EUROPEANCOLONIZATION

The Columbian Exchange

Objectives:

◻We will analyze the impact of European exploration and colonization on various world regions.

◻We will identify look at the Triangle Trade and growing Eurocentric beliefs.

Vocabulary

In your notebook, set up 12 Frayer Diagrams 3 per page to define terms as we go through lesson.

The Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration was a time of discovery of new lands, innovations in cartography (map making) and trade, and the exchange of cultures and ideas from distant lands.

Reflection Question #1

What were the causes of European exploration?

What were the Reasons for Exploration?

The 3Gs• Gold• Glory•God

“Pre-Columbian” World

• The peoples of the New World are often referred to as Pre-Columbian – meaning the cultures of the Americas before the coming of the Europeans

• Portuguese built a maritime trading empire• Spanish built a territorial empire due to isolation of

MesoAmerican communities & their lack of resistance to Old World diseases.

• The two largest empires in the Americas was the Aztec and the Inca – both of which will fall to the Europeans by the hands of quite small conquering forces.

Conquistadors

• Freelance conquerors who served their own greed, their countries motives, and Christian missionaries

• These soldiers, explorers, & adventurers brought much of the new world under colonial rule

Africa’s Continental Impact

BENIN• One of the largest coastal kingdoms in

West Africa• After the initial search for gold what

other TWO items were very sought after by Portuguese

• Ivory & Pepper• Benin showed early interest in, but

ultimately refused, Christianity• Soon closed doors to trade

Africa’s Continental Impact

KONGO• Had little pepper and ivory, so what did

they sell instead?• Slaves• King began to lose his power

– Takes a Christian name Afonso I– Writes to Portugal to ask to end the

slave trade and exploitation of his country… King never answered the letter

Old World Microbes

● Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and influenza were the most common microbial diseases exchanged

● Nearly all of the European diseases were communicable by air and touch.

● Illness in Europe was considered to be the consequence of sin

● Indians, who were largely “heathen” or non-Christian were regarded as sinners and therefore subject to illness as a punishment

Piecing it Together

• Native American population decreases• Europeans need labor so they import

African slaves• Europeans move to Americas to oversee

economic production• Mixing of all three populations occur in

varying degrees

Reasons for European Success

• Natives had no resistance to disease

• Military tech• Ability to apply pattern of:

–Conquest– forced labor– forced conversion

European Empires

◻ Spain and Portugal (both Catholic nations) claimed land in the New World

◻ The Pope (the leader of the Catholic Church) drew lines separating the territories of Portugal and Spain.

◻ The Portuguese Empire included Brazil and the west coast of Africa

◻ The Spanish Empire controlled parts of Europe and the Americas

◻ The Dutch East Indies Company began trading in the Spice Islands in the early 1600s

◻ Had trading posts in North America, the Caribbean, and southern Africa

◻ Sold goods to the French, English, and Spanish colonists

◻ British took control of many of the Netherland’s markets

Spain & Portugal The Netherlands

◻ England had colonies in North America and the Caribbean and controlled the coast of India

◻ In 1788 they sent 1,ooo people to Australia, most of whom were prisoners

◻ The prisoners raised crops, built roads, and constructed buildings

◻ After getting out of prison many stayed and built farms or settled in the towns growing along the coasts.

◻ Included North America, Asia, and the West Indies

◻ Lost most of its territory to Britain but still controlled parts of SE Asia and parts of western Africa

Britain France

Triangular Trade and Middle Passage

Guiding Questions

◻ How did the Triangular Trade, and the Middle Passage in particular, impact the colonizers and the colonized?

◻ How did Europeans and Natives experience conflict during the Era of Exploration?

◻ Why are cultures biased towards other cultures?

◻ How does globalization connect nations?

◻ How did the Columbian Exchange impact European markets?

Understanding the Differences

Triangular Trade Multinational system of trade where new purchases are paid with trades to another. It included rum, sugar, produce and African slaves.

Middle Passage (1514-1866)Stage of the triangular trade in which over 12 millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World across the Atlantic Ocean, as part of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Africans were often crammed into boats.

Why Slave Trade?

• High demand for labor! • Plantations- estates where cash crops such

as sugar or tobacco were grown on large scale.

• Shortage of Labor (Why?)• Planter had first used Native Americans as

workers, but European diseases had killed millions of them.

• Indentured servants were too expensive!

Interconnectedness of Societies

• Triangular Trade- trading network lasting from the 1600’s to the 1800’s that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas, and Africa.

Columbian Exchange

◻ The exchange of food, materials and diseases between the Old and New World. Native inhabitants were usually seen as inferior savages, fit for exploitation and in need of conversion to Christianity

Comparison and Contrast: Columbian Exchange & Triangular Trade

◻ Let’s compare the:

⬜ Positive and negative effects colonization had on cultural groups

⬜ Relationships between colonist and indigenous people

⬜ Role of religion

◻ Reflection time: How did the Middle Passage allow European powers to justify their domination of people and places around the world?

SUMMARIZE

In your notebook, summarize the lesson including points about the reason for exploration, some of the explorers, the European countries who sponsored the explorers, and the lands they colonized.