine grew
angry at his weak rule Peter III murdered Catherine II becomes
“Czarina” Catherine the Great’s
Reforms: Removed restrictions on
trade Updated Russia’s legal and
education system Promoted Science and Arts
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Catherine the Great
War and revolt led Catherine to strengthen the authority of the monarchy Reorganized local
governments Put administration in hands
of landowners and nobles Reduced taxes as thank you,
and gave them absolute control
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How different it must have been to be a Russian under Ivan, Peter, or Catherine. How would each experience be different?
Think…
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30 YEARS WAR
Holy Roman Empire Made up most of Central Europe Ruled By Hapsburgs Dozens of Small states trying to stay
independent 1618: official of HRE orders 2 protestant
churches shut down Local Protestants throw HRE representatives
out window (into garbage… they were fine) Nobles in Austria, Bavaria revolt against HRE
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30 YEARS WAR (1618-1648)
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
SPAIN
BAVARIA AUSTRIA FRANCE
(CATHOLIC – BUT ALSO SPAIN’S RIVAL)
DENMARK SWEDEN
CATHOLIC SIDE PROTESTANT SIDE
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•Eventually included all of Europe•One of the longest, most destructive wars in European History•Mostly Protestants v. Catholics•Destroyed Germany, brought famine and disease to Europe
THIRTY YEARS WAR
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: Ended the war, extended toleration, reduced the power of the Holy Roman Empire, strengthened the rulers within it
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BIG WINNERS OF TREATY
Hapsburg 1740 HRE Emperor
Charles VI dies without male heir
“PRAGMATIC SANCTION:” Female can rule
Maria Theresa
Hohenzollerns Frederick II “The
Great” Took Silesia from
Austria Offered Maria
Theresa an alliance– she refuses
AUSTRIA PRUSSIA
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Maria Theresa
Read about Maria Theresa’s life
Answer guided questions
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AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA
1740: War of Austrian Succession France & German states
enter on Prussia’s side hoping to gain territory
1748: Maria Theresa asks for peace hoping to rebuild new alliances – she DID
Prussia keeps Silesia Prussia’s victory
intensified rivalry between Austria & Hungary
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Seven Years War (1756-1763)
Continuation of Austrian Succession
Prussia (best army)& Great Britain (best navy)
Austria, France, Russia hate Prussia & GB
Fighting extended to North America & India over colonies French & Indian War
Rivalries will continue…
George Washington rose to fame in the F&I War
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Collins Type III
What was the cause of the Thirty Years War, the War of Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years War?
What effects did these wars have? FCA 1: Written neatly, in pen FCA 2: Correct Spelling and Capitalization FCA 3: Answer question completely in 2 ¶