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Transcript of European Commission - DG Environment MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS Y EXPERIMENTACIÓN DE...
European Commission - DG Environment
MINISTERIODE FOMENTO
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOSY EXPERIMENTACIÓNDE OBRAS PÚBLICAS
DIRECCIÓN GENERALDE PLANIFICACIÓN YCOORDINACIÓN TERRITORIAL
SECRETARÍA DE ESTADO DE INFRAESTRUCTURAS Y PLANIFICACIÓN
Environmental Objectives for TransportEnvironmental Objectives for TransportJacques DelsalleJacques Delsalle
European CommissionEuropean CommissionDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport UnitDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit
Encuentro:“Objetivos ambientales”
Madrid, 14 de octubre de 2004
European Commission - DG EnvironmentEuropean Commission - DG Environment
Jacques DelsalleJacques Delsalle European CommissionEuropean Commission
DG Environment, Clean Air and Transport UnitDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit
Environmental Objectives for TransportEnvironmental Objectives for Transport
Madrid, Madrid,
14 October 200414 October 2004
European Commission - DG Environment
AgendaAgenda
Integration Transport – EnvironmentIntegration Transport – Environment Setting Environmental Objectives
Air PollutionAir Pollution C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean Air
Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
IntegrationIntegrationTransport-EnvironmentTransport-Environment
Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental
Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution
C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean
Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
Background:Background:Cardiff, Lisbon, GothenburgCardiff, Lisbon, Gothenburg
1998 : Cardiff: sector-wide strategies for the promotion of 1998 : Cardiff: sector-wide strategies for the promotion of environmental integration in all policy areas. Transport strategy environmental integration in all policy areas. Transport strategy submitted to Helsinki Council October 1999.submitted to Helsinki Council October 1999.
2000 : Lisbon process : make the EU the most dynamic and 2000 : Lisbon process : make the EU the most dynamic and competitive economic region of the world. competitive economic region of the world.
2001: Gothenburg: Integrate environmental concerns into 2001: Gothenburg: Integrate environmental concerns into Lisbon process.Lisbon process.
Assess progress against economic, social and environmental indicators.
New approach to policy-making and emphasised improved policy co-ordination (e.g. internalisation of external costs)
Extended Impact Assessment for all major Commission proposals
European Commission - DG Environment
Integration : how it worksIntegration : how it works(or should work…)(or should work…)
Environmental Environmental policymakerspolicymakers
Being explicit about
what is to be achieved from the
environmental point of view.
Transport sectorTransport sector
Find out how this is best achieved (mix of
policies that best accommodate all
objectives, including the environmental
ones)
Better knowledge of environmental
impact
Better knowledge of social costs of
measures
Knowledge:Knowledge:Information, Indicators
Models, Integrated assessmentCost Benefits Analysis (valuation external
costs)
Policy:Policy:Long term and intermediate targets
Economic InstrumentsFocus on sensitive areas
European Commission - DG Environment
Indicators: T.E.R.M.Indicators: T.E.R.M.
Transport and Environment Reporting MechanismTransport and Environment Reporting Mechanism Developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA), jointly with
the Commission's DG Environment, DG Transport and Energy and Eurostat
Monitor progress in integrating environmental concerns into Monitor progress in integrating environmental concerns into transport policy throughout Europetransport policy throughout Europe
Comprises 40-odd indicators, which cover all relevant aspects Comprises 40-odd indicators, which cover all relevant aspects of the transport and environment systemof the transport and environment system
Building blocks for regularly published environmental issue Building blocks for regularly published environmental issue reportsreports
http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators http://reports.eea.eu.int
/technical_report_2004_3/en/Technical_report_3-2004_web.pdf
European Commission - DG Environment
Models : help to separate Models : help to separate policy and technical issuespolicy and technical issues
Decision makers:Decision makers:
Decide aboutDecide about Ambition level
(environmental targets) Level of acceptable risk Willingness to pay
ModelsModels
Identify cost-effective and Identify cost-effective and robust measures:robust measures:
Balance controls over different countries, sectors and pollutants
Regional differences in Europe
Side-effects of present policies
Maximize synergies with other air quality problems
Search for robust strategies
European Commission - DG Environment
Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects
Climate ChangeClimate Change Air pollutionAir pollution
Health impacts Acidification Eutrophication Ozone formation Damage to buildings
NoiseNoise
Biodiversity: Biodiversity: Land use Disturbance and
segmentation of habitats Other:Other:
Visual intrusion Severance of
communities / liveability of cities / children
Consumption of energy Consumption of energy and resourcesand resources
TodayToday
European Commission - DG Environment
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental
Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution
C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean
Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
Objective (6th Environmental Objective (6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP))Action Plan (EAP))
““To achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise To achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to unacceptable impacts on, and risks to human to unacceptable impacts on, and risks to human health and the environment.”health and the environment.”
Policy ApproachPolicy Approach ImplementationImplementation: to ensure that air quality standards, are met
by 2005 and 2010 accordingly and that standards for vehicles and stationary sources of pollution are complied with;
CoherencyCoherency: to develop a comprehensive, integrated and coherent framework for all air legislation and related policy initiatives under the title ‘Clean Air For Europe’ (C.A.F.E.)
European Commission - DG Environment
Air quality impactsAir quality impactsanalysed in CAFE analysed in CAFE
Health:Health: Loss in life expectancy attributable to PM2.5 Premature deaths attributable to ozone
Vegetation:Vegetation: Ozone damage to forests (AOT40) Excess acid deposition to forests Excess acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystems Excess acid deposition to lakes Excess nitrogen deposition
All impacts shown for “no further climate measures” scenario, average results of 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorological conditions
European Commission - DG Environment
C.A.F.E. BaselineC.A.F.E. Baseline(September 2004)(September 2004)
1) Emissions will further decline1) Emissions will further decline Present legislation and structural change will significantly reduce
air pollution in the future Expected changes between 2000 and 2020 (EU-25):
SO2: -65% NOx: -50% VOC: -45% NH3: -4% PM2.5: -45%
2) But: in 2020, Air quality remains threat to human health:2) But: in 2020, Air quality remains threat to human health: Approximately 5 months loss in life expectancy due to PM Several 1000s premature deaths due to ozone
3) Sustainable conditions for vegetation will not be reached3) Sustainable conditions for vegetation will not be reached
European Commission - DG Environment
Loss in life expectancy 2020 Loss in life expectancy 2020 attributable to attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [in months]anthropogenic PM2.5 [in months]
Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified
anthropogenic PM2.5Average of calculations for
1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies
Despite emission reductions up to 2020,
about 5 monthsabout 5 months of average statistical life
expectancy is projected to be lost due
to PM
Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)
European Commission - DG Environment
Vegetation-relevant ozone Vegetation-relevant ozone concentrations 2020 concentrations 2020 AOT40 [ppm.hours]AOT40 [ppm.hours]
Critical level for forests: 5 ppm.hours
Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies
Also ozone remains an problem for vegetation
and human health.
Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)
European Commission - DG Environment
Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above
critical loads, using grid-average deposition.
Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies
Excess of critical loads for Excess of critical loads for eutrophication 2020eutrophication 2020
55% of European ecosystems will receive too high
nitrogen deposition, endangering bio-
diversity
Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)
European Commission - DG Environment
Relevance of sourcesRelevance of sourceswill changewill change
Traditional “large polluters” will reduce their Traditional “large polluters” will reduce their contributionscontributions Other sources will take over (Ships will surpass
land-based EU sources) SO2: Ships, industrial processes, small sources NOx: Ships, diesel heavy duty vehicles, off-road
Impacts on population exposure needs to be further explored
Energy projections will influence future emissions
European Commission - DG Environment
Setting Targets for Clean AirSetting Targets for Clean Air
Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental
Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution
C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean
Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
Long–term objectivesLong–term objectivesfor air pollutionfor air pollution
6th EAP«no significant
negativeimpact »
Long-term Objectives,
« Clean Air » “Science”
based
Environment
BuildingsCultural heritage
Health:WHO
Guidelines
Critical loads + dynamic =
LT objective
AQ guideline value = LT objective
Still to be considered
•Define acceptable risk
Threshold
No Threshold
European Commission - DG Environment
How to set interim targets in How to set interim targets in C.A.F.E. WG TS&PAC.A.F.E. WG TS&PA
Environmental quality based
State/Impact valuesInitial/Intermediate
Interim Targets
PrinciplesRisk reduction
Capping Gap closure
Equity
Sectorale.g. Transport
Agriculture
Technologye.g. impact of newEURO standards
Cost/benefitsOptimalisation
Behavioure.g. impact on Driving forces
Recommendations for interim targets
Not OK
Model RunsResults
OK
Additional Model Runs
European Commission - DG Environment
Modelling FrameworkModelling Framework
European Commission - DG Environment
Integrated assessment in CAFE Integrated assessment in CAFE
Energy/agriculture projections
Emissions
Emission control options
Atmospheric dispersion
Health and environmental impacts
Environmental targets
Costs OPTIMIZATIONBASELINE SCENARIO
Driving Forces
European Commission - DG Environment
Climate ChangeClimate Change
Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental
Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution
C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean
Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
Objective 6th Environmental Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP)Action Plan (EAP)
““To stabilise the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse To stabilise the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that will not cause unnatural variations of the gases at a level that will not cause unnatural variations of the earth's climate.”earth's climate.”
Targets (all economic sectors)Targets (all economic sectors) Reduce global GHG emissions by 70% over 1990 levels in the
longer term. This means global reduction of 20 – 40% over 1990 by 2020 Short term: EU committed (Kyoto) to achieving - 8% by 2008-2012 Burden Sharing EU : Spain +15%
Policy approach (Transport)Policy approach (Transport) Specific measures to enhance energy-efficiency, energy saving,
renewable energies, emissions other GHG than CO2. Integration climate change objectives into the Community’s
sectoral policies Structural changes : decoupling, modal shift, Alternative fuels and
appropriate engine technologies
European Commission - DG Environment
Greenhouse Gas emission from Greenhouse Gas emission from Transport : TrendsTransport : Trends
““Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2003”, European Environment Agency, Dec. 20032003”, European Environment Agency, Dec. 2003
Between 1990 and 2001, carbon dioxide emissions from transport increased 20 % in the EU. Road transport is by far the largest emission source in the transport sector (92 %). Emissions increased due to continuous increases in road transport volume (passenger and freight).
Carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation and navigation amounted to 6 % of total emissions in 2001, growing by 44 % from 1990 levels.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from transport currently account for only a small part of total EU greenhouse gas emissions but have more than doubled from 1990 to 2001 due to an increase in the transport volume of petrol cars equipped with catalysts. This is a negative consequence of an overall effective policy for improving air quality in Europe.
European Commission - DG Environment
Climate Change : setting a Climate Change : setting a sectoral target for emissionssectoral target for emissions
Usual approach : “one-size-fits all” : reduction target is Usual approach : “one-size-fits all” : reduction target is allocated uniformly to different sectors (no information on the allocated uniformly to different sectors (no information on the reduction potential in the individual sectors)reduction potential in the individual sectors)
This approach can be very costly: Following a least-cost route, (different target / sector), cost of reaching Kyoto for EU may be halvel (PRIMES, 2000)
Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (“Top-Down / Bottom-Up”) Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (“Top-Down / Bottom-Up”)
Overall -8% Kyoto Target (1990-2010) means +25.6% for Transport Spain: +15 % overall target, +44% for transport…
Need to update (forthcoming revised ECCP)Need to update (forthcoming revised ECCP) Revise macro-economic framework Include non-technological abatement measures Include ancillary benefits (e.g. air pollution)
European Commission - DG Environment
Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity
Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental
Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution
C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean
Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions
European Commission - DG Environment
Objective 6th Environmental Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP)Action Plan (EAP)
““To protect and restore the functioning of natural systems and To protect and restore the functioning of natural systems and halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union and globally. halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union and globally. To protect soils against erosion and pollution.”To protect soils against erosion and pollution.”
Policy approachPolicy approach Natura 2000 : protect and manage the most representative natural
areas and eco-systems LIFE programme's nature projects Bio-diversity Thematic Strategy. Community legislation protecting water and air quality and
resources, and mandating environmental assessments of projects and (in future) land-use plans and programmes.
Integration of environmental concerns in Common Agricultural and Fisheries Policies
Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
European Commission - DG Environment
Land FragmentationLand Fragmentation
Operational Objective :Operational Objective : Define and implement
procedures that suppose a ‘meaningful’ application of Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitat Directive 92/43/EC (Natura 2000) -Plans and projects affecting Natura 2000 sites
European Commission - DG Environment
A four Stage ApproachA four Stage Approach
1. Screening likely significant impacts upon the Natura 2000 site of a project or plan
2. Appropriate assessment of the impact, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation objectives. Assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts;
3. Assessment of alternative solutions (alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoid adverse impacts)
4. Assessment of compensatory measures where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts
remain where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of
overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed
European Commission - DG Environment
ConclusionsConclusions
Develop knowledge networks across EUDevelop knowledge networks across EU Tools are available Data may still be insufficient in some areas, but it is not a
reason to wait. Stakeholder implication in target setting and policy Stakeholder implication in target setting and policy
assessmentassessment Integrate economic considerations in the target Integrate economic considerations in the target
definition and in the policy formulationdefinition and in the policy formulation Cost-effectiveness of targets Cost benefits analysis for alternatives Economic instruments Assessment equity and social issues