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EU Cereal farms reportbased on 2013 FADN data

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Directorate E. Economic analysis, perspectives and evaluation; communication E.3. Economic analysis of EU agriculture

Brussels, June 2016

EU CEREAL FARMS REPORT BASED ON 2013 FADN DATA

The European Union is one of the world’s biggest cereals producers. Of its various

cereals crops, wheat is by far the most important in terms of area and quantity,

accounting for close to half of total EU cereals production; of the remaining crops, maize and barley account for around a third each. Most cereal production is used for animal feed, with only a third devoted to human consumption. Biofuels use is growing,

but currently still accounts for a small percentage of the total.

This report estimates production costs and margins of farms specialised in cereal

production and provides indicators of the income in the EU Member States. Trends from 2004 to 2013 and estimation for 2014 are provided for common wheat, durum wheat, grain maize and barley producers based on the latest available data from Farm

Accountancy Data Network (FADN).

After a recovery of gross margins - thanks also to rising grain prices - since 2010 until

2012, 2013 marked a reversal in the positive trend in cereal farms’ economic performance, with declining figures expected to continue in 2014. Following a rise in production, most cereal prices fell by a third between the end of 2012 and 2013, with

the exception of durum wheat and maize, for which prices fell more slowly. In the same period, farmers faced increasing production costs, mainly due to higher prices for fertilisers, seeds and fuel/energy, resulting in narrower margins. Between 2010

and 2014, depending on the crop, costs for fertilisers grew by 30-50%, costs for seeds by 10-30%, costs for fuel/energy by 15-45%. EU cereal producers’ margins shrank by a third in 2013 and a further decline of around 20% is expected for 2014.

Farms with consolidated high yields managed to soften the impact of price changes and achieved higher and more stable margins throughout the period.

NB: Income indicators calculated for available FADN data only, i.e. until 2013;

2014(e) — margins estimated on basis of FADN and other data.

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EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

Over the period 2004-2013 common wheat and durum wheat farms, in particular,

were deeply affected by the volatility of prices, influenced by expectations as to crop availability at world level, the quality of the harvest, changes in area, and climatic conditions, resulting in unexpected recoveries or losses in margins. For both the

crops, margins in 2013 were around €300/ha. Grain maize farmers were on average more profitable, with margins of nearly €700/ha in 2011, equalling the 2007 level, but

afterwards faced a decrease. Gross margins for barley were in general lower than for the other crops, never exceeding €400/ha. Estimates for 2014 confirm lower results for common wheat and barley, whereas increasing margins are foreseen for grain

maize and durum wheat.

The indicators for farm income and family income show a loss in profitability in 2013.

Cereals producers’ income came down by 20% from 2012, to €21 000 FNVA/AWU1 in 2013 after two or three years of positive results. The reduction was steeper for those in the ‘EU-15’ Member States (-25%),2 whose income returned to 2004 levels, as

compared to the "new" Member States3 losses (10-15%). Estimates for 2014 indicate a recovery in profitability for maize and durum wheat farms. In 2013, EU cereal

farmers’ families lost half of their income as compared with 2012 and 2011, suffering even greater losses than those for the farms themselves. Although the balance of subsidies and taxes increased (+6%), so too did the weight of external factors (+3%)

and own capital costs (+27%). As in the case of farm income, the Member States with the highest loss in family income were mostly in the EU-15.

The analysis covers the accounting years from 2004 to 2013 and gross margins have also been estimated for 2014. When considering developments over time, it should be

borne in mind that there were significant policy changes in this period, principally the decoupling of direct payments in 2004-2006, which led to remove subsidies from the value of cereal output. Also, in some ‘new’ Member States, the decoupling of

complementary national direct payments in 2007 adversely affected gross margins, though not necessarily farm incomes, as the producers received the subsidies in the

form of area payments.

The analysis is based on data from the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. FADN is a system of sample surveys held each year and focuses on

accountancy data from farms. The data coverage is extensive in terms of farming activities, but production costs are recorded only as aggregates per farm. For the

calculation of margins, it was thus necessary to allocate costs to particular crops.

Analysis of FADN data gives a unique insight into the economics of large numbers of farms across all Member States and can therefore focus on selected issues and often

go beneath the surface of aggregated data.

1 FNVA: farm net value added; AWU: annual work unit.

2 i.e. the countries that belonged to the EU prior to the 2004 enlargement.

3 i.e. the 13 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and subsequently.

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 5

2. COMMON WHEAT MARGINS ............................................................. 8

3. DURUM WHEAT MARGINS .............................................................. 10

4. BARLEY MARGINS ......................................................................... 13

5. GRAIN MAIZE MARGINS ................................................................ 15

6. INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN CEREAL PRODUCTION ............... 18

7. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................. 24

8. ANNEX ........................................................................................ 26

Details of methodology .................................................................. 26

Tables with detailed results ............................................................ 28


Box 1: The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN)

The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN)4 is a system of sample surveys conducted each year to collect structural and accountancy data on farms in the EU. The aim is to monitor the income and business activities of agricultural holdings and

to gauge the impacts of the common agricultural policy (CAP).

FADN surveys include only farms exceeding a minimum economic size, so as to cover

the most relevant part of agricultural activity in each Member State, i.e. around 90 % of the standard output and 90% of the utilised agricultural area (UAA) covered in Eurostat’s Farm Structure Survey (FSS). For 2013, the FADN sample consisted of over

85 000 holdings in the EU, representing five million farms, or 46% of the 10.8 million farms included in the FSS.

FADN surveys are designed to provide representative data in three dimensions: by region, by economic size and by type of farming. FADN is the only harmonised source of micro-economic agricultural data in the EU (the accounting principles are the same

for reporting farms in all Member States).

The most recent FADN data available for this report are for the 2013 accounting year;

this is because of the time needed to collect, check and correct the data on all Member States.

4 For more information, see http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/index.cfm.

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http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/index.cfm


1. INTRODUCTION

This report estimates margins in cereal production and presents indicators of the income of EU farms specialised in cereal production. By each crop, specialised farms

are those with 40% minimum of standard output (SO) from the crop, and for the income, specialist cereal farms are those with at least 2/3 of farm output from

cereals. The text mainly discusses gross margins (over operating costs), as these depend least on farm organisation and are thus more suitable for comparing the

profitability of particular crops. The section on income takes into account all factors influencing economic activities on specialised cereal farms. Farm net value added (FNVA), farm net income (FNI) and remuneration of family labour (RFL) are presented

as indicators of income. Tables show gross margins, net margins and net economic margins by crop and by Member State. The net margin (before own factors) is

calculated as the gross margin minus depreciation and external factors (wages, rent and interest paid). The net economic margin assess the residual revenue (profit or loss) obtained from production, after remuneration of all production factors including

imputed family factors (opportunity costs for family factors). The analysis is based on FADN data from accounting years 2004 to 2013. Gross margins have also been

estimated for 2014, using external indicators.

Cereal market situation

In 2013-2014, the world cereal market was characterised by increasing supply.

Record maize harvests in the United States and above-average yields for EU maize and barley (due to generally favourable conditions) led to a build-up of stocks. In

addition, slower economic growth and low oil prices kept prices at their lowest levels for five years. Along the 2004-2014 decade, grains were, among other agricultural commodities, considerably affected by volatility of prices, also after suffering from the

turbulent period of 1997-2009. "Recent price volatility is usually explained by a wider range of factors: adverse weather conditions, volatility in exchange rates, stock-to-

use ratios, biofuel policies, movements of other commodities prices (energy, metals etc.) and increasing financialisation of agricultural commodity markets"5.

In the EU, area cultivated to cereals (excluding rice) recorded a slight (0.4 %)

increase in 2013, as compared with 2012, when it had already shrunk to very low levels. In terms of harvests also, all major crops saw an increase and the overall

production rose by 10%. Common wheat production grew by 8 % to account for around 40% of total cereals production, grain maize represented 20%, with an increase of almost 10%, and barley 20%, rising 11% in one year. The EU cereals

market expanded by almost 1% in 2013, due to the accession of Croatia. All major individual crops saw an increase in yields in 2013 from the previous year (+8% in

average), up by almost 10% for barley and maize, by almost 8% for common wheat and by almost 5% for durum wheat. Record yields were observed in Spain and good yields in Germany for common wheat and barley, very good yields in Hungary,

Romania and Bulgaria for grain maize.

Prices received by farms, as analysed in this report, followed quite closely the general

trends for cereal prices. The occasional differences may be explained by the fact that

5 " Price developments and links to food security – price level and volatility", EU Agricultural Markets Brief No. 5 – June

2015, EC.

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only a sample of specialised farms is analysed and by the different methods for obtaining price data in Eurostat and in FADN.

At EU level, along the period 2004-2014, cereal prices suffered from the worldwide

volatility characterising the sector, facing a number of fluctuations. Upward price spikes were usually linked to problems in major producing countries. According to

Eurostat’s market price indices, for example, prices shot up by more than 50% in 2007-2008 (see Figures 1 to 4).

* price data for 2013 and 2014 were taken from DG Agri statistics.

Shortly after that period, prices fell rapidly on the back of high production and lower economic activity. However, as the economy picked up and cereal production area shrank in 2010, prices recovered to levels well above those noted before 2007.

Sustained demand, low stocks and uncertain production levels resulted in further price increases. In 2011-2012, prices were double those in 2004-2005. In 2013, total

cereals area increased slightly; this was the case for common wheat, maize and barley, while durum wheat area showed a decrease. Production increased slightly, thanks to good yields and recovery from the drought that had affected some countries

in 2012. The positive picture is partially offset by a reduction in overall production in Italy, but overall the above factors pushed up supply and helped to keep prices below

the previous year’s, at €150-200/t. The maize price saw the most significant reduction, by almost 30% as compared with 2012, but barley (-24%) and common wheat(-21%) were not far behind. For durum wheat, the price drop was limited to

15%.

Figure 1 Figure 2

-

Figure 3 Figure 4

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From 2014, due to increasing wheat exports, common wheat and maize prices were supported by a growth in demand for livestock feed and for feedstock in response to greater ethanol production. Prices continued to fall, but by 10% at most. Barley prices

were still driven by Chinese import demand and fell by a few percentage points only. With production concentrated in a few countries and lower harvests, durum wheat

prices rose by 58% in 2014.

Box 2: Method used to estimate production costs

The FADN database contains product-by-product information on output and subsidies,

but as far as costs are concerned, it provides information only for the farm as a whole. Hence, the direct contribution of each ‘enterprise’ to farm income is not available, so

production costs by product have to be estimated. The EU FADN unit has built several models to estimate costs and margins for specific products: arable crops, milk and beef, and permanent crops. These models allocate farm costs to a particular product

using different ratios. The Annex gives details of the model used in this analysis to estimate cereal production costs and margins.

In addition, we estimate imputed costs for unpaid family factors (e.g. own capital costs). The aim is to be able to compare a wider range of costs across Member States with different structures in terms of main production factors. The methodology for

estimating the opportunity costs of those factors is explained in the Annex.

For 2014, output, operating costs and gross margins (over operating costs) are

estimated on the basis of cereal price, yield and input price indices. Structures and subsidies in cereal production are kept unchanged from the previous year. This,

together with the increased volatility of prices observed on cereals markets in recent years, means that the resulting estimates is approximate. The price and yield indices used are from Eurostat and the Directorate-General for Agriculture (DG AGRI) and

those for inputs are from Eurostat databases (agricultural prices and price indices).

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2. COMMON WHEAT MARGINS

After the high prices in 2010-2012, a recovery in production drove prices down, which – together with rising specific costs – put pressure on wheat

producers’ margins; only high yields guaranteed higher margins.

Common wheat margins were calculated with data from annual samples of 2 300 to

4 700 farms, representing 100 000 to 170 000 farms (depending on the year) specialised in common wheat production throughout the EU. About half of the farms

were in the EU-15. In 2013, specialised common wheat farms accounted for 32% of the common wheat area in the EU.

Over the period under analysis, the farms providing data had an average of 90-100 ha

of Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA); in 2013, the average was 89 ha. Usually, around half of this area is devoted to common wheat. The acreage of farms was bigger by

half in the EU-15 than in the rest of the EU, but in the ‘EU-N13’6 the common wheat area accounted for a greater proportion of UAA (50-60%). The largest farms in the sample (over 200 ha) were those in Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia and Bulgaria. At the

other end of the scale (20 ha and less) were Greek and Italian farms. Farms were more specialised in some Member States (e.g. Greece, Italy and Poland) than in

others; on average, common wheat accounted for 75% of UAA at most.

Among the Member States, the biggest common wheat producers are the UK, Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Denmark and Ireland, but overall production

levels fluctuated in 2004-2014.

The average workforce per farm in 2013 was 1.4 AWU, but there were big

differences between Member States. In some (e.g. Greece, Denmark, Italy, Austria, Finland and Sweden), the figure was half the EU average or less, but in others (e.g. Bulgaria and Slovakia) it was as high as 4 AWU. In 2013 (as in previous years),

farms in the EU-15 had smaller workforces than those in the ‘new’ Member States: 1.2 AWU on average, as against 1.7 AWU.

There was also wide variation among countries when it came to yields. The lowest yields (3-4 t/ha) were in Greece, Spain, Estonia, Latvia, Romania and Slovakia, while farms in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, Austria and Finland reported 4-5 t/ha and the

best performers were Denmark, France, Germany and the UK (6-7 t/ha). The Czech, Italian and Polish samples matched the EU average of 5.8 t/ha (a 7% increase as

compared with 2012).

Prices for common wheat were stable from 2004 to 2006, spiked in 2007 (to around €200/t) and then fell for two years, before rising again in 2011 and 2012, back to the

2007 level. From the end of 2012 onwards, there was a steep decline and 2014 levels are expected to be very close to those in 2008 and 15-30% below those two to three

years previously. World market prices followed the same trend in 2013-2014; a record wheat crop (due to recovery in countries affected by drought) improved supply and kept prices from most origins below those in previous years.

6 i.e. the countries that joined the EU in 2004 (the ‘EU-10’) and subsequently (the ‘EU-3’, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania

and Croatia).

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Figure 5 Figure 6

Source: EU FADN - DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2014(e) - estimates based on 2013 data.

Operating costs nearly reached €600/ha in 2006-2008, but then fell briefly in most

Member States in 2009 to produce an EU average of around €540/ha. They then rose back to €600/ha in 2011 and above €700/ha in the two subsequent years. Between

2010 and 2013, costs increased by 21.5%. A moderate decrease of around two percentage points is expected for 2014. The main cost items contributing to the rising trend in the last four years were specific costs, including fertilisers (+40%) and seeds

(+27%). Crop protection costs also rose, but more slowly, by 20% over the period. Among non-specific costs, fuels/lubricants and energy showed an increase of 26 %.

The cost of contract work was more stable, rising by 13%. Operating costs increased in 2004-2014 by around 75% in some countries (Sweden, Finland, and Italy) and doubled in others (Lithuania, Spain, Poland and Bulgaria, from 2007). For

fuels/lubricants and energy, a reverse trend was seen between 2012 and 2013, with a slight decline (by 2% and 7% respectively) due to the fall in world oil prices.

In 2013, the Member States recording the highest costs (€700-1 000/ha) were the UK, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Italy, France and Denmark. At the other end of the scale, farmers in Bulgaria, Spain and Hungary faced costs of €400-500/ha. Usually,

costs are linked to the value of production, but this is not always the case; for example, in Finland, Austria and Italy, operating costs were high despite relatively low

production levels, due to the relative weight of non-specific cost components (e.g. contract work in Italy).

Margins between receipts and operating costs (i.e. gross margins) for common wheat

production at EU level were rather unstable over the 2004-2014 period, starting from €450/ha in 2004 and falling to €170/ha as expected in 2014. Margins reached the

2004 level in 2007 and later, in 2011; they peaked in 2012 at almost €500/ha, but then the trend turned and margins rapidly fell to the lowest level of the last decade.

As compared to 2012, margins went down by 30% in 2013. Several factors played a part: between 2004 and 2009, direct payments to common wheat producers in many Member States were decoupled. Also, margins are lower in the countries that joined

the Union in 2004 and 2007 (Figure 8) than in the ‘old’ Member States, even if the trends are similar from 2008 onwards. In addition, market prices were more volatile

than costs, resulting in unexpected recoveries or losses in margins. Figure 7 confirms the influence of prices and direct subsidies, clearly showing the impact of price changes (rises in 2007 and 2012, and a fall from 2013) and the removal of direct

payments (2005 and 2009).

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The Member States with the highest margins in 2004-2014 were mostly those in northern Europe. In particular, although there are data gaps due to a limited sample, farmers in Ireland enjoyed the highest margins from 2010 to 2012 due to very high

yields (9 t/ha). Margins were healthy in 2012 in Denmark, France and Germany thanks to high prices, while UK producers achieved particularly significant margins in

2011-2012 as a result of high yields and prices. Over the longer term, margins in France and Italy were similar, at around €500/ha on average.

Figure 7 Figure 8

Source: EU FADN — DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2014(e) — estimates based on 2013 data.

The low margins (around €100/ha) recorded by some Member States could usually be explained by very low yields, at levels that even outweighed the price effect (e.g. in Greece and Latvia). In other countries (e.g. Finland and Slovakia), margins were even

negative; this was not because prices were particularly low as compared with other countries – yields were low (around 4 t/ha), but the main factor was high costs,

especially for fertilisers, crop protection and fuel/energy.

3. DURUM WHEAT MARGINS

Operating costs for durum wheat kept rising and prices were highly volatile,

causing uncertainty as regards margins, on which yields also had a decisive impact.

In 2013, the sample used to calculate durum wheat margins was made up of around 750 farms, representing 62 000 specialised farms in the EU. These farms are spread over four countries only;7 two thirds are in Italy (the main producer in the EU) and the

others are in Greece, Spain and France. The sample represented 45% of the area under durum wheat in the EU in 2013.

In three of the four producer countries, durum wheat area decreased in 2004-2013: in Italy (mostly in central and southern regions) by around 27%, in France by 29% and in Greece by 16%. On the other hand, area in Spain increased, by

19%. On average, farms devoted 18 ha to durum wheat in 2013, i.e. around 57% of their UAA. The farms in Greece and Italy are typically small (around 20 ha), but

‘specialised’ because they devote around 80% and 60% of their UAA, respectively, to durum wheat production. In some country, as for example in Italy, as a consequence

7 Other Member States produce durum wheat, but the four mentioned here accounted for 97 % of durum wheat

area in the EU in 2013.

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of decoupling of payments, farmers changed their productive strategies, leaving some marginal areas and focusing on more productive ones, with the result of higher yields and a more profitable business. Structures in France and Spain differ somewhat

(averages of 95 ha and 75 ha UAA respectively), but devote similar proportions of their UAA (around 45-50%) to durum wheat.

In 2013, the farms had an average workforce of 0.8 AWU. Workforces were around this size in Italy, smaller in Greece (around 0.5 AWU) and larger in Spain (1.2 AWU)

and France (1.4 AWU).

The EU average yield was 3.5 t/ha in 2013, more or less the same as in previous years. Yields in Italy and Spain were stable, while Greece and France saw some

change over the last two to three years. Yields were very close to the EU average in Italy and around 2.5 t/ha in Spain. Greek producers improved their performance by

half a tonne per hectare, reaching 3 t/ha, and their French counterparts, whose yields are usually highest (over 5.5 t/ha), recorded a slight (3%) decrease from 2012 to 2013.

Figure 9 Figure 10


Durum wheat prices are highly volatile, influenced by expectations as to crop availability at world level, the quality of the harvest, changes in area, and climatic

conditions. The European producers face market competition from Canada and the United States. Whenever Canada has quality or logistical problems, for example, and stocks do not fully recover, prices go up. Between 2004 and 2007, the EU durum

wheat price doubled to €290/t before dipping below €200/t in 2009, after which it rose, to almost €270/t in 2011. Prices then fell slightly to 2013, but another rise took

place in 2014. Over the decade, prices grew by 90% in Italy and 77% in Greece; French and Spanish producers experienced more moderate price growth, of 52% and 41% respectively.

Estimated operating costs for durum wheat producers were on the rise throughout the 2004-2013 period, with the pressure easing a little only in 2009-2010. Costs

peaked twice, in 2008 and 2013, at nearly €600/ha. They are expected to remain more or less stable for 2014. Over the period, costs at EU level rose by 78%. Fertilisers, seeds, fuels/lubricants and energy were the main items in 2013 in all the

Member States in question, but in France crop protection and contract work costs were also significant. Costs in Greece and Italy rose by more than the average over

the period, by 100% and 80% respectively; for both, they peaked in 2013 (and in 2012 in Italy’s case). In the same period, France and Spain reported more moderate

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rises, of around 50-55%. In terms of absolute expenditure, Spain had the lowest operating costs in 2013 (around €380/ha), made up mainly of fuel/lubricant and crop protection costs. Costs in Greece and Italy reached €600/ha, driven primarily by

fuels/lubricants for the former and fertilisers for the latter. French producers had the highest costs (over €1 000/ha), mainly due to surges in the costs of contract work,

fertilisers and fuels/lubricants. Other cost items were in general relatively stable across the countries.

Figure 11 Figure 12


With generally rising costs and volatile prices, margins fluctuated widely in 2004-2013. Until 2009, they were similar across the countries, except Greece, where they were below the average. After specific direct payments and other crop-specific forms

of support ended in 2009, margins were more exposed to other factors, such as yields, costs and prices. In Italy, gross margins continued to match the average,

benefiting from high prices (especially from 2011) despite consistent but modest yields. In 2011, French producers achieved a gross margin of €580/ha, the closest they came to a return to the first peak in 2007, but then experienced a very rapid

decline to 2013 (similar level to 2009); a significant recovery is expected for 2014. In Spain, prices rose and costs were stable, but low yields meant that, apart from a

recovery in 2011, margins were steadily reduced. Over the period, margins shrank by 60% in Spain, as compared with 40% in France, 25% in Greece and 14% in Italy. The generally narrower margins in Greece were due to rising costs and low yields

counterbalancing rising prices. On average, form 2012 to 2013 margins fell by 20%: for 2014, a positive performance is expected in all four countries, but especially

France and Italy.

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4. BARLEY MARGINS

Costs have continued to rise in recent year and 2013 prices were generally down year on year, so most barley producers (except in countries with high

yields) experienced narrower margins.

Barley margins over the period were calculated on the basis of a sample of

1 000 – 1 200 farms, representing 67 000-87 000 specialised farms in the FADN field of survey. Around half of the sampled farms were in Spain and the other half were

mainly in the UK, Finland and Italy. For 2013, the sample farms represented 24% of EU barley production area.

Average area for barley fell slightly over the 2004-2013 period, to 38 ha in 2013, but there is wide variation across countries, from 70 ha in the UK and Estonia to 30-40ha in Spain, Denmark, Germany, the Czech Republic and Ireland, and under 20 ha in

Italy, Finland and Poland. In general, barley area represented around 50-60% of UAA, except in Cyprus (80%) and Italy (70%).

The workforce on barley producing farms averaged 1 AWU in 2013. Labour input is usually linked to the size of farms; the figure was higher for the bigger farms in the

UK (around 1.3 AWU), but stayed around average for the big farms in Estonia (as it did in Spain, Germany and Ireland, where farms are smaller on average). By contrast,

Poland (average farm size 20 ha) reported 1.5 AWU and Finland (50 ha average) registered 0.5 AWU.

Average yield for the sample was 3.8 t/ha in 2013, 20% higher than in 2012. Ireland recorded a remarkable performance, with 7.4 t/ha, followed by Germany (6.2 t/ha)

and the UK (5.7 t/ha). In most of the other countries, yields also improved year on year; they were around 4-5 t/ha in Denmark, Portugal and Finland, and somewhat lower, though still on the rise, in Spain, Estonia and Romania. Italy reported a slight

drop in yield.

EU barley prices fell in 2013, by an average of around 20% as compared with 2012 (when they had also been down year on year). This downward trend seems to be confirmed for 2014. The highest prices were recorded in Cyprus (€225/t), Italy and

Greece (both around €215/t). For these countries, the 2004-2013 trend was more stable, as prices stayed higher and were less affected by the drop in 2009. Most of the

other Member States reported prices of €160-170/t.

The costs of growing barley rose steadily over the period for all the countries, albeit at different rates. Only in Germany did they fluctuate more, reaching record highs of

€800/ha and €900/ha in 2008 and 2012 respectively. Costs stayed closest to the average in Poland and Greece (rising from €300/ha to €500/ha over the period). They

were below average (€200-400/ha) in Cyprus and a group of eastern European countries (Romania, Latvia and Lithuania)8. Costs exceeded the average a little in Italy, where they peaked at €560/ha in 2012, and more so in France, Denmark,

Ireland, the UK and Finland, where they went from €500/ha to as high as €900/ha.

8 Latvia and Lithuania did not have a representative sample from 2009-2010 onwards.

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Figure 13 Figure 14


At EU level, the main items were fertilisers and seeds (specific costs) and motor fuels/lubricants (non-specific costs). Over the period, these underwent significant

increases of 70% (seeds) to 90% (fuels/lubricants). For 2014, costs should remain stable or fall slightly. In some countries (e.g. Italy, Ireland, Greece, Romania and Poland), producers also came under strong pressure from an increase in the cost of

contract work. Poland and the UK recorded high crop protection costs, while machine and building maintenance costs weighed heavily on farmers in Denmark and Finland.

In the two peak years, Germany suffered a doubling of fertiliser costs and a hike in machine/buildings maintenance and contract work costs.

Average EU gross margins fluctuated but generally narrowed, closing to €60/ha in

2009 and never exceeding the 2007 level of €400/ha. In 2009, receipts were relatively very low (probably partly due to lower yields and prices 30% down on the

previous year) and this, more than costs, affected margins. In 2007, there was a similar situation, but with margins of around €150/ha. In 2013, margins lost around 30% as compared with the previous year, with higher yields but lower prices and a

slight increase in costs. A drastic decline is expected for 2014, again as a result of reduced prices and yields.

Figure 15 Figure 16


The EU average was obviously influenced by the large number of Spanish producers; in fact, gross margins in Spain followed the average trend exactly, with a peak in

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2007 and a fall in 2009, ending at €170/ha in 2013. At one end of the scale are Finland, with several negative values despite prices improving in 2010-2012 (but falling again in 2013), and Latvia, while at the other end are Italy, remaining steadily

around €300-400/ha, Ireland and the UK, with big fluctuations within the period, but reaching €600-700/ha in some years, thanks to high yields. After 2010, figures varied

less across countries, settling at €200-300/ha, which was the level of margin recorded by Germany, Greece and Poland in 2013.

5. GRAIN MAIZE MARGINS

Yields for grain maize were consistently high over the decade in most Member States. Costs rose only slowly, so margins per hectare were

influenced mostly by price variations. They narrowed in 2013, coming down to the same level as those for common and durum wheat.

The sample for calculating grain maize margins consisted of 1 000-2 200 specialised units, representing 65 000 to 110 000 farms in the EU, accounting for 23% of the grain maize and corn-cob mix area in the EU in 2013.

The average area devoted to grain maize was 21 ha in 2013, 4 ha less than in 2012 but in line with previous years. Acreage varies widely across Member States, from

6-15 ha in Greece, Italy, Spain, Austria and Portugal to larger areas in Bulgaria (37 ha), Germany, Hungary and France (50 ha). Slovakia was an outlier, with 99 ha. On average, grain maize accounted for around 50% of UAA; this was reflected in most

Member States, with exceptions in Spain (25%), Austria (44%) and Italy (61%).

The average workforce on specialist grain maize farms in 2013 was about 1 AWU in

all Member States, apart from Bulgaria (2 AWU) and Slovakia (3 AWU), which have larger farms. In Slovakia, labour input was on a declining trend from 6-7 AWU in 2004-2005.

EU yields were quite stable in 2004-2013, peaking at 9 t/ha. In the last year, some countries recorded a slight increase and others a slight decrease. Austria, Bulgaria,

France, Portugal, Poland and Slovenia were in line with the average. Yields in Greece, Spain and Italy were above average, at 10-13 t/ha. Below average were Hungary, Romania and (despite its large maize area) Slovakia.

In 2004-2013, the market price for grain maize fluctuated between €250/t and €60/t. For most countries, there was a sharp rise in 2007, a steep decline the year after (by

around 40%), then another rise to a peak in 2012, followed by another significant drop in 2013. That year, the price fell by more than 20% and this trend continued into 2014. On average, the price paid for maize varied from €100/t to €200/t.

Operating costs for producing grain maize grew constantly over the period; for some countries, this continued in 2013, while others saw a steadying in 2012 leading to a

fall in 2013. At the beginning of the period, Member States recorded average costs of €600/ha; these had risen to €850/ha by the end.

17


Figure 17 Figure 18


Levels varied greatly among Member States: Germany, Greece, France and Italy

recorded the highest levels for several years, between €1 200/ha and €1 400/ha, costs in Spain were lower until 2011, before rising to the top of the scale, while for others (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) they remained below

€700/ha over the period. It seems that costs should be stable in 2014 as compared with 2013.

The most important items affecting overall costs were, among specific costs, fertilisers and seeds, which rose by 60% and 20%, respectively, over the period and, among non-specific costs, mainly motor fuels and lubricants (+80%) and contract work

(+15%). Some Member States reported considerable increases: in Spain, the costs of fertilisers, crop protection, motor fuels/lubricants and machines/building upkeep grew

two- or even three-fold, in Italy fuel/lubricant costs grew by one and a half and in Poland fertilisers, contract work, fuels/lubricants and machines/building upkeep became

130-190% more expensive; the same applied in Portugal for the last two items and also in Slovakia, albeit from a lower base.

Due to the wide variation in costs and price fluctuation, the average gross margin for EU grain maize production ranged from €300/ha in 2004 to almost €700/ha in 2007, down to less than €250/ha in 2009, up to the last peak of €700/ha in 2011, and fell

thereafter. The loss for grain maize farm was nearly by 40% in 2013 as compared to the previous year. The trend for EU-10 Member States was more stable, while for the

EU-15 group the dynamic was more marked, driven by the behaviour of the Mediterranean countries. Margins approached €2 000€/ha in Spain, came close to €1 700/ha in Greece and exceeded €1 000/ha in Italy. For these countries, the main

factors were very high yields and high prices. Portugal joined this trend from 2009 onwards, with an increasing number of farms involved in maize production and

achieving margins similar to those in Italy, thanks to more moderate operating costs and high prices, which compensated for lower yields.

18


Figure 19 Figure 20


Most of the other countries showed a similar trend over the period, but at a lower

level, with gross margins ranging between €100/ha and €700/ha. Despite high prices and yields, France and Germany felt the effect of high costs; Polish and Hungarian producers’ margins were affected by relatively low yields and prices.

Estimates for 2014 suggest a further general improvement of margins, propped up by increased yields and a slight decrease in costs compensating the price drops.

6. INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN CEREAL PRODUCTION

In 2013 cereal prices decreased, while costs for input kept growing, leading to lower margins and to losses in income both at farm level and at family

level. In comparison with other sectors, income was lower and more affected by volatility. Only in very favourable years cereals farms were able to cover

all their costs without subsidies.

In terms of economic size, the standard output (SO)9 of EU farms specialising in the production of cereals was around €40 000 in 2013, markedly less than the average for

farms in the FADN survey (€58 000). There were large differences between Member States in this respect. Slovak cereal specialists fared best, with SO of €200 000.

British, German, French and Czech farms were close behind, with €100 000 to €140 000. At the other end of the scale were Greek cereal farms (€11 000) and SO in a number of other Member States (e.g. Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, Finland and Poland)

was about €20 000. In general, SO from cereal farms in the ‘new’ Member States (EU-12) was smaller (€30 000 on average) than from those in the EU-15 (about €43 000).

9 The economic size of farms is expressed in terms of standard output (SO), which takes into account a multiannual

average value of production of most agricultural activities. The FADN survey does not cover the smallest farms in the Member States. Also, a large proportion of cereal production is on mixed production farms, which can be very large in MS with former state farm structures.

19


Figure 21 Figure 22

Source: EU FADN — DG AGRI

As regards physical size, cereal farms in the ‘new’ and ‘old’ Member States recorded

similar average figures in 2013 (Figure 22). In the EU-15, the average UAA on cereal farms was just over 60 ha in 2013 (this was the typical size in Spain and Ireland), but this hides a range between the largest farms, in the UK, France, Germany and

Sweden (100-150 ha), and the smallest, in Italy and Greece (around 20 ha). In the ‘new’ Member States, the average size for cereal farms was just under 60 ha, but

again there was a range, between Bulgarian, Latvian and Slovakian farms, with areas of around 200-250 ha, and those in Cyprus, Slovenia and Poland. Interestingly, on average over half of the UAA on cereal farms was rented, but in the ‘new’ Member

States the percentage increases to 70% and 80-90% in Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania. In the EU-15, this use of land seemed to be applied on half of the area, a

proportion that remained stable in 2004-2013.

The average workforce on EU cereal farms was about 1 AWU (slightly less in the EU-15). Farms in the ‘new’ Member States relied more on hired labour, with Bulgaria and

Slovenia recording 4.3 AWU and 5 AWU respectively, due their large economic and physical size. By contrast, but for the same reason, in some ‘old’ Member States, such as Greece, Austria and Italy, the workforce was far below 1 AWU.

‘Specialist’ cereal farms were almost totally specialised, as shown by the lack of any significant livestock population (less than 1 LU in both ‘new’ and ‘old’ Member States),

and over 90% of their output came from crop production.

In terms of degrees of intensity (as measured by the ratio of total inputs to UAA), cereal farms in Denmark, Germany and France spent the largest sums on inputs, followed by those in Ireland, Slovenia, Sweden, Slovakia, the UK and Italy. There

were big differences among these countries as regards the cost items most affecting total expenditure. In Denmark, for example, the biggest cost item was debt servicing,

which reflected the high indebtedness of farms. The lowest input use was in Spain, Portugal, Estonia and Lithuania. Over the period, production tended to become more intensive, with the performance of EU-15 farms more marked than that of those in the

‘new’ Member States.

20


Figure 23

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Income components and indicators (2004=100)

own capital cost inputs subsidies

output FNVA/AWU RFL/FWU

Figure 23 provides a framework for income results, showing the main income components and indicators in index form

(2004=100). The lines show trends in ‘remuneration of family labour per family

work unit’ (RFL/FWU)10 and in farm net value added per annual work unit

(FNVA/AWU), in farms specialised in cereal production. The columns represent total direct payments and subsidies, own

capital costs, output and inputs.

From 2004 to 2013, EU cereal farms’ total output rose by 60% on average. In 2008-2009, however, it dropped below the values at the beginning of the period,

due to world market price developments, changes in production and stocks, etc. affecting the sector. From 2012 to 2013, output decreased by 10% on average.

Total subsidies decreased by 3% over the period (in which the decoupling reform was implemented), but they were still very important for maintaining profitability in cereal farms, as the value of output was frequently lower than the level of costs, except for

favourable years. Only in periods of very high prices (2007, 2011 and 2012) EU cereal farms were profitable on average.

Operating costs rose by almost 60% over the period, depending on the type of cereal crop, so that specialised cereal farms’ total intermediate consumption (i.e. taking account of specific costs and farming overheads) saw a similar rise and the costs of

total inputs were up by 50%. Depreciation costs grew by almost 40%, total external factors (wages, rents, interest payments) by almost 45% and wages increased more

than rents (by 55% as against 53%). Operating costs kept growing by 3% from 2012 to 2013, depreciation rose by 11% in the same period and total external factors costs (wages, rent, interest) were 2% higher than the previous year. From 2007 onwards,

output was sufficient to cover intermediate consumption, as well as depreciation and external costs, and economic performance improved significantly to 2012. 2013

marked a setback, with inputs being slightly over the output.

Farm net value added (FNVA)11 is an indicator of income; it represents the amount left over for the remuneration of fixed external or family factors of production (work,

land and capital). In 2013, an average EU specialist cereal farm recorded FNVA of around €25 000, down by more than 20% from the previous year. Only in 2007 and

2011-2012 did the results for this indicator exceed €30 000, thanks to high commodity prices. Significant farm income disparities persisted across Member States. The loss was more marked (up to 25%) for the EU-15 countries. French farms saw

their income fall by 55%. Germany was at the top of the scale, with average incomes of almost €90 000, followed by the UK and Denmark (around €60 000). Among the

‘new’ Member States, the Czech Republic and Slovakia saw an opposite trend, with FNVA increases to the higher levels in 2013. Large farms in Bulgaria had incomes of

10 RFL/FWU = (farm net income - own capital costs)/family work unit.

11 FNVA = output + current (subsidies — taxes) — intermediate consumption — depreciation.

21


four times the average, despite a decrease, while small farms in Italy and Greece earned between a half and a third of the average.

The EU recorded a similar performance in terms of the FNVA/AWU indicator, which

eliminates the influence of farm size. It decreased by 20% from 2012 to 2013, to €21 000/AWU, after two or three years of good results. Here again, EU-15 farms

suffered greater losses (25%) as compared with 2004 values (Figure 23), while those in the ‘new’ Member States were between 10% and 15%. Again Germany, Denmark

and the UK, together with Sweden and Ireland, generated the highest ratios in 2013 (€45 000-75 000/AWU), despite higher labour input (over 1 AWU) in the cases of Germany and the UK. There are substantial differences across countries and types of

farming. Of the ‘old’ Member States, German farms achieved the highest output values in 2013, allowing them to cover input costs and obtain high gross margins; the

same was true, though to a lesser extent, in Ireland. On the other hand, despite good performances in terms of output, farms in the UK, Denmark and Sweden had lower gross margins, due to relatively higher expenditure on inputs. The lowest FNVA/AWU

values were achieved by producers in Poland (who have bigger workforces) and Slovenia. Similar low values were found in small Italian and Greek farms and big

Latvian and Lithuanian farms, illustrating how this indicator disregards farm size.

The ratio output to input (Figure 24) for EU fell from 43% in 2004 to 26% in 2013 on average, but in terms of comparison among EU groups it provides a more homogenous picture, with similar trend and close values across the period.

Figure 24 Figure 25

Source: EU FADN - DG AGRI

The RFL/FWU indicator takes account of ‘farm net income’ (FNI)12 minus ‘own capital costs’. In other words, it indicates what is left as compensation for family labour and

remuneration of entrepreneurial risk (loss/profit). In 2013, EU cereal farmers’ families lost half of their income as compared with 2012 and 2011, then suffering even greater

losses than those for the farms themselves. Although the balance of subsidies and taxes increased (+6%), so too did the weight of external factors (+3%) and own capital costs (+27%).

12 FNI = FNVA + investment (subsidies — taxes) — external factors (wages, rent, interests).

22


As in the case of FNVA, the Member States with the highest loss in family income in the last year were mostly in the EU-15 (-60%). France confirmed a reduction of almost 80% in one year. Among countries with the best results for farm income, the

UK and Germany remained those with the highest levels of family income, although these fell significantly in 2013, by 55% and 48% respectively. British farmers had to

deal with a big increase in total external factors and own capital costs, not compensated by the improved balance of subsidies and taxes. Germany recorded a

slight decrease in total external factors, and also in subsidies and taxes, and on the other hand a sharp increase in own capital costs. Denmark recorded negative family income, mainly due to a major increase in own capital costs. For families in the ‘new’

Member States, incomes fell by just over 30%. The most interesting cases were Bulgaria and Slovakia, where family incomes represented a fifth and a third of farm

income, respectively.

In comparison with other types of specialised farm (Figures 26 and 28), those specialised in cereals generated among the lower levels of income. In terms both of

FNVA and FNI, cereal farms’ performance in 2008-2013 was comparable only to that of mixed farms or farms with other permanent crops.

Figure 26

23


Figure 27

Figure 28

In 2013, average FNVA was €28 000, while for cereal farms it was €25 000; average FNI was €18 000 in other sectors and €15 000 in cereal farms. Farms were more

profitable for cereal farmers in terms of income per person, given the small workforce involved (Figure 27): FNVA/AWU was €18 000 on the average farm and €21 000 on

cereal farms.

Figures 29 and 30 show the distribution of income, in terms of FNVA/AWU, in different years and for different groups of Member States. As we have seen, incomes worsened

on average in the EU in 2013 as compared with previous years. The proportion of farms with a negative income went from 8% in 2011 and 2012 to 12% in 2013; about

33% had an income above €20 000, as compared with 40% in 2011. What is most striking is that almost half of all farms saw a drop in income in 2013, of up to

24


€10 000, while in the two previous years the proportion had been 10 percentage points less.

Performances vary greatly across Member States. In 2013 (Figure 30), EU-15 farms

were distributed more evenly across categories of (positive) income, from zero to €50 000, i.e. there were more farms with higher income levels, whereas for the EU-10

and the EU-3, despite the accession of Croatia, a larger proportion had lower income values. The ‘old’ Member States had a higher percentage of farms with a negative

income (14% as against 7-8% in the ‘new’ Member States). In contrast, 27% of farms in the ‘old’ Member States had an income of over €20 000, whereas for the EU-3 the figure was around 11% and for the EU-10 around 3%. Some Member States stand

out, e.g. in Germany and the UK, 53% and 59% of farms, respectively, had income levels above €20 000; in Poland and Italy (countries with very different cereal farm

characteristics), this applied to only 3% and 14% of farms, respectively.

Figure 29 Figure 30

Source: EU FADN — DG AGRI

25


7. CONCLUSIONS

The period 2010-2012 brought positive results for EU specialised cereal farms, benefiting from high prices, despite the rising costs. Income indicators showed that

the economic performance improved, even taking into account the reduction in subsidies. In 2013 grain prices in the EU fell by 20% and estimates for 2014 confirm a

further loss. It seems that less favourable market conditions affected cereal farms’ economic results more than other factors. Cereal yields improved slightly, but in line

with previous years, while costs for input increased by 5%. More in details, operating costs kept growing by 3% from 2012 to 2013, depreciation rose by 11% and total external factors costs (wages, rent, interest) were 2% higher than the previous year.

Gross margins on average faced a 33% decline, with a similar development across the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ Member States, except for an expectation that they will be more

stable for the former in 2014 and continue to narrow in the latter.

The income indicators for 2013 highlighted a loss by 20% in terms of farm net value added, and an even greater reduction (-50%) for the amount devoted to the

remuneration of family labour. Across the Member States, EU-15 farmers suffered greater losses as compared to those in the new Member States, although they still

gained a higher level of income.

As regards subsidies, there was a decrease by 3% over the period 2004-2013, but their contribution is still important considering that the farm output and the operating

costs rose by the same percentage (+60%) on average.

Figure 31 Figure 32


26


Within the sector, there were substantial differences between crops. Common wheat was subject to several sudden price increases or decreases, resulting in unexpected recoveries or losses in margins. Farms with consolidated high yields managed to avoid

the impact of price changes and achieved higher and more stable margins throughout the period. After the peak in 2012, margins fell to €350/ha in 2013 (-30%). Grain

maize farmers were on average more profitable, with margins of nearly €700/ha in 2007, but they were also affected by price fluctuations and in 2013 went down under

€400/ha. They are expected to recover slightly in 2014, when an even greater recovery is expected for durum wheat (thanks to another price increase). Results for this crop are linked essentially to four countries, with different characteristics and

farm structures, which on average in 2013 faced a drop in margins by 20%. Gross margins for barley were in general lower than for the other crops, never exceeding

€400/ha, and the negative trend worsened from 2012, due to declining prices and increasing costs. 2014 figures show very low profit levels.

In comparison with other specialised farms from other sectors, those specialised n

cereals generated among the lower levels of income in absolute terms, but were more profitable in terms of income per person, given the small workforce involved. Cereal

farms were also more affected by the volatility of price as compared to other sectors.

27


ANNEX

Details of methodology

Cost definitions

The codes in the table below refer to cost variables described in detail in Table F in the FADN Farm Return Regulation13 and in the definitions of variables14 used in FADN

standard results.

Operating

costs

Specific costs F72 — Seeds and seedlings purchased

F73 — Seeds and seedlings produced and used on the farm

F74 — Fertilisers and soil improvers

F75 — Crop protection products F76 — Other specific crop costs

F81 — Water

Non-specific costs F60 — Contract work (machinery hire)

F61 — Current upkeep of machinery and equipment

F62 — Motor fuels and lubricants F63 — Car expenses F78 — Upkeep of land improvements and

buildings F79 — Electricity

F80 — Heating fuels F82 — Insurance F83 — Taxes and other dues

F84 — Other farming overheads

Other

farm costs

Depreciation SE360 — Depreciation

Total external factors

— Wages paid — Rent paid

— Interest paid

SE370 — Wages paid

SE375 — Rent paid SE380 — Interest paid

Own capital cost See the definitions below.

Own capital cost

Own land cost: estimated on the basis of the rent that farm owners would have to pay if they had to rent the land they are using.

This is estimated as the owned area multiplied by the rent paid per hectare on the same farm or, if there is no rented land on the farm, by the average rent paid per

hectare in the same region and for the same type of farming.15

13 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R0868:EN:NOT

14 http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/definitions_en.cfm

15 If there are not enough farms (fewer than 20) in a given region for a given type of farming, the national rent per

hectare for that type of farming is used (the TF8 classification is used).

28

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R0868:EN:NOT

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/definitions_en.cfm


Cost of own capital (except land): the cost of own capital (permanent crops, buildings, machinery and equipment, forest land, livestock and crop stocks) is estimated at its ‘opportunity cost’, i.e. how much farmers could earn if they were

to invest the equivalent of the capital value in a bank.

The interest paid on the capital is not known, as this information is optional in the

FADN farm returns. Nevertheless, to take account of the actual interest rate paid for a farm, a ‘weighted’ interest rate is calculated as the weighted average of this

interest rate for debts and the long-term (LT) interest rate, taken from the Global Insight database, for net worth. If the ‘weighted’ interest rate is lower than the LT interest rate, the latter is used instead of the former.

Own capital value (excluding land and land improvement) is estimated as the average value of assets (closing plus opening valuation divided by 2) multiplied by

the real interest rate.16 The figure is adjusted by subtracting the inflation rate17 from the nominal interest rate. Where the former is higher than the latter, the real interest rate may be negative, leading to a negative cost of capital, which will add

to the profit (i.e. it is more profitable to invest in farm assets than to put the money in the bank). The total circulating capital is not valued because of the

unreliability of this variable in some Member States. Nevertheless, the value of crop stocks is taken into account.

To calculate unpaid capital costs, we avoid double-counting by deducting the

interest paid from the sum of own land cost and cost of own capital except land:

Own capital costs = own land cost + estimated cost of own capital (except

land) — interest paid

16 Any increase in the value of assets is excluded from income calculations. For example, land appreciates in value

over time, which is one of the reasons why investors invest in land. This gain is not included in income, so it would not be consistent to include it in the cost of capital. In addition, in FADN, assets are valued at replacement value. Depreciation is based on this replacement value and therefore already takes any increase in prices (inflation) into account. Consequently, including the inflation part of interest in the cost of capital would constitute double-counting.

17 The inflation rate is based on the Eurostat annual average rate of change in the harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICPs; available from 1997). Inflation rates based on price indices for GDP and gross fixed capital consumption were tested, but they are very high and tend to yield very high negative costs for capital, mainly in the ‘EU-10’. An inflation rate based on price indices for gross fixed capital consumption was tested, as this seemed

to be more closely related to assets. However, this rate has tended to fluctuate widely over the years in certain Member States. In addition, land is one of the main assets and does not depreciate. It follows that the inflation rate for gross fixed capital consumption must not be more closely linked to the change in the price of agricultural assets than to the consumer price indices.

29


Cost allocation to particular crop production

Cost item per enterprise Allocation key

Seeds & seedlings18 Output of the crop analysed / Output of arable crops

Fertilisers, crop protection,

fuel

Output of the crop analysed / Output of crops & crop

products

Water19 Output of irrigated crop analysed / Output of irrigated crops

Other specific costs Output of the crop analysed / Output of crops & crop

products

Non-specific costs Output of the crop analysed / Total output of the farm

Other farm costs Output of the crop analysed / Total output of the farm

Estimation of selected output and cost items for 2014

Selected output and cost items for 2014 were estimated on the basis of the following

assumptions and calculations:

crop areas assumed to be the same as in 2013 results;

coupled subsidies assumed to be the same as in 2013 results;

by-product values assumed to be the same as in 2013 results;

2014 cereal prices indexed on the basis of Eurostat’s price indices for

agricultural products;

2014 cereal yields indexed on the basis of DG AGRI’s Outlook yield and

production estimates, which are based in turn largely on Eurostat data;20

cereal output calculated from the above as areas x yields x prices; and

2014 costs indexed on the basis of Eurostat price indices (agricultural prices

and price indices,21 economic accounts for agriculture (EAAs)22 and inflation rates where specific price indices were not available).23

18 Seeds and seedlings are not allocated to permanent crops, as the corresponding item on the FADN farm returns

refers only to arable crops. Young trees and bushes for a new plantation are considered to be an investment.

19 Some Member States (e.g. Italy) do not provide separate records for irrigated crops. In such cases, farm costs relating to water are allocated using the same allocation key as for farming overheads. However, this cost is allocated only to crops that are likely to be irrigated (e.g. grain maize).

20 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_cpp_crop&lang=en

21 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_inq&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_outa&lang=en

22 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=aact_eaa05&lang=en

23 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=prc_hicp_aind&lang=en

30

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_cpp_crop&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_inq&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_outa&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=aact_eaa05&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=prc_hicp_aind&lang=en


Tables with detailed results

page

Common wheat margins …………………………………………………………… 32

Durum wheat margins ……………………………………………………………… 58

Barley margins ……………………………….……………………………………… 64

Grain maize margins ………………………………………………………..……… 87

Income in specialist cereal farms ………………………………………………… 106

Common wheat margins EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

EU28farms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 49% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Representativeness of the sample:

Sample farms number 2375 2345 2220 2735 3185 3915 4550 4615 4585 4730

Farms represented number 99720 97645 96020 153320 166330 169460 163770 165730 170510 169930

Structural information (average per farm):

Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 94.9 97.3 94.4 81.8 79.6 92.4 95.3 94.2 92.9 89.2

Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4

Common wheat area ha 46.8 47.3 45.8 42.0 42.4 46.5 47.6 47.5 46.0 44.7 44.7

in which irrigated area ha 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Common wheat production t 315 303 289 203 247 260 260 263 248 261 244

Common wheat yield t / ha 6.7 6.4 6.3 4.8 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.5

Common wheat price € / t 101 98 126 196 146 115 171 183 218 179 157

Common wheat output '000 € 31.7 29.6 36.3 39.8 36.1 29.9 44.3 48.2 54.2 46.8 38.3

Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Grain maize ha 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.5 4.0 4.5 4.4

Barley ha 10.7 10.1 10.1 7.7 8.1 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.5 7.9

Oats ha 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1

Rye ha 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Oth.cereals ha 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8

Total output '000 € 67.9 66.4 74.1 73.5 69.9 65.2 90.5 101.7 112.7 95.4

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):

grain €/ha 678 627 793 949 852 644 931 1014 1178 1046 857

straw €/ha 12 11 13 8 8 11 15 14 18 14 14

coupled direct payments €/ha 254 103 25 16 15 13

other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 5 2 1 1 0

Receipts per hectare €/ha 949 742 832 975 876 669 946 1029 1196 1060 871

Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 141 116 132 201 151 120 173 186 222 182 160

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):

Specific costs €/ha 281 284 313 301 314 309 314 340 391 405 395

including: Seeds €/ha 50 49 53 61 63 55 59 64 72 76 74

Fertilizers €/ha 111 117 129 124 140 151 138 158 188 194 182

Crop protection €/ha 108 107 117 100 98 90 103 105 116 123 126

Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

Other specific costs €/ha 12 11 14 15 12 12 13 13 14 12 12

Non-specific costs €/ha 243 245 282 270 264 220 272 286 306 307 307

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 51 59 68 68 78 58 72 82 93 91 88

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 59 57 69 65 56 49 61 56 58 58 59

Contract work €/ha 45 45 52 54 54 44 56 61 61 64 64

Energy €/ha 9 9 10 10 11 8 10 11 12 11 11

Other direct costs €/ha 79 76 83 73 64 60 73 77 83 84 85

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 524 529 595 571 578 529 587 626 698 713 701

Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 78 82 94 118 99 94 107 113 129 122 129

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:

Depreciation €/ha 134 129 150 132 126 122 143 149 157 170

Total external factors €/ha 158 156 178 166 155 149 171 174 189 193

- Wages paid €/ha 47 46 55 56 49 47 54 51 57 60

- Rent paid €/ha 78 74 85 79 75 72 86 91 104 106

- Interest paid €/ha 34 35 39 31 31 30 30 31 28 26

Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 233 214 247 214 175 180 203 180 210 223

- Family labour costs €/ha 157 153 174 155 141 122 145 139 156 156

- Own capital cost €/ha 76 60 72 60 34 58 58 41 54 67

Gross margin: receipts over operating costs

without coupled direct payments €/ha 171 109 211 389 283 127 359 403 499 347 170

with coupled direct payments €/ha 426 212 236 405 298 140 359 403 499 347 170

without coupled direct payments €/t 25 17 33 80 49 23 66 73 92 59 31

with coupled direct payments €/t 63 33 37 84 51 25 66 73 92 59 31

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors

without coupled direct payments €/ha -121 -176 -116 90 2 -144 45 80 152 -15

with coupled direct payments €/ha 134 -72 -91 106 17 -131 45 80 152 -15

without coupled direct payments €/t -18 -27 -18 19 0 -26 8 14 28 -3

with coupled direct payments €/t 20 -11 -14 22 3 -23 8 14 28 -3

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costs

without coupled direct payments €/ha -354 -389 -363 -124 -173 -324 -158 -100 -58 -238

with coupled direct payments €/ha -99 -286 -338 -108 -159 -310 -158 -100 -58 -238

without coupled direct payments €/t -53 -61 -57 -26 -30 -58 -29 -18 -11 -41

with coupled direct payments €/t -15 -45 -53 -22 -27 -55 -29 -18 -11 -41

32



2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1460 1465 1390 1510 1690 1980 2125 2105 1890 1925


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 103.3 104.4 105.5 100.1 94.8 103.2 106.1 106.9 99.6 98.7Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2Common wheat area ha 49.6 49.2 49.7 48.4 47.8 49.6 51.1 52.3 47.3 47.8 47.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7Common wheat production t 355 338 345 309 346 362 352 349 311 332 300Common wheat yield t / ha 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.4 7.2 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3Common wheat price € / t 102 100 127 201 152 119 177 188 224 186 169Common wheat output '000 € 36.3 33.7 43.9 62.2 52.4 42.9 62.4 65.5 69.5 61.9 50.7Durum wheat ha 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3Grain maize ha 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2Barley ha 12.2 11.0 11.5 10.9 11.9 12.6 11.3 10.7 11.4 11.0Oats ha 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5Rye ha 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4Total output '000 € 78.8 76.8 89.8 114.1 104.6 95.7 127.9 141.6 149.5 128.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 733 685 884 1286 1096 866 1222 1252 1472 1295 1060straw €/ha 15 15 17 14 15 19 25 25 33 24 24coupled direct payments €/ha 327 133 32 28 27 25other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1075 832 933 1328 1138 910 1246 1277 1505 1319 1085Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 150 121 134 208 157 125 181 191 229 190 173

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 310 312 347 391 400 417 406 416 490 500 489

including: Seeds €/ha 53 52 56 66 68 65 69 71 80 86 83Fertilizers €/ha 119 124 140 160 174 202 172 187 229 232 220

Crop protection €/ha 125 122 133 147 139 133 146 139 161 167 170Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

Other specific costs €/ha 13 13 17 19 18 17 19 18 19 15 15Non-specific costs €/ha 273 274 317 363 334 303 355 357 391 394 394including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 50 58 69 76 86 64 77 84 97 95 92

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 69 65 79 93 78 74 86 72 77 76 78Contract work €/ha 51 51 59 73 62 61 71 78 84 88 89

Energy €/ha 10 10 12 13 15 12 15 15 16 15 14Other direct costs €/ha 94 90 98 110 93 92 107 109 117 120 121

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 583 586 664 754 734 720 761 773 881 894 883Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 81 85 96 118 102 99 111 116 134 129 141

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 150 144 168 190 175 170 195 194 206 223Total external factors €/ha 185 182 209 222 199 200 225 213 226 226 - Wages paid €/ha 52 51 61 65 55 56 65 55 64 66 - Rent paid €/ha 94 89 102 109 98 99 114 113 122 123 - Interest paid €/ha 39 41 46 48 46 45 46 45 40 37Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 276 250 285 315 261 259 286 238 295 301 - Family labour costs €/ha 186 180 202 219 204 179 208 189 224 217 - Own capital cost €/ha 90 70 83 96 58 80 78 49 71 84

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 165 113 237 546 377 165 485 504 624 425 201with coupled direct payments €/ha 492 246 269 574 404 190 485 504 624 425 201without coupled direct payments €/t 23 16 34 85 52 23 70 76 95 61 32with coupled direct payments €/t 69 36 39 90 56 26 70 76 95 61 32


without coupled direct payments €/ha -170 -212 -141 135 3 -205 65 97 191 -24with coupled direct payments €/ha 157 -79 -109 163 30 -180 65 97 191 -24without coupled direct payments €/t -24 -31 -20 21 0 -28 9 14 29 -3with coupled direct payments €/t 22 -12 -16 25 4 -25 9 14 29 -3


without coupled direct payments €/ha -447 -462 -426 -181 -258 -464 -221 -141 -104 -325with coupled direct payments €/ha -119 -329 -394 -153 -231 -439 -221 -141 -104 -325without coupled direct payments €/t -62 -67 -61 -28 -36 -64 -32 -21 -16 -47with coupled direct payments €/t -17 -48 -57 -24 -32 -60 -32 -21 -16 -47

33


EU-N13 (EU10 from 2004, EU12 from 2007 and EU13 from 2013) farms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 51% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 71.9 76.2 65.2 64.5 65.7 81.8 83.6 80.8 85.4 79.2Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7Common wheat area ha 39.1 41.5 35.6 35.9 37.4 43.5 43.9 42.4 44.7 41.4 41.4 in which irrigated area ha 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1Common wheat production t 206 200 142 103 156 161 160 171 179 185 190Common wheat yield t / ha 5.3 4.8 4.0 2.9 4.2 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.6Common wheat price € / t 92 88 116 181 136 107 154 174 208 165 144Common wheat output '000 € 19.1 17.6 16.5 18.6 21.1 17.3 24.8 29.8 37.1 30.6 27.4Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Grain maize ha 3.5 2.4 2.3 3.9 4.7 5.4 5.3 6.2 7.5 6.7Barley ha 6.4 7.6 6.2 4.6 4.7 6.2 5.5 5.0 5.4 4.6Oats ha 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Rye ha 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.3 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1Total output '000 € 37.9 35.8 33.0 35.1 38.1 35.5 49.9 59.6 71.5 60.2

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 487 424 463 519 565 397 565 704 831 738 662straw €/ha 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 21 5 2 2 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 509 425 463 525 568 401 566 705 831 739 663Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 97 88 116 183 136 108 155 174 208 166 145



Crop protection €/ha 51 56 57 41 50 43 49 59 63 70 71Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha 58 -42 -26 33 2 -75 19 59 106 -5with coupled direct payments €/ha 58 -42 -26 33 2 -75 19 59 106 -5without coupled direct payments €/t 11 -9 -7 12 1 -20 5 15 27 -1with coupled direct payments €/t 11 -9 -7 12 1 -20 5 15 27 -1


without coupled direct payments €/ha -15 -122 -130 -53 -68 -166 -78 -44 0 -130with coupled direct payments €/ha -15 -122 -130 -53 -68 -166 -78 -44 0 -130without coupled direct payments €/t -3 -25 -32 -19 -16 -45 -21 -11 0 -29with coupled direct payments €/t -3 -25 -32 -19 -16 -45 -21 -11 0 -29

34





Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 71.9 76.2 65.2 80.2 78.6 54.7 60.8 60.5 58.1 60.7Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4Common wheat area ha 39.1 41.5 35.6 43.0 44.3 29.4 32.0 32.4 31.4 32.0 32.0 in which irrigated area ha 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1Common wheat production t 206 200 142 184 233 139 132 142 148 159 166Common wheat yield t / ha 5.3 4.8 4.0 4.3 5.3 4.7 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.2Common wheat price € / t 92 88 116 187 147 107 166 187 211 173 143Common wheat output '000 € 19.1 17.6 16.5 34.4 34.3 14.9 22.0 26.7 31.3 27.6 23.6Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Grain maize ha 3.5 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8Barley ha 6.4 7.6 6.2 7.8 7.2 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3Oats ha 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8Rye ha 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7Total output '000 € 37.9 35.8 33.0 60.7 62.7 29.3 40.1 50.2 57.9 52.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 487 424 463 799 776 509 687 824 996 864 739straw €/ha 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 21 14 6 6Receipts per hectare €/ha 509 425 463 814 783 515 689 825 997 866 741Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 97 88 116 190 149 109 167 187 211 174 143



Crop protection €/ha 51 56 57 76 91 68 73 83 84 94 97Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0







Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 58 -42 -26 127 -2 -91 26 68 173 19with coupled direct payments €/ha 58 -42 -26 127 -2 -91 26 68 173 19without coupled direct payments €/t 11 -9 -7 30 0 -19 6 15 37 4with coupled direct payments €/t 11 -9 -7 30 0 -19 6 15 37 4

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -15 -122 -130 19 -104 -265 -167 -106 -11 -199with coupled direct payments €/ha -15 -122 -130 19 -104 -265 -167 -106 -11 -199without coupled direct payments €/t -3 -25 -32 4 -20 -56 -40 -24 -2 -40with coupled direct payments €/t -3 -25 -32 4 -20 -56 -40 -24 -2 -40

35



2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 310 365 590 1130 1125 1225 1235

Farms represented number 55090 59015 33990 29645 28955 28245 33340

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 57.8 59.6 123.1 121.2 117.0 136.0 107.4Total labour input AWU 2.4 1.8 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1Common wheat area ha 32.8 34.2 64.9 63.5 60.2 69.2 55.9 55.9 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 1.6 3.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2Common wheat production t 68 119 194 207 222 235 225 209Common wheat yield t / ha 2.1 3.5 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.4 4.0 3.7Common wheat price € / t 175 125 107 142 160 204 158 149Common wheat output '000 € 11.9 14.9 20.8 29.4 35.5 47.9 35.7 31.0Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0Grain maize ha 4.3 5.8 11.8 11.8 14.4 18.3 13.7Barley ha 3.3 3.5 8.6 6.8 5.5 7.1 5.2Oats ha 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4Total output '000 € 24.1 26.6 44.9 66.2 76.4 96.6 73.1

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 362 436 320 463 589 692 638 555straw €/ha 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 363 437 323 464 590 692 639 556Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 175 125 108 142 160 204 158 149

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 138 148 139 145 171 213 221 213

including: Seeds €/ha 55 57 48 49 53 65 63 67Fertilizers €/ha 50 60 59 61 78 98 104 92

Crop protection €/ha 21 25 25 29 36 45 50 50Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other specific costs €/ha 13 5 7 6 4 4 4 4Non-specific costs €/ha 114 142 102 142 165 174 171 171including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 46 55 44 53 68 73 76 76

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 18 20 15 19 21 22 22 22Contract work €/ha 27 40 23 43 46 35 34 34

Energy €/ha 6 7 4 4 4 4 5 5Other direct costs €/ha 17 19 16 23 26 40 34 34

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 253 289 241 288 335 387 392 384Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 122 83 81 88 91 114 97 103

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 33 36 44 47 58 67 77Total external factors €/ha 93 108 101 113 143 183 190 - Wages paid €/ha 43 43 40 39 44 50 55 - Rent paid €/ha 45 59 53 65 90 123 124 - Interest paid €/ha 5 5 8 9 9 10 11Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 73 50 36 29 41 45 52 - Family labour costs €/ha 64 45 20 20 29 23 27 - Own capital cost €/ha 8 6 16 9 12 22 25

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 110 148 82 177 254 305 247 172with coupled direct payments €/ha 110 148 82 177 254 305 247 172without coupled direct payments €/t 53 42 27 54 69 90 61 46with coupled direct payments €/t 53 42 27 54 69 90 61 46

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -16 5 -63 17 53 54 -20with coupled direct payments €/ha -16 5 -63 17 53 54 -20without coupled direct payments €/t -8 1 -21 5 14 16 -5with coupled direct payments €/t -8 1 -21 5 14 16 -5

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -89 -46 -99 -12 12 9 -72with coupled direct payments €/ha -89 -46 -99 -12 12 9 -72without coupled direct payments €/t -43 -13 -33 -4 3 3 -18with coupled direct payments €/t -43 -13 -33 -4 3 3 -18

36


Bulgariafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 48% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 293.6 262.7 215.4 224.2 237.4 242.6 233.6Total labour input AWU 5.4 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.2Common wheat area ha 158.9 136.6 108.7 111.1 116.9 118.4 117.0 117.0 in which irrigated area ha 0.4Common wheat production t 304 525 315 369 440 444 497 437Common wheat yield t / ha 1.9 3.8 2.9 3.3 3.8 3.7 4.2 3.7Common wheat price € / t 188 124 105 139 159 204 158 143Common wheat output '000 € 57.1 65.3 33.3 51.3 70.1 90.7 78.8 62.7Durum wheat ha 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1Grain maize ha 21.2 15.5 13.8 13.9 17.5 23.9 22.0Barley ha 19.0 19.1 18.3 15.1 11.3 12.4 10.5Oats ha 1.9 3.3 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7Rye ha 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.6Total output '000 € 105.3 121.0 75.8 125.4 156.5 189.5 166.2

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 359 478 306 461 600 766 673 536straw €/ha 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 360 479 306 462 600 766 674 537Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 188 125 106 139 159 204 159 144



Crop protection €/ha 22 27 26 28 37 50 55 55Water €/ha 0





Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 29 40 48 55 72 91 97Total external factors €/ha 99 146 123 140 194 253 269 - Wages paid €/ha 39 50 46 47 56 70 75 - Rent paid €/ha 55 88 65 80 125 166 179 - Interest paid €/ha 6 8 12 13 12 17 15Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha -6 -20 19 12 15 21 33 - Family labour costs €/ha 3 5 8 7 8 10 10 - Own capital cost €/ha -10 -25 11 6 7 11 23



without coupled direct payments €/ha 31 20 -100 8 11 -6 -114with coupled direct payments €/ha 31 20 -100 8 11 -6 -114without coupled direct payments €/t 16 5 -35 3 3 -1 -27with coupled direct payments €/t 16 5 -35 3 3 -1 -27


without coupled direct payments €/ha 37 40 -119 -4 -4 -26 -146with coupled direct payments €/ha 37 40 -119 -4 -4 -26 -146without coupled direct payments €/t 20 10 -41 -1 -1 -7 -34with coupled direct payments €/t 20 10 -41 -1 -1 -7 -34

37


Czech Republicfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 47% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 146.8 175.6 158.0 132.5 138.5 156.8 177.9 147.6 146.6 147.5Total labour input AWU 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.3Common wheat area ha 74.2 89.4 82.4 72.0 73.8 80.2 93.6 80.5 74.9 72.9 72.9 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 411 424 401 326 358 400 424 426 345 393 451Common wheat yield t / ha 5.5 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.5 5.3 4.6 5.4 6.2Common wheat price € / t 94 90 107 189 155 99 150 174 204 166 153Common wheat output '000 € 38.7 37.9 43.0 61.4 55.3 39.6 63.5 73.9 70.4 65.3 69.0Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.3 0.3Grain maize ha 5.7 5.5 6.5 10.1 7.9 6.1 8.5 8.5 7.8 6.6Barley ha 24.4 27.6 25.3 19.4 18.9 20.0 21.2 16.3 19.1 16.4Oats ha 2.8 2.6 1.5 0.8 0.4 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1Rye ha 2.3 3.1 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.4Total output '000 € 88.4 96.4 99.2 116.7 115.5 96.4 129.3 144.3 147.0 145.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 522 425 521 853 749 494 678 919 940 896 947straw €/ha 1 2 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 4coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 524 426 522 857 752 496 680 921 942 900 951Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 94 90 107 190 155 99 150 174 205 167 154



Crop protection €/ha 67 66 72 105 114 92 98 114 112 111 116Water €/ha





Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 63 79 84 142 135 93 109 131 150 122Total external factors €/ha 93 88 96 108 106 105 136 161 163 159 - Wages paid €/ha 58 55 55 60 53 57 75 94 84 86 - Rent paid €/ha 29 25 34 43 45 37 51 55 59 57 - Interest paid €/ha 6 7 6 6 8 11 10 12 20 16Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 77 69 91 127 96 119 125 130 93 122 - Family labour costs €/ha 54 48 66 98 111 77 89 107 97 102 - Own capital cost €/ha 22 21 26 28 -16 43 37 23 -4 20



without coupled direct payments €/ha 18 -88 -84 19 -89 -173 -107 -35 -37 -30with coupled direct payments €/ha 18 -88 -84 19 -89 -173 -107 -35 -37 -30without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -19 -17 4 -18 -35 -24 -7 -8 -6with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -19 -17 4 -18 -35 -24 -7 -8 -6



38


Denmarkfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 42% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 76.5 83.9 85.9 79.6 84.1 83.2 88.6 92.5 102.9 97.3Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8Common wheat area ha 40.1 45.7 45.6 42.8 41.7 44.0 45.9 49.4 51.2 47.8 47.8 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 282 320 317 269 325 350 301 320 380 351 357Common wheat yield t / ha 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.3 7.8 7.9 6.6 6.5 7.4 7.4 7.5Common wheat price € / t 109 100 125 204 145 107 177 181 225 177 144Common wheat output '000 € 30.6 32.2 39.5 54.8 47.0 37.3 53.2 57.9 85.4 62.2 51.4Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1Barley ha 14.6 14.9 15.4 14.7 18.4 15.5 16.5 18.9 26.0 21.7Oats ha 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.0Rye ha 0.7 1.2 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2Total output '000 € 72.5 79.6 92.7 114.9 118.1 105.1 122.0 134.3 197.9 157.7

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 764 705 866 1281 1128 847 1160 1171 1669 1301 1076straw €/ha 43 48 35 27 37 75 52 63 87 69 69coupled direct payments €/ha 317other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1124 753 901 1308 1165 923 1212 1234 1755 1370 1145Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 160 107 130 208 149 116 185 191 236 186 153








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 145 140 148 192 169 164 193 176 237 196Total external factors €/ha 362 338 412 511 668 467 531 476 520 421 - Wages paid €/ha 52 48 72 54 80 55 63 68 92 66 - Rent paid €/ha 107 86 113 127 124 101 131 135 151 138 - Interest paid €/ha 202 204 227 329 464 311 337 273 277 217Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 483 356 400 334 113 254 253 251 290 373 - Family labour costs €/ha 224 201 212 268 235 203 231 198 217 199 - Own capital cost €/ha 259 155 188 66 -122 51 22 53 73 174



without coupled direct payments €/ha -290 -307 -282 -153 -449 -467 -299 -213 49 -158with coupled direct payments €/ha 27 -307 -282 -153 -449 -467 -299 -213 49 -158without coupled direct payments €/t -41 -44 -41 -24 -58 -59 -45 -33 7 -22with coupled direct payments €/t 4 -44 -41 -24 -58 -59 -45 -33 7 -22



39


Germanyfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 45% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 153.1 156.6 151.4 170.0 165.5 163.2 168.6 166.8 177.5 157.9Total labour input AWU 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6Common wheat area ha 78.9 76.4 76.2 85.4 85.5 80.8 85.9 85.1 88.4 79.7 79.7 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 633 556 552 564 711 649 630 572 649 665 709Common wheat yield t / ha 8.0 7.3 7.2 6.6 8.3 8.0 7.3 6.7 7.3 8.4 8.9Common wheat price € / t 101 101 132 220 157 119 175 195 233 187 161Common wheat output '000 € 63.9 55.9 72.9 124.2 111.5 77.1 110.4 111.6 151.2 124.3 114.3Durum wheat ha 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.3Grain maize ha 0.9 0.5 0.9 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.0Barley ha 17.3 17.9 19.8 20.6 21.8 22.4 20.2 17.1 22.5 18.5Oats ha 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.5Rye ha 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.9 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2Oth.cereals ha 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7Total output '000 € 162.6 143.9 166.5 240.9 232.7 185.3 233.7 249.8 332.6 275.5












without coupled direct payments €/ha -114 -178 -124 20 -33 -163 -49 -18 231 113with coupled direct payments €/ha 247 -178 -124 20 -33 -163 -49 -18 231 113without coupled direct payments €/t -14 -24 -17 3 -4 -20 -7 -3 32 14with coupled direct payments €/t 31 -24 -17 3 -4 -20 -7 -3 32 14


without coupled direct payments €/ha -281 -338 -308 -194 -214 -348 -232 -182 51 -91with coupled direct payments €/ha 79 -338 -308 -194 -214 -348 -232 -182 51 -91without coupled direct payments €/t -35 -47 -42 -29 -26 -43 -32 -27 7 -11with coupled direct payments €/t 10 -47 -42 -29 -26 -43 -32 -27 7 -11

40


Greecefarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 65% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 20 30 40 35 25 25 30 35

Farms represented number 1160 2235 2855 2010 1830 1365 1595 1845

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 34.3 28.5 23.4 24.1 24.0 22.4 23.6 23.8Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7Common wheat area ha 19.1 18.6 16.3 18.1 16.9 14.5 14.9 14.5 14.5 in which irrigated area ha 1.0 0.3 0.7Common wheat production t 47 62 55 53 49 42 48 46 25Common wheat yield t / ha 2.5 3.3 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.2 1.8Common wheat price € / t 129 234 190 132 168 223 216 191 197Common wheat output '000 € 6.1 14.5 10.4 7.0 8.3 9.3 10.3 8.7 5.0Durum wheat ha 7.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 3.3 3.4 1.7 2.0Grain maize ha 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1Barley ha 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.1 1.2 1.1Oats ha 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6Rye ha 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 10.7 17.7 15.6 11.7 13.7 15.1 15.7 14.1

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 317 781 637 385 490 646 692 603 345straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 317 781 637 385 490 646 692 603 345Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 129 234 190 132 168 223 216 191 197

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 206 241 256 254 242 302 334 294 288

including: Seeds €/ha 49 66 74 55 56 73 87 82 83Fertilizers €/ha 114 122 143 155 136 169 189 154 148

Crop protection €/ha 35 44 31 34 41 49 46 43 43Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 7 9 8 11 9 12 11 15 14Non-specific costs €/ha 173 200 194 168 165 229 227 239 236including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 69 76 71 72 71 105 87 92 91

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 23 19 20 14 22 21 28 25 25Contract work €/ha 48 77 87 66 58 77 84 87 86

Energy €/ha 5 16 8 7 5 8 10 14 14Other direct costs €/ha 28 13 9 8 10 19 18 20 20

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 379 441 450 422 407 530 561 533 524Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 154 132 134 145 139 183 175 169 299

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 141 204 156 130 157 147 229 196Total external factors €/ha 121 151 116 99 119 121 129 130 - Wages paid €/ha 4 1 8 8 13 4 4 3 - Rent paid €/ha 117 149 106 87 106 115 123 126 - Interest paid €/ha 1 3 4 0 2 2 1Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 186 311 274 239 330 434 662 415 - Family labour costs €/ha 149 226 238 181 237 170 155 182 - Own capital cost €/ha 36 85 36 58 92 263 507 233

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -62 340 187 -37 83 115 132 70 -178with coupled direct payments €/ha -62 340 187 -37 83 115 132 70 -178without coupled direct payments €/t -25 102 56 -13 28 40 41 22 -102with coupled direct payments €/t -25 102 56 -13 28 40 41 22 -102


without coupled direct payments €/ha -324 -16 -85 -266 -193 -152 -227 -256with coupled direct payments €/ha -324 -16 -85 -266 -193 -152 -227 -256without coupled direct payments €/t -132 -5 -25 -91 -66 -53 -71 -81with coupled direct payments €/t -132 -5 -25 -91 -66 -53 -71 -81


without coupled direct payments €/ha -510 -326 -359 -505 -523 -586 -889 -671with coupled direct payments €/ha -510 -326 -359 -505 -523 -586 -889 -671without coupled direct payments €/t -208 -98 -107 -174 -179 -203 -277 -213with coupled direct payments €/t -208 -98 -107 -174 -179 -203 -277 -213

41


Spainfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 58% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 88.4 83.0 76.0 53.4 57.2 61.2 59.2 57.6 64.6 66.4Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Common wheat area ha 38.4 35.9 31.9 29.0 32.1 31.4 30.6 30.5 28.6 33.8 33.8 in which irrigated area ha 1.5 1.8 2.3 1.0 2.3 1.9 1.8 3.3 1.9 2.0Common wheat production t 123 61 98 102 115 98 95 103 86 114 96Common wheat yield t / ha 3.2 1.7 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.4 2.8Common wheat price € / t 135 133 146 193 193 165 172 187 229 181 152Common wheat output '000 € 16.6 8.2 14.3 19.8 22.1 16.2 16.3 19.3 19.8 20.7 14.6Durum wheat ha 3.3 1.7 0.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.5Grain maize ha 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3Barley ha 19.9 17.8 19.1 10.3 11.3 11.6 11.3 10.3 12.3 10.7Oats ha 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.0 2.2 1.2Rye ha 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0Total output '000 € 33.1 18.1 29.7 31.8 33.8 24.6 26.9 32.2 35.8 34.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 432 227 448 681 690 515 535 633 691 611 430straw €/ha 11 5 2 3 1 1 2 4 6 9 9coupled direct payments €/ha 170 169 43 17 21 22other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 613 401 493 702 712 538 537 638 697 620 439Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 192 236 161 199 199 173 173 188 231 184 155











without coupled direct payments €/ha 128 -75 102 291 265 93 131 186 92 13with coupled direct payments €/ha 298 94 145 309 286 115 131 186 92 13without coupled direct payments €/t 40 -44 33 83 74 30 42 55 31 4with coupled direct payments €/t 93 55 47 87 80 37 42 55 31 4


without coupled direct payments €/ha -107 -295 -192 -29 -25 -263 -328 -225 -347 -355with coupled direct payments €/ha 63 -126 -149 -12 -4 -241 -328 -225 -347 -355without coupled direct payments €/t -34 -173 -63 -8 -7 -85 -105 -66 -115 -105with coupled direct payments €/t 20 -74 -49 -3 -1 -77 -105 -66 -115 -105

42


Estoniafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 46% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 172.8 161.0 258.2 284.2 221.8 259.5 171.3 186.2 186.5 185.5Total labour input AWU 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4Common wheat area ha 78.8 78.5 124.2 130.1 108.1 121.5 70.7 75.1 76.3 73.8 73.8 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 192 249 312 412 332 367 198 228 327 269 258Common wheat yield t / ha 2.4 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.0 4.3 3.6 3.5Common wheat price € / t 106 98 114 177 121 105 160 180 213 179 148Common wheat output '000 € 20.4 24.3 35.7 72.9 40.2 38.6 31.5 41.0 69.7 48.0 38.1Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 32.5 29.6 42.1 39.3 33.4 43.8 24.6 26.5 33.3 35.0Oats ha 5.4 4.3 9.9 17.6 7.7 9.3 3.8 2.9 2.8 3.3Rye ha 1.0 1.6 4.1 22.9 10.9 5.0 0.9 0.8 1.8 1.7Summer cer_mix. ha 1.0 2.2 0.7 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.4Total output '000 € 45.0 56.0 82.1 156.9 82.7 89.6 62.5 99.3 135.9 118.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 259 310 287 561 372 318 446 546 913 650 517straw €/ha 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 34 34 19Receipts per hectare €/ha 259 310 287 595 407 338 446 546 914 651 517Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 106 98 114 188 133 112 160 180 213 179 148








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 96 47 59 71 99 89 95 90 132 112Total external factors €/ha 30 23 27 40 54 58 65 67 86 89 - Wages paid €/ha 15 7 8 11 24 31 33 40 54 58 - Rent paid €/ha 4 5 5 7 6 8 14 11 17 19 - Interest paid €/ha 11 11 14 22 24 19 18 15 16 13Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 36 27 23 14 -10 59 64 37 50 55 - Family labour costs €/ha 31 33 29 38 43 30 50 49 57 52 - Own capital cost €/ha 5 -6 -6 -25 -53 29 14 -11 -7 2

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 43 69 30 291 60 5 70 105 328 61 -65with coupled direct payments €/ha 43 69 30 291 60 5 70 105 328 61 -65without coupled direct payments €/t 18 22 12 92 20 2 25 35 76 17 -19with coupled direct payments €/t 18 22 12 92 20 2 25 35 76 17 -19


without coupled direct payments €/ha -83 -2 -56 181 -93 -142 -89 -52 110 -140with coupled direct payments €/ha -83 -2 -56 181 -93 -142 -89 -52 110 -140without coupled direct payments €/t -34 0 -22 57 -30 -47 -32 -17 26 -38with coupled direct payments €/t -34 0 -22 57 -30 -47 -32 -17 26 -38


without coupled direct payments €/ha -119 -29 -79 167 -83 -201 -153 -89 60 -195with coupled direct payments €/ha -119 -29 -79 167 -83 -201 -153 -89 60 -195without coupled direct payments €/t -49 -9 -31 53 -27 -67 -55 -30 14 -53with coupled direct payments €/t -49 -9 -31 53 -27 -67 -55 -30 14 -53

43


Francefarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 48% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 127.9 127.0 126.1 131.2 127.8 127.7 132.6 133.7 124.5 133.4Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4Common wheat area ha 60.2 59.9 59.2 60.7 60.9 59.6 60.3 63.5 59.5 62.6 62.6 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.7Common wheat production t 465 434 405 405 450 471 442 440 451 477 484Common wheat yield t / ha 7.7 7.2 6.8 6.7 7.4 7.9 7.3 6.9 7.6 7.6 7.7Common wheat price € / t 96 94 120 187 149 114 177 185 216 180 158Common wheat output '000 € 44.7 40.6 48.8 75.8 67.1 53.8 78.1 81.5 97.5 86.1 76.3Durum wheat ha 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.5Grain maize ha 4.5 3.9 4.8 4.2 4.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.6 6.7Barley ha 12.2 11.4 11.8 13.4 14.2 14.2 13.1 11.1 10.2 14.0Oats ha 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4Rye ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9Total output '000 € 96.6 92.4 99.5 143.9 139.1 119.2 162.3 182.6 202.2 174.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 742 678 825 1249 1101 902 1295 1284 1638 1375 1219straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/ha 367 354 89 87 84 79other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1109 1033 914 1336 1186 981 1295 1284 1638 1375 1219Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 144 142 133 200 160 124 177 185 216 180 158



Crop protection €/ha 150 147 153 169 178 179 183 167 190 213 213Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0





Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 194 171 197 212 215 218 258 231 262 298Total external factors €/ha 165 159 173 190 176 185 199 185 203 219 - Wages paid €/ha 28 27 29 29 26 30 31 32 33 40 - Rent paid €/ha 105 101 112 126 117 120 129 120 134 143 - Interest paid €/ha 32 30 32 35 33 34 38 33 36 36Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 178 168 192 220 184 215 207 176 202 225 - Family labour costs €/ha 172 167 185 202 188 191 202 181 214 221 - Own capital cost €/ha 6 1 6 18 -4 24 5 -5 -12 4



without coupled direct payments €/ha -188 -228 -171 148 -42 -314 75 110 257 -144with coupled direct payments €/ha 179 126 -82 235 42 -236 75 110 257 -144without coupled direct payments €/t -24 -31 -25 22 -6 -40 10 16 34 -19with coupled direct payments €/t 23 17 -12 35 6 -30 10 16 34 -19


without coupled direct payments €/ha -366 -396 -362 -73 -226 -529 -132 -66 54 -369with coupled direct payments €/ha 1 -41 -274 15 -142 -450 -132 -66 54 -369without coupled direct payments €/t -47 -55 -53 -11 -31 -67 -18 -9 7 -48with coupled direct payments €/t 0 -6 -40 2 -19 -57 -18 -9 7 -48

44


Croatiafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 43% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 45

Farms represented number 1610

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 35.4Total labour input AWU 1.0Common wheat area ha 17.5 17.5 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 91 78Common wheat yield t / ha 5.2 4.4Common wheat price € / t 121 111Common wheat output '000 € 11.0 8.6Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 6.9Barley ha 1.0Oats ha 0.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0Total output '000 € 25.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 629 490straw €/ha 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 629 490Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 121 111

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 337 297

including: Seeds €/ha 73 62Fertilizers €/ha 184 156

Crop protection €/ha 77 76Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 3 3Non-specific costs €/ha 176 173including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 78 75

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 27 27Contract work €/ha 21 21

Energy €/ha 4 4Other direct costs €/ha 47 47

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 513 470Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 99 106

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 90Total external factors €/ha 80 - Wages paid €/ha 19 - Rent paid €/ha 54 - Interest paid €/ha 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 243 - Family labour costs €/ha 170 - Own capital cost €/ha 74

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 116 20with coupled direct payments €/ha 116 20without coupled direct payments €/t 22 4with coupled direct payments €/t 22 4


without coupled direct payments €/ha -54with coupled direct payments €/ha -54without coupled direct payments €/t -10with coupled direct payments €/t -10



45


Hungaryfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 49% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 66.4 74.0 42.7 76.7 61.2 55.1 60.6 53.3 53.7 52.9Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9Common wheat area ha 36.5 40.3 23.1 40.3 34.6 29.8 30.5 28.2 30.6 28.6 28.6 in which irrigated area ha 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.2Common wheat production t 198 178 84 133 171 116 96 110 103 130 134Common wheat yield t / ha 5.4 4.4 3.6 3.3 4.9 3.9 3.2 3.9 3.4 4.5 4.7Common wheat price € / t 88 83 98 179 142 101 159 182 206 154 134Common wheat output '000 € 17.3 14.8 8.2 23.8 24.3 11.7 15.3 20.0 21.3 19.9 17.9Durum wheat ha 0.1Grain maize ha 7.9 6.3 3.4 6.1 4.7 4.4 4.6 5.2 5.7 6.2Barley ha 3.4 3.2 2.2 5.3 3.6 2.6 3.0 1.9 2.3 2.1Oats ha 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3Rye ha 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.6Total output '000 € 37.4 32.4 17.7 47.9 47.4 25.4 31.2 42.7 42.5 39.1

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 476 367 357 589 702 393 501 708 695 697 628straw €/ha 3 2 1 3 2 0 8 2 2 5 5coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 45Receipts per hectare €/ha 478 369 358 637 705 393 509 710 697 702 633Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 88 84 99 193 142 101 161 182 206 155 135



Crop protection €/ha 40 36 36 43 58 43 44 47 47 60 61Water €/ha 1 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha -14 -57 -43 52 49 -90 -32 108 98 55with coupled direct payments €/ha -14 -57 -43 52 49 -90 -32 108 98 55without coupled direct payments €/t -3 -13 -12 16 10 -23 -10 28 29 12with coupled direct payments €/t -3 -13 -12 16 10 -23 -10 28 29 12



46


Irelandfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 51% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 15 15 15

Farms represented number 740 995 1030 1445

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 93.6 152.3 135.7 120.1Total labour input AWU 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.3Common wheat area ha 50.0 77.5 65.6 63.7 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 509 699 624 455Common wheat yield t / ha 10.2 9.0 9.5 7.1Common wheat price € / t 125 175 179 181Common wheat output '000 € 63.8 122.7 111.5 82.5Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 18.9 31.2 30.0 25.4Oats ha 8.9 10.3 15.9 5.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 2.0Total output '000 € 117.3 233.7 221.8 171.5

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 1276 1584 1701 1295straw €/ha 109 174 150 155coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1385 1757 1851 1450Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 136 195 195 203

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 626 539 596 625

including: Seeds €/ha 96 82 79 81Fertilizers €/ha 320 243 319 295

Crop protection €/ha 205 202 194 245Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 5 13 5 4Non-specific costs €/ha 386 366 387 329including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 50 61 73 79

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 67 69 59 87Contract work €/ha 227 170 197 110

Energy €/ha 3 4 4 4Other direct costs €/ha 39 62 55 49

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 1012 905 984 954Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 99 100 103 134

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 145 141 130 139Total external factors €/ha 138 167 204 201 - Wages paid €/ha 7 17 22 42 - Rent paid €/ha 117 136 171 133 - Interest paid €/ha 14 14 10 27Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 477 424 430 374 - Family labour costs €/ha 188 166 169 171 - Own capital cost €/ha 289 258 261 203

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 373 853 868 496with coupled direct payments €/ha 373 853 868 496without coupled direct payments €/t 37 94 91 70with coupled direct payments €/t 37 94 91 70


without coupled direct payments €/ha 90 544 534 157with coupled direct payments €/ha 90 544 534 157without coupled direct payments €/t 9 60 56 22with coupled direct payments €/t 9 60 56 22


without coupled direct payments €/ha -388 121 104 -218with coupled direct payments €/ha -388 121 104 -218without coupled direct payments €/t -38 13 11 -30with coupled direct payments €/t -38 13 11 -30

47


Italyfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 51% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 10.4 10.8 12.5 15.6 12.1 15.8 17.3 14.5 16.1 15.4Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8Common wheat area ha 7.4 6.9 8.4 9.6 8.2 9.7 10.1 8.1 9.4 9.2 9.2 in which irrigated area ha 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5Common wheat production t 40 39 47 50 43 55 56 45 52 51 51Common wheat yield t / ha 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.6Common wheat price € / t 132 137 146 210 169 149 206 223 244 214 224Common wheat output '000 € 5.3 5.3 6.8 10.6 7.3 8.1 11.6 10.1 12.6 10.8 11.5Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2Grain maize ha 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.4 2.0Barley ha 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4Oats ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4Total output '000 € 11.6 10.6 11.6 20.3 13.8 15.9 23.9 20.4 23.1 20.7




Crop protection €/ha 55 43 49 59 45 68 87 58 64 84 85Water €/ha 1 1 4 0 1 4 3 3 4 4



Energy €/ha 1 0 0 12 14 14 14 15 10 9Other direct costs €/ha 100 82 94 116 113 124 134 155 140 156 156


Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 164 180 224 292 273 287 247 323 307 275Total external factors €/ha 65 71 76 128 63 93 130 97 92 63 - Wages paid €/ha 7 16 28 53 10 28 52 31 22 14 - Rent paid €/ha 54 54 48 72 54 65 78 65 70 47 - Interest paid €/ha 4 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 1Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 1306 1377 1480 1067 1457 1278 1391 1448 1413 1419 - Family labour costs €/ha 1105 1158 1231 843 1313 990 1037 1241 1204 1155 - Own capital cost €/ha 201 219 249 224 144 288 355 208 209 264



without coupled direct payments €/ha 151 142 68 99 -8 -156 138 108 175 89with coupled direct payments €/ha 430 142 68 99 -8 -156 138 108 175 89without coupled direct payments €/t 28 25 12 19 -1 -28 25 19 32 16with coupled direct payments €/t 78 25 12 19 -1 -28 25 19 32 16



48


Lithuaniafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 58% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 125.9 105.1 102.3 110.4 161.3 139.2 141.5 132.4 117.3 127.5Total labour input AWU 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8Common wheat area ha 62.7 52.4 51.6 56.2 86.4 70.0 72.6 66.0 59.1 65.4 65.4 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 307 250 150 252 501 353 282 248 317 322 282Common wheat yield t / ha 4.9 4.8 2.9 4.5 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.8 5.4 4.9 4.3Common wheat price € / t 94 83 113 178 147 107 163 193 201 178 142Common wheat output '000 € 28.9 20.7 17.0 44.8 73.8 37.7 46.1 47.9 63.6 57.3 40.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 17.5 17.0 16.5 15.8 22.5 13.7 12.3 10.6 9.7 11.3Oats ha 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.3 1.8Rye ha 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.3 1.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1Oth.cereals ha 2.9 2.4 3.0 3.0 7.2 6.7 6.6 6.9 8.2 7.0Total output '000 € 51.7 38.5 32.9 71.5 119.3 66.1 80.8 89.9 113.2 94.9

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 461 395 330 797 855 539 634 726 1075 876 614straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 41 38 29Receipts per hectare €/ha 461 395 330 838 892 568 634 726 1075 876 614Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 94 83 113 187 154 113 163 193 201 178 142








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 46 52 59 85 101 112 123 122 162 167Total external factors €/ha 32 33 37 60 77 70 67 59 65 70 - Wages paid €/ha 12 9 10 16 27 21 25 19 23 27 - Rent paid €/ha 14 18 18 28 30 27 31 30 31 33 - Interest paid €/ha 5 5 9 16 21 22 11 10 12 11Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 51 50 49 53 -16 146 107 76 104 125 - Family labour costs €/ha 32 41 46 67 54 56 56 58 70 76 - Own capital cost €/ha 19 10 3 -14 -70 90 51 18 34 49



without coupled direct payments €/ha 120 47 -23 306 235 -28 48 109 302 64with coupled direct payments €/ha 120 47 -23 306 235 -28 48 109 302 64without coupled direct payments €/t 25 10 -8 68 40 -6 12 29 56 13with coupled direct payments €/t 25 10 -8 68 40 -6 12 29 56 13


without coupled direct payments €/ha 69 -4 -72 253 251 -174 -59 32 198 -61with coupled direct payments €/ha 69 -4 -72 253 251 -174 -59 32 198 -61without coupled direct payments €/t 14 -1 -25 56 43 -35 -15 9 37 -12with coupled direct payments €/t 14 -1 -25 56 43 -35 -15 9 37 -12

49


Latviafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 57% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 251.0 220.2 236.7 310.0 270.5 260.7 251.0 261.1 206.9 179.3Total labour input AWU 3.4 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.4Common wheat area ha 131.7 114.7 129.5 167.7 147.1 137.3 130.8 135.6 115.5 99.7 99.7 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 507 431 440 703 726 572 441 428 557 403 286Common wheat yield t / ha 3.9 3.8 3.4 4.2 4.9 4.2 3.4 3.2 4.8 4.0 2.9Common wheat price € / t 102 87 119 182 148 117 161 186 202 188 152Common wheat output '000 € 51.5 37.4 52.1 128.2 107.7 66.8 71.1 79.7 112.6 75.5 43.4Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 25.2 27.6 27.0 32.9 26.6 23.4 21.0 17.0 11.4 12.3Oats ha 5.6 3.6 3.5 6.8 7.2 5.5 5.5 6.5 5.3 5.0Rye ha 4.1 3.0 3.3 4.4 9.0 8.2 2.8 3.5 4.4 2.7Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.1Oth.cereals ha 2.2 1.9 3.2 2.0 1.3 2.3 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.5Total output '000 € 101.2 76.4 99.1 204.7 184.3 118.6 126.5 154.3 184.6 128.9

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 391 326 403 765 732 487 543 588 975 758 435straw €/ha 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 392 327 403 766 732 488 543 589 976 759 436Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 102 87 119 183 148 117 161 186 202 188 152








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 73 66 81 112 118 123 116 123 144 155Total external factors €/ha 54 42 67 117 124 113 79 90 92 90 - Wages paid €/ha 24 18 35 54 64 56 40 47 48 51 - Rent paid €/ha 11 8 13 18 15 14 15 18 18 17 - Interest paid €/ha 18 16 19 45 45 43 24 26 27 22Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 3 2 2 -40 -69 87 93 30 58 84 - Family labour costs €/ha 17 19 22 20 29 25 25 24 40 49 - Own capital cost €/ha -14 -17 -20 -60 -98 62 69 6 18 35






50


Austriafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 39% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 25 20 25 25 20

Farms represented number 1380 905 1200 1150 985

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 44.3 61.4 45.8 58.5 57.5Total labour input AWU 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.7Common wheat area ha 20.1 27.4 20.6 27.1 25.4 25.4 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 91 127 110 107 123 131Common wheat yield t / ha 4.5 4.6 5.3 3.9 4.8 5.2Common wheat price € / t 99 175 175 233 174 165Common wheat output '000 € 9.1 22.2 19.3 24.8 21.4 21.7Durum wheat ha 0.4 0.1Grain maize ha 2.4 3.5 2.9 5.1 3.7Barley ha 5.7 8.6 5.2 4.2 5.2Oats ha 0.7 0.2Rye ha 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.7Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.4 1.7 1.4 0.8Total output '000 € 27.4 53.2 48.0 64.8 52.9

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 452 809 933 916 841 855straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 452 809 933 916 841 855Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 99 175 175 233 174 165

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 231 250 275 287 341 328

including: Seeds €/ha 60 71 68 85 83 84Fertilizers €/ha 117 113 155 140 172 158

Crop protection €/ha 53 65 51 62 82 82Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 1 1 1 0 4 4Non-specific costs €/ha 287 344 355 348 381 382including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 65 91 100 93 105 102

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 52 70 72 58 77 78Contract work €/ha 63 71 64 83 58 59

Energy €/ha 3 4 3 4 7 7Other direct costs €/ha 104 109 115 110 134 136

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 518 595 630 636 723 710Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 114 128 118 162 149 137

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 134 220 195 202 270Total external factors €/ha 104 123 125 116 163 - Wages paid €/ha 8 15 14 7 29 - Rent paid €/ha 85 96 93 98 107 - Interest paid €/ha 11 11 18 11 27Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 297 321 250 301 268 - Family labour costs €/ha 168 197 186 223 199 - Own capital cost €/ha 129 124 64 78 69

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -66 215 303 280 118 145with coupled direct payments €/ha -66 215 303 280 118 145without coupled direct payments €/t -14 46 57 71 24 28with coupled direct payments €/t -14 46 57 71 24 28


without coupled direct payments €/ha -303 -128 -16 -37 -314with coupled direct payments €/ha -303 -128 -16 -37 -314without coupled direct payments €/t -67 -28 -3 -10 -65with coupled direct payments €/t -67 -28 -3 -10 -65



51


Polandfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 56% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 41.5 50.9 49.4 48.0 51.6 28.5 32.0 33.0 31.5 32.2Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4Common wheat area ha 24.8 30.1 28.6 26.9 31.1 16.3 17.9 19.2 18.1 17.6 17.6 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1Common wheat production t 144 162 127 131 176 86 91 101 91 102 100Common wheat yield t / ha 5.8 5.4 4.4 4.9 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.8 5.7Common wheat price € / t 93 91 128 194 149 109 176 191 224 175 143Common wheat output '000 € 13.4 14.8 16.2 25.4 26.4 9.3 16.0 19.2 20.3 17.7 14.3Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7Barley ha 2.0 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.1 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.1 1.4Oats ha 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3Rye ha 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2Oth.cereals ha 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0Total output '000 € 23.9 27.7 30.0 42.8 46.4 17.9 27.7 33.8 37.6 34.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 540 492 568 943 847 570 890 1002 1121 1006 812straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 65Receipts per hectare €/ha 605 492 568 943 847 570 890 1002 1121 1006 812Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 105 91 128 194 149 109 176 191 224 175 143



Crop protection €/ha 59 71 70 92 112 74 88 100 95 109 111Water €/ha 0 0 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha 160 -43 31 216 -34 -50 148 150 241 61with coupled direct payments €/ha 160 -43 31 216 -34 -50 148 150 241 61without coupled direct payments €/t 28 -8 7 45 -6 -10 29 29 48 11with coupled direct payments €/t 28 -8 7 45 -6 -10 29 29 48 11


without coupled direct payments €/ha 19 -168 -136 2 -239 -318 -207 -175 -92 -351with coupled direct payments €/ha 19 -168 -136 2 -239 -318 -207 -175 -92 -351without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -31 -31 0 -42 -61 -41 -33 -18 -61with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -31 -31 0 -42 -61 -41 -33 -18 -61

52


Romaniafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 49% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 39.0 47.0 99.9 93.6 84.9 100.5 71.4Total labour input AWU 2.2 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4Common wheat area ha 22.8 27.8 53.9 50.7 45.2 52.9 38.5 38.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 1.7 3.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3Common wheat production t 49 94 164 164 164 166 148 144Common wheat yield t / ha 2.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.7Common wheat price € / t 169 125 108 144 160 203 158 150Common wheat output '000 € 8.3 11.8 17.6 23.5 26.3 33.7 23.4 21.6Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0Grain maize ha 3.0 5.2 11.3 11.3 13.6 16.4 11.3Barley ha 2.0 2.5 6.2 4.6 3.9 5.3 3.7Oats ha 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4Total output '000 € 17.6 20.7 37.1 50.3 55.0 65.7 46.5

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 364 424 327 464 582 636 607 561straw €/ha 1 4 2 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 364 425 331 466 582 636 608 561Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 169 125 109 144 160 203 158 150








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 35 35 41 42 47 49 59Total external factors €/ha 91 95 89 95 107 128 118 - Wages paid €/ha 45 41 37 34 35 35 37 - Rent paid €/ha 41 50 46 55 65 89 73 - Interest paid €/ha 5 4 6 6 7 4 7Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 111 73 46 40 59 64 69 - Family labour costs €/ha 94 58 27 28 44 33 43 - Own capital cost €/ha 17 15 19 11 15 31 26



without coupled direct payments €/ha -43 0 -43 24 85 102 66with coupled direct payments €/ha -43 0 -43 24 85 102 66without coupled direct payments €/t -20 0 -14 8 23 33 17with coupled direct payments €/t -20 0 -14 8 23 33 17


without coupled direct payments €/ha -154 -73 -89 -16 25 38 -3with coupled direct payments €/ha -154 -73 -89 -16 25 38 -3without coupled direct payments €/t -71 -22 -29 -5 7 12 -1with coupled direct payments €/t -71 -22 -29 -5 7 12 -1

53


Finlandfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 54% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 63.2 63.9 63.8 62.2 75.5 70.8 59.5 56.2 62.4 57.2Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4Common wheat area ha 28.0 27.5 28.5 29.4 32.0 31.7 26.7 27.0 29.9 28.4 28.4 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 101 104 110 124 117 137 82 98 116 115 118Common wheat yield t / ha 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.7 4.3 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.2Common wheat price € / t 107 88 124 205 158 90 197 171 229 162 138Common wheat output '000 € 10.8 9.2 13.6 25.4 18.5 12.3 16.2 16.8 26.5 18.6 16.3Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 13.9 14.9 11.0 12.0 20.7 16.5 6.0 5.9 8.4 7.5Oats ha 2.3 2.4 2.5 1.8 3.2 1.7 1.0 1.6 4.0 7.9Rye ha 1.8 0.5 1.3 1.8 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2Total output '000 € 22.5 19.7 27.1 44.3 39.2 28.4 27.7 28.4 41.6 33.7

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 386 333 479 866 579 389 608 622 886 655 575straw €/ha -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 259 249other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 645 581 479 866 579 389 608 622 886 655 575Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 179 154 124 205 158 90 197 171 229 162 138









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -113 -173 -49 252 -90 -279 -86 -134 20 -171 -245with coupled direct payments €/ha 146 76 -49 252 -90 -279 -86 -134 20 -171 -245without coupled direct payments €/t -31 -46 -13 60 -25 -65 -28 -37 5 -42 -59with coupled direct payments €/t 41 20 -13 60 -25 -65 -28 -37 5 -42 -59





54


Swedenfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 43% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 121.9 130.1 130.2 129.9 134.8 146.5 119.0 146.7 110.5 147.6Total labour input AWU 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.1Common wheat area ha 46.9 52.7 50.9 53.7 55.8 62.1 52.2 65.8 49.8 62.2 62.2 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 264 336 292 324 325 358 275 337 303 366 418Common wheat yield t / ha 5.6 6.4 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.1 6.1 5.9 6.7Common wheat price € / t 97 94 109 211 188 103 161 197 208 202 184Common wheat output '000 € 25.7 31.7 32.0 68.4 61.3 36.7 44.2 66.6 63.1 74.0 76.8Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 16.2 18.1 15.1 19.1 25.9 24.0 12.9 24.2 18.1 26.1Oats ha 11.9 12.0 15.1 12.2 13.0 11.0 10.3 15.9 9.6 13.0Rye ha 3.9 2.6 4.3 3.7 4.1 6.3 2.5 1.8 1.6 0.8Summer cer_mix. ha 0.4 0.0 0.8Oth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 66.7 74.7 85.9 140.1 128.5 95.3 106.2 166.5 139.7 162.3










Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 21 56 11 525 322 -62 147 296 341 280 308with coupled direct payments €/ha 300 56 11 525 322 -62 147 296 341 280 308without coupled direct payments €/t 4 9 2 87 55 -11 28 58 56 48 46with coupled direct payments €/t 53 9 2 87 55 -11 28 58 56 48 46


without coupled direct payments €/ha -260 -246 -292 192 -1 -323 -176 -77 -113 -280with coupled direct payments €/ha 19 -246 -292 192 -1 -323 -176 -77 -113 -280without coupled direct payments €/t -46 -39 -51 32 0 -56 -33 -15 -19 -47with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -39 -51 32 0 -56 -33 -15 -19 -47



55


Slovakiafarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 38% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 359.2 255.8 210.9 275.4 162.7 149.0 97.3 222.2 171.1 152.7Total labour input AWU 4.5 2.8 3.7 3.8 2.2 2.6 1.8 3.5 2.9 3.9Common wheat area ha 186.3 110.6 102.1 128.4 77.2 73.9 51.0 108.1 81.3 78.4 78.4 in which irrigated area ha 12.2 6.1 2.1 4.3Common wheat production t 847 457 371 424 307 247 154 365 224 317 322Common wheat yield t / ha 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.4 2.8 4.0 4.1Common wheat price € / t 88 78 99 173 114 82 152 168 204 162 122Common wheat output '000 € 74.8 35.7 36.8 73.4 35.0 20.3 23.3 61.3 45.6 51.3 39.2Durum wheat ha 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.5Grain maize ha 37.9 17.8 24.8 19.7 8.7 5.1 7.3 16.6 19.3 16.2Barley ha 42.7 30.6 16.0 37.8 26.9 25.8 6.0 15.8 15.8 6.4Oats ha 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 2.3 2.9 0.9Rye ha 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.8 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.7Oth.cereals ha 0.8 2.1 1.0 1.1 2.7 0.0 1.3 0.1Total output '000 € 193.2 87.6 95.4 162.6 99.9 63.7 58.2 176.8 113.8 159.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 402 322 360 572 453 275 457 567 561 653 500straw €/ha 0 0 0 1 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 402 322 360 572 453 275 457 568 562 654 501Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 88 78 99 173 114 82 152 168 204 162 122



Crop protection €/ha 39 45 41 63 62 52 57 83 68 103 106Water €/ha 0 0 0 0





Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 31 36 48 114 102 80 93 127 77 82Total external factors €/ha 59 56 90 102 64 78 70 104 110 151 - Wages paid €/ha 26 22 49 67 29 44 23 66 55 103 - Rent paid €/ha 29 29 38 29 28 29 40 33 48 40 - Interest paid €/ha 3 4 4 7 6 5 8 6 6 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 1 28 28 49 45 61 98 38 66 61 - Family labour costs €/ha 11 26 27 31 42 52 92 36 61 52 - Own capital cost €/ha -10 2 1 18 3 10 6 2 5 9

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 3 -21 18 144 50 -92 90 -52 14 57 -84with coupled direct payments €/ha 3 -21 18 144 50 -92 90 -52 14 57 -84without coupled direct payments €/t 1 -5 5 44 13 -27 30 -15 5 14 -21with coupled direct payments €/t 1 -5 5 44 13 -27 30 -15 5 14 -21





56


United Kingdomfarms specialised in common wheat: min. 40% of standard output from common wheat (avg. 50% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 166.1 179.1 193.6 186.1 169.3 188.4 190.2 171.8 165.2 181.1Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.7Common wheat area ha 79.7 82.4 88.2 85.6 85.4 86.5 88.8 81.6 74.8 83.3 83.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.3Common wheat production t 649 683 755 662 752 734 733 663 518 649 725Common wheat yield t / ha 8.1 8.3 8.6 7.7 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.1 6.9 7.8 8.7Common wheat price € / t 102 101 130 204 140 119 179 185 228 195 151Common wheat output '000 € 66.4 69.0 98.2 135.1 105.4 87.7 131.0 122.6 117.9 126.6 109.2Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Grain maize ha 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0Barley ha 14.0 11.4 12.6 12.5 14.9 15.6 12.8 10.6 14.2 13.7Oats ha 2.4 2.1 3.5 4.8 4.7 5.2 4.4 3.7 3.5 4.0Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2Total output '000 € 131.9 147.6 187.4 237.0 204.3 188.7 258.5 251.3 271.0 261.9




Crop protection €/ha 169 166 175 198 178 163 182 167 211 212 220Water €/ha 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha -282 -246 -149 179 67 -108 230 287 241 70with coupled direct payments €/ha 60 -246 -149 179 67 -108 230 287 241 70without coupled direct payments €/t -35 -30 -17 23 8 -13 28 35 35 9with coupled direct payments €/t 7 -30 -17 23 8 -13 28 35 35 9


without coupled direct payments €/ha -614 -531 -467 -196 -199 -346 -36 71 -47 -225with coupled direct payments €/ha -272 -531 -467 -196 -199 -346 -36 71 -47 -225without coupled direct payments €/t -75 -64 -55 -25 -23 -41 -4 9 -7 -29with coupled direct payments €/t -33 -64 -55 -25 -23 -41 -4 9 -7 -29

57

Durum wheat margins EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

EU28farms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 59% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 33.6 34.8 35.7 33.0 29.4 33.0 33.2 32.9 33.1 31.5Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8Durum wheat area ha 22.7 23.0 22.3 21.5 20.2 19.4 19.7 19.1 19.0 17.9 17.9 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7Durum wheat production t 73 64 69 70 68 66 67 65 67 63 67Durum wheat yield t / ha 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.8Durum wheat price € / t 139 146 162 290 248 185 212 268 259 245 350Durum wheat output '000 € 10.1 9.3 11.2 20.3 16.9 12.2 14.3 17.5 17.5 15.5 23.5Common wheat ha 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4Grain maize ha 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5Barley ha 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4Oats ha 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2Total output '000 € 17.9 16.0 18.8 30.0 25.0 22.1 26.3 30.1 30.5 27.1

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 444 404 502 943 835 629 727 917 920 866 1315straw €/ha 17 13 16 19 13 21 25 22 26 29 29coupled direct payments €/ha 162 90 18 16 12 14other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 266 118 48 44 36 37Receipts per hectare €/ha 889 625 584 1021 896 702 752 939 946 894 1344Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 279 226 188 314 267 206 220 274 266 253 358

Durum wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 177 170 187 230 296 260 233 264 278 289 286







Other farm costs, attributed to durum wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 101 106 124 151 182 164 156 175 182 181Total external factors €/ha 69 76 78 106 91 104 99 98 97 99 - Wages paid €/ha 23 24 22 45 32 43 43 45 42 43 - Rent paid €/ha 41 47 51 55 53 55 51 48 49 51 - Interest paid €/ha 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 4Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 379 358 391 446 547 491 468 547 516 585 - Family labour costs €/ha 270 263 284 311 442 361 364 417 392 431 - Own capital cost €/ha 109 95 107 135 105 130 105 129 123 154



without coupled direct payments €/ha 221 15 -14 267 46 -63 20 110 73 14with coupled direct payments €/ha 382 104 4 283 57 -49 20 110 73 14without coupled direct payments €/t 69 5 -5 82 14 -18 6 32 21 4with coupled direct payments €/t 120 38 1 87 17 -14 6 32 21 4



58


EU15farms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 59% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 33.5 34.7 35.5 32.7 29.4 32.9 33.0 32.8 32.9 31.4Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8Durum wheat area ha 22.7 23.0 22.2 21.3 20.2 19.4 19.6 19.0 18.9 17.8 17.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7Durum wheat production t 72 64 69 69 68 66 67 65 67 63 67Durum wheat yield t / ha 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.8Durum wheat price € / t 139 146 162 291 248 185 212 268 259 245 351Durum wheat output '000 € 10.1 9.3 11.2 20.2 16.9 12.2 14.3 17.5 17.4 15.4 23.5Common wheat ha 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4Grain maize ha 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5Barley ha 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.4Oats ha 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2Total output '000 € 17.9 16.0 18.7 29.9 25.0 22.1 26.3 30.1 30.4 27.0

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 444 404 503 947 835 629 728 919 921 867 1319straw €/ha 17 13 16 19 13 21 25 22 26 29 29coupled direct payments €/ha 162 90 18 16 12 14other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 267 119 48 44 36 38Receipts per hectare €/ha 890 626 585 1026 897 703 754 941 947 896 1348Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 280 226 189 315 267 206 220 275 266 253 359











without coupled direct payments €/ha 221 16 -14 270 46 -62 21 111 73 14with coupled direct payments €/ha 383 105 4 285 58 -48 21 111 73 14without coupled direct payments €/t 69 6 -4 83 14 -18 6 33 21 4with coupled direct payments €/t 120 38 1 88 17 -14 6 33 21 4



59


Greecefarms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 68% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 28.1 28.1 25.6 26.6 24.9 26.6 24.5 23.3 23.8 23.7Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5Durum wheat area ha 23.5 23.7 20.8 21.7 21.3 22.5 20.9 19.6 20.1 19.8 19.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2Durum wheat production t 49 45 45 46 58 56 54 49 50 58 60Durum wheat yield t / ha 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0Durum wheat price € / t 132 137 131 229 203 172 182 246 237 234 267Durum wheat output '000 € 6.5 6.2 6.0 10.4 11.8 9.6 9.9 12.1 11.9 13.7 15.9Common wheat ha 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3Grain maize ha 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2Barley ha 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.2Oats ha 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0Total output '000 € 11.1 10.9 10.2 15.0 16.9 13.8 13.7 16.1 16.0 20.7

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 277 262 287 481 552 428 474 621 593 690 806straw €/ha 6 3 1 1 0 6 8 9 3 95 95coupled direct payments €/ha 153 152other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 283 265 37 38 7 13Receipts per hectare €/ha 719 682 326 520 560 447 482 630 596 785 900Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 342 356 149 247 205 180 185 250 239 266 298









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 287 252 8 162 75 -12 43 102 59 215 340with coupled direct payments €/ha 440 404 8 162 75 -12 43 102 59 215 340without coupled direct payments €/t 137 131 4 77 27 -5 16 40 24 73 112with coupled direct payments €/t 209 211 4 77 27 -5 16 40 24 73 112


without coupled direct payments €/ha 109 67 -190 -89 -175 -282 -241 -169 -241 -88with coupled direct payments €/ha 262 219 -190 -89 -175 -282 -241 -169 -241 -88without coupled direct payments €/t 52 35 -87 -42 -64 -114 -92 -67 -97 -30with coupled direct payments €/t 125 114 -87 -42 -64 -114 -92 -67 -97 -30


without coupled direct payments €/ha -27 -69 -357 -295 -395 -511 -545 -556 -817 -489with coupled direct payments €/ha 125 83 -357 -295 -395 -511 -545 -556 -817 -489without coupled direct payments €/t -13 -36 -163 -140 -145 -206 -209 -220 -327 -166with coupled direct payments €/t 60 43 -163 -140 -145 -206 -209 -220 -327 -166

60


Spainfarms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 59% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 65.8 61.0 69.6 73.4 88.4 98.7 86.3 89.1 85.4 74.8Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2Durum wheat area ha 30.8 30.4 35.9 38.2 50.3 46.4 45.4 45.9 40.8 36.8 36.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.7 2.9 1.3 1.4 5.0 1.3Durum wheat production t 92 38 81 115 115 131 113 116 91 92 91Durum wheat yield t / ha 3.0 1.2 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.5Durum wheat price € / t 150 147 152 200 266 173 182 245 236 212 252Durum wheat output '000 € 13.7 5.6 12.3 23.0 30.7 22.8 20.5 28.6 21.4 19.5 22.9Common wheat ha 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 2.0 2.4 3.5 0.7Grain maize ha 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2Barley ha 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.8 7.9 6.7 2.4 6.1 5.3 7.9Oats ha 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.0Rye ha 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.1Total output '000 € 25.9 10.4 20.3 36.4 46.7 35.0 36.7 49.0 40.6 32.5

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 445 183 343 602 610 491 452 623 525 531 623straw €/ha 6 7 4 4 6 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 157 169 39 41 43 42other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 216 199 97 104 105 99Receipts per hectare €/ha 825 558 482 747 758 631 456 629 525 538 630Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 278 449 214 248 331 223 183 248 236 215 255











without coupled direct payments €/ha 315 127 165 292 258 85 20 172 82 74with coupled direct payments €/ha 472 296 203 332 301 127 20 172 82 74without coupled direct payments €/t 106 102 73 97 112 30 8 68 37 29with coupled direct payments €/t 159 238 90 110 131 45 8 68 37 29



61


Francefarms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 48% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 126.8 122.1 109.3 111.8 120.2 111.0 108.1 106.8 110.4 96.4Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4Durum wheat area ha 60.7 57.9 50.8 51.1 55.4 50.0 46.8 46.2 49.2 43.0 43.0 in which irrigated area ha 2.9 2.3 2.8 4.8 7.3 5.2Durum wheat production t 331 284 243 226 265 245 249 234 288 244 243Durum wheat yield t / ha 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.6Durum wheat price € / t 137 148 156 280 219 162 222 289 242 209 335Durum wheat output '000 € 45.4 41.9 37.9 63.1 58.2 39.6 55.4 67.7 69.9 50.9 81.3Common wheat ha 3.6 2.3 4.8 4.1 5.0 3.8 5.9 5.3 4.7 3.1Grain maize ha 8.3 5.3 5.7 5.4 6.2 6.1 5.5 5.1 6.0 8.0Barley ha 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 0.7 1.5 0.4Oats ha 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.6 1.0 2.0Total output '000 € 87.0 79.3 75.8 117.3 121.5 91.6 131.7 142.0 155.7 110.8

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 747 723 746 1236 1051 792 1184 1465 1421 1185 1892straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/ha 319 296 73 72 65 64other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 186 179 60 63 67 66Receipts per hectare €/ha 1253 1198 879 1370 1184 922 1184 1465 1421 1185 1892Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 230 245 184 310 247 188 222 289 242 209 335



Crop protection €/ha 130 121 112 144 144 146 152 156 153 184 184Water €/ha 3 3 2 8 9 9





Other farm costs, attributed to durum wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 184 186 196 217 201 193 200 251 238 257Total external factors €/ha 182 170 161 192 174 173 186 179 188 198 - Wages paid €/ha 25 22 20 19 15 27 32 16 22 29 - Rent paid €/ha 132 126 120 146 133 120 124 135 135 142 - Interest paid €/ha 25 22 21 26 26 26 30 29 32 27Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 201 210 244 251 185 223 198 248 230 292 - Family labour costs €/ha 189 199 231 231 183 191 196 244 231 275 - Own capital cost €/ha 13 11 13 20 2 32 3 4 -1 17



without coupled direct payments €/ha -83 -95 -189 140 -43 -309 57 153 94 -286with coupled direct payments €/ha 236 201 -116 212 22 -245 57 153 94 -286without coupled direct payments €/t -15 -19 -39 32 -9 -63 11 30 16 -50with coupled direct payments €/t 43 41 -24 48 5 -50 11 30 16 -50



62


Italyfarms specialised in durum wheat: min. 40% of standard output from durum wheat (avg. 63% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 24.0 25.7 24.6 23.3 22.4 23.9 23.9 23.9 24.5 22.9Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8Durum wheat area ha 19.0 19.0 17.3 17.3 16.7 15.0 15.1 14.8 15.1 13.8 13.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4Durum wheat production t 61 59 56 56 57 51 52 51 54 49 53Durum wheat yield t / ha 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.9Durum wheat price € / t 139 148 174 321 260 196 220 269 269 264 371Durum wheat output '000 € 8.4 8.7 9.7 18.1 14.8 10.0 11.5 13.7 14.4 13.0 19.8Common wheat ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2Grain maize ha 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2Barley ha 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7Oats ha 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1Total output '000 € 14.4 14.3 15.1 24.6 20.2 17.8 19.8 22.5 23.4 22.0

Receipts from durum wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 442 458 564 1046 883 668 759 929 956 938 1432straw €/ha 26 21 31 31 20 34 40 33 40 34 34coupled direct payments €/ha 141other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 290 28 30 28 26 23Receipts per hectare €/ha 898 507 625 1105 929 724 800 962 995 972 1466Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 282 164 192 339 273 213 232 278 280 274 379



Crop protection €/ha 32 31 36 40 42 35 37 41 42 42 42Water €/ha 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha 275 -12 32 368 68 0 56 118 93 64with coupled direct payments €/ha 415 -12 32 368 68 0 56 118 93 64without coupled direct payments €/t 86 -4 10 113 20 0 16 34 26 18with coupled direct payments €/t 130 -4 10 113 20 0 16 34 26 18



63

Barley margins EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

EU28farms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 64% of standard and avg. 56% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 995 1065 1065 1140 1175 1225 1065 1080 1185 1155 Farms represented number 66960 70225 74295 64955 66980 87375 74825 68475 86310 81840

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 72.1 71.8 72.9 80.1 85.2 64.4 65.3 69.1 62.8 69.6Total labour input AWU 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Barley area ha 41.1 41.4 41.8 45.1 49.0 35.8 37.1 38.1 34.7 37.8 37.8 in which irrigated area ha 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1Barley production t 151 90 127 167 176 110 119 130 111 145 127Barley yield t / ha 3.7 2.2 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.8 3.3Barley price € / t 117 118 127 177 167 113 155 180 214 166 140Barley output '000 € 17.6 10.7 16.2 29.4 29.4 12.4 18.4 23.4 23.8 24.0 17.8Common wheat ha 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.7 6.2 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.8Durum wheat ha 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.2Grain maize ha 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3Oats ha 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.9Rye ha 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2Total output '000 € 31.6 23.2 30.1 47.9 50.6 23.6 32.3 40.7 42.1 45.3

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 429 258 387 653 599 348 496 614 685 634 469straw €/ha 10 10 14 12 10 16 17 19 19 25 25coupled direct payments €/ha 171 127 28 26 26 24other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 1 1 1 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 610 395 429 692 635 387 513 633 703 659 494Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 166 181 141 187 177 126 160 186 219 172 148

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 129 120 127 150 176 165 165 202 223 244 241







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 62 44 62 68 88 82 96 94 102 102Total external factors €/ha 71 50 62 79 90 70 72 94 93 96 - Wages paid €/ha 15 13 18 20 28 13 15 29 22 25 - Rent paid €/ha 32 28 34 40 42 39 41 44 51 51 - Interest paid €/ha 23 9 10 19 19 18 17 21 20 20Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 256 198 238 266 251 297 343 333 346 316 - Family labour costs €/ha 170 135 168 187 180 206 242 233 246 212 - Own capital cost €/ha 87 63 70 80 71 91 101 100 100 104



without coupled direct payments €/ha 38 -68 11 215 70 -117 4 29 47 -24with coupled direct payments €/ha 209 59 39 242 96 -93 4 29 47 -24without coupled direct payments €/t 10 -31 4 58 20 -38 1 9 15 -6with coupled direct payments €/t 57 27 13 65 27 -30 1 9 15 -6



64




Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 72.3 73.9 74.8 84.4 88.6 67.4 68.0 72.0 68.6 72.7Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9Barley area ha 41.1 42.7 42.9 47.5 51.4 37.5 38.7 39.5 37.6 39.4 39.4 in which irrigated area ha 1.2 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2Barley production t 152 90 131 178 187 116 126 135 120 152 131Barley yield t / ha 3.7 2.1 3.1 3.8 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.8 3.3Barley price € / t 118 121 129 177 169 115 156 181 216 166 141Barley output '000 € 17.9 10.9 16.9 31.5 31.7 13.3 19.6 24.5 25.9 25.2 18.4Common wheat ha 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.7 6.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.9Durum wheat ha 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.3Grain maize ha 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2Oats ha 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.6 2.1Rye ha 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1Total output '000 € 32.1 24.0 31.2 50.9 52.2 24.9 34.2 42.6 45.8 46.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 436 255 393 665 618 354 506 620 689 639 468straw €/ha 10 10 15 13 11 17 18 20 20 26 26coupled direct payments €/ha 180 136 30 28 28 26other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 626 402 437 706 657 396 524 640 709 665 494Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 169 191 143 188 180 128 162 187 223 173 149











without coupled direct payments €/ha 40 -72 14 225 85 -119 7 29 42 -27with coupled direct payments €/ha 220 64 44 254 113 -93 7 29 42 -27without coupled direct payments €/t 11 -34 5 60 23 -39 2 9 13 -7with coupled direct payments €/t 59 30 14 68 31 -30 2 9 13 -7



65


EU-N13 (EU10 from 2004, EU12 from 2007 and EU13 from 2013) farms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 58% of standard and avg. 48% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 70.0 51.4 51.8 48.7 62.6 42.2 42.8 44.5 29.9 37.5Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 4.1 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2Barley area ha 41.0 28.5 30.0 27.3 33.5 23.1 23.5 25.6 18.3 21.4 21.4 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1Barley production t 123 91 81 82 100 67 66 82 63 73 78Barley yield t / ha 3.0 3.2 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.6Barley price € / t 98 91 108 166 137 95 131 169 184 159 132Barley output '000 € 12.0 8.3 8.7 13.7 13.7 6.4 8.6 13.8 11.6 11.6 10.3Common wheat ha 8.7 7.3 6.5 5.7 6.8 5.6 4.4 4.9 3.1 3.6Durum wheat ha 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0Grain maize ha 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9Oats ha 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.5Rye ha 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.0 2.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.1 1.3 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.0 1.0Total output '000 € 23.1 15.6 17.8 26.3 40.1 14.0 16.0 25.3 21.0 28.7

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 293 291 290 500 410 277 367 541 637 541 480straw €/ha 1 2 6 4 0 5 3 2 2 4 4coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 15 17 9 6Receipts per hectare €/ha 309 293 296 521 419 288 369 542 639 545 484Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 103 91 110 173 140 99 131 170 184 160 133








Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 60 60 65 76 103 69 63 102 110 67Total external factors €/ha 42 38 39 50 71 51 56 64 54 55 - Wages paid €/ha 14 16 12 15 40 15 15 23 22 21 - Rent paid €/ha 21 16 20 22 23 25 33 33 26 27 - Interest paid €/ha 8 7 8 13 7 11 9 8 6 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 73 104 109 118 35 149 153 182 297 179 - Family labour costs €/ha 56 81 86 99 78 114 110 146 242 141 - Own capital cost €/ha 18 23 23 18 -43 35 42 36 54 38



without coupled direct payments €/ha 7 -9 -37 91 -37 -90 -37 30 98 13with coupled direct payments €/ha 7 -9 -37 91 -37 -90 -37 30 98 13without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -3 -14 30 -12 -31 -13 9 28 4with coupled direct payments €/t 2 -3 -14 30 -12 -31 -13 9 28 4



66




Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 70.0 51.4 51.8 50.3 52.2 39.2 42.2 42.7 28.2 37.2Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3Barley area ha 41.0 28.5 30.0 27.9 31.2 21.7 22.5 23.9 17.4 20.6 20.6 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1Barley production t 123 91 81 86 101 66 59 75 62 70 80Barley yield t / ha 3.0 3.2 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.9Barley price € / t 98 91 108 166 137 94 133 173 185 161 137Barley output '000 € 12.0 8.3 8.7 14.3 13.9 6.3 7.8 13.0 11.5 11.3 10.9Common wheat ha 8.7 7.3 6.5 6.4 5.7 4.5 3.5 4.3 2.7 3.0Durum wheat ha 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0Grain maize ha 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7Oats ha 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.4 0.9 0.3 0.7Rye ha 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 1.1 1.3 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.9 1.0 1.2Total output '000 € 23.1 15.6 17.8 27.2 27.2 13.6 14.5 23.9 20.6 30.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 293 291 290 514 444 289 347 543 662 551 528straw €/ha 1 2 6 4 0 5 2 2 2 5 5coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 15 19 11 7Receipts per hectare €/ha 309 293 296 536 456 301 350 544 664 556 533Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 103 91 110 174 141 98 134 174 185 162 138










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 7 -9 -37 111 2 -104 -60 16 107 -14with coupled direct payments €/ha 7 -9 -37 111 2 -104 -60 16 107 -14without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -3 -14 36 1 -34 -23 5 30 -4with coupled direct payments €/t 2 -3 -14 36 1 -34 -23 5 30 -4

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -67 -113 -146 -14 -130 -283 -244 -193 -218 -215with coupled direct payments €/ha -67 -113 -146 -14 -130 -283 -244 -193 -218 -215without coupled direct payments €/t -22 -35 -54 -5 -40 -92 -93 -62 -61 -63with coupled direct payments €/t -22 -35 -54 -5 -40 -92 -93 -62 -61 -63

67



2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 20 35 25 35 35 Farms represented number 1535 2065 1580 1140 945 1855

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 112.2 54.4 45.6 54.3 51.3 38.5Total labour input AWU 17.9 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.0Barley area ha 44.4 28.9 27.7 34.4 30.0 23.5 23.5 in which irrigated area ha 2.3Barley production t 96 71 96 117 79 77 69Barley yield t / ha 2.2 2.5 3.5 3.4 2.6 3.3 2.9Barley price € / t 136 97 124 157 172 156 121Barley output '000 € 13.1 6.9 11.9 18.4 13.6 12.0 8.3Common wheat ha 11.7 10.4 8.2 7.6 9.3 5.4Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 2.4 2.7 1.8 2.7 2.2 1.6Oats ha 0.0 0.6 0.6 2.6 0.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. ha 0.3Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.5Total output '000 € 101.4 15.9 22.2 32.5 26.0 22.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 295 240 430 535 455 513 353straw €/ha 0 7 3 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 296 246 433 537 455 513 353Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 136 100 125 158 172 156 121

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 87 86 131 127 148 184 183

including: Seeds €/ha 42 29 47 49 64 58 66Fertilizers €/ha 12 36 49 56 57 78 69

Crop protection €/ha 18 15 31 22 19 46 47Water €/ha 2

Other specific costs €/ha 15 4 3 1 7 2 2Non-specific costs €/ha 83 109 119 112 109 127 128including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 40 34 38 57 50 52 53

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 9 17 16 13 13 13 13Contract work €/ha 29 48 51 23 30 45 46

Energy €/ha 1 6 4 5 2 6 6Other direct costs €/ha 4 5 9 14 15 11 11

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 170 196 250 239 257 312 312Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 78 79 72 70 97 95 107

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 91 32 40 89 40 29Total external factors €/ha 77 68 104 128 125 91 - Wages paid €/ha 52 14 32 42 44 27 - Rent paid €/ha 25 45 63 78 81 63 - Interest paid €/ha 0 9 8 8 1 2Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha -55 63 51 77 99 101 - Family labour costs €/ha 20 53 38 54 75 58 - Own capital cost €/ha -75 10 14 23 24 43

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 125 51 184 298 198 201 41with coupled direct payments €/ha 125 51 184 298 198 201 41without coupled direct payments €/t 58 21 53 88 75 61 14with coupled direct payments €/t 58 21 53 88 75 61 14

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -43 -50 40 81 33 81with coupled direct payments €/ha -43 -50 40 81 33 81without coupled direct payments €/t -20 -20 11 24 12 25with coupled direct payments €/t -20 -20 11 24 12 25

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 12 -113 -12 4 -67 -21with coupled direct payments €/ha 12 -113 -12 4 -67 -21without coupled direct payments €/t 6 -46 -3 1 -25 -6with coupled direct payments €/t 6 -46 -3 1 -25 -6

68


Cyprusfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 78% of standard and avg. 59% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 25 15 20 15 15 15 Farms represented number 585 485 650 405 255 285 Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 41.3 39.3 33.2 41.2 46.2 43.4Total labour input AWU 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.0 1.1Barley area ha 37.3 34.2 26.3 33.5 34.9 36.0 36.0 in which irrigated area ha 0.8 1.2Barley production t 68 52 44 62 73 53 5Barley yield t / ha 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.5 0.1Barley price € / t 135 134 160 151 233 225 220Barley output '000 € 9.2 7.0 7.0 9.4 17.1 12.0 1.1Common wheat ha 0.1Durum wheat ha 0.8 1.9 1.2 4.0 0.2 0.6Grain maize haOats ha 0.6Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 13.2 13.0 11.9 22.6 26.1 17.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 248 204 265 281 489 333 30straw €/ha 6 55 52 58 45 47 47coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 254 260 317 339 534 380 77Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 138 170 192 182 254 256 563

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 137 97 153 169 198 193 194


Crop protection €/ha 20 11 26 9 25 21 21Water €/ha 1





Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 150 91 81 40 85 56Total external factors €/ha 137 101 106 91 141 138 - Wages paid €/ha 19 6 5 4 23 6 - Rent paid €/ha 103 94 99 83 94 113 - Interest paid €/ha 15 1 3 4 24 19Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 180 129 180 153 152 193 - Family labour costs €/ha 150 110 153 135 127 157 - Own capital cost €/ha 30 19 27 18 24 36

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 23 110 84 99 166 -12 -315with coupled direct payments €/ha 23 110 84 99 166 -12 -315without coupled direct payments €/t 13 72 50 53 79 -8 -2315with coupled direct payments €/t 13 72 50 53 79 -8 -2315


without coupled direct payments €/ha -263 -82 -104 -32 -60 -207with coupled direct payments €/ha -263 -82 -104 -32 -60 -207without coupled direct payments €/t -143 -54 -63 -17 -29 -140with coupled direct payments €/t -143 -54 -63 -17 -29 -140


without coupled direct payments €/ha -443 -211 -284 -185 -212 -399with coupled direct payments €/ha -443 -211 -284 -185 -212 -399without coupled direct payments €/t -241 -138 -171 -99 -101 -269with coupled direct payments €/t -241 -138 -171 -99 -101 -269

69


Czech Republicfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 50% of standard and avg. 49% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 20 20 20 25 Farms represented number 280 245 245 425

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 123.9 125.7 137.3 77.8Total labour input AWU 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.3Barley area ha 60.8 67.7 76.3 44.9 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 256 265 302 209Barley yield t / ha 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.6Barley price € / t 89 107 180 166Barley output '000 € 22.8 28.4 54.4 34.6Common wheat ha 29.5 24.2 35.6 19.2Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 1.3 0.5Oats ha 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.5Rye ha 0.7 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.9Total output '000 € 51.5 60.6 105.5 66.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 374 420 713 772straw €/ha 1 3 -7 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 376 423 706 773Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 89 108 179 166

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 140 135 232 275







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 85 88 126 176Total external factors €/ha 66 64 76 97 - Wages paid €/ha 26 21 28 39 - Rent paid €/ha 29 31 37 38 - Interest paid €/ha 10 11 10 20Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 96 99 114 126 - Family labour costs €/ha 65 77 92 133 - Own capital cost €/ha 31 22 23 -7

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 101 138 242 256with coupled direct payments €/ha 101 138 242 256without coupled direct payments €/t 24 35 61 55with coupled direct payments €/t 24 35 61 55


without coupled direct payments €/ha -50 -14 41 -17with coupled direct payments €/ha -50 -14 41 -17without coupled direct payments €/t -12 -3 10 -4with coupled direct payments €/t -12 -3 10 -4


without coupled direct payments €/ha -146 -112 -74 -143with coupled direct payments €/ha -146 -112 -74 -143without coupled direct payments €/t -35 -29 -19 -31with coupled direct payments €/t -35 -29 -19 -31

70


Denmarkfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 58% of standard and avg. 41% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 48.8 51.4 52.0 54.8 65.7 59.7 62.9 59.3 66.7 69.4Total labour input AWU 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6Barley area ha 27.9 29.7 31.7 31.5 40.0 34.6 38.5 35.2 42.1 41.9 41.9 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 138 147 136 136 188 177 173 171 221 228 231Barley yield t / ha 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.5Barley price € / t 109 103 118 194 167 93 171 196 216 166 136Barley output '000 € 15.1 15.2 16.0 26.3 31.4 16.4 29.6 33.7 47.7 37.9 31.4Common wheat ha 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.8 11.2 10.7 8.5 9.8 10.0 9.5Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.1 0.2 0.3Oats ha 0.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.2Rye ha 0.8 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.4 0.7 1.4 1.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3Total output '000 € 41.1 40.3 38.2 61.4 72.2 57.8 67.7 68.4 107.8 95.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 540 512 504 835 785 475 770 957 1132 905 751straw €/ha 9 14 10 21 27 44 27 42 45 32 32coupled direct payments €/ha 317other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 866 525 514 857 811 519 797 999 1177 938 783Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 176 106 120 199 172 102 177 205 225 172 142









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 72 -10 -2 276 135 -70 147 221 413 155 -41with coupled direct payments €/ha 390 -10 -2 276 135 -70 147 221 413 155 -41without coupled direct payments €/t 15 -2 0 64 29 -14 33 45 79 28 -7with coupled direct payments €/t 79 -2 0 64 29 -14 33 45 79 28 -7





71


Germanyfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 49% of standard and avg. 36% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 68.4 67.2 64.7 59.5 63.7 67.0 74.8 71.8 69.4 63.2Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1Barley area ha 32.7 29.5 31.1 26.3 31.1 35.6 35.9 35.3 37.3 32.9 32.9 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 177 137 146 128 164 204 177 154 204 204 237Barley yield t / ha 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 4.9 4.4 5.5 6.2 7.2Barley price € / t 98 94 113 169 156 102 141 192 206 168 144Barley output '000 € 17.4 13.0 16.5 21.7 25.7 20.9 24.9 29.6 42.0 34.3 34.2Common wheat ha 8.7 10.2 8.1 11.6 10.2 12.2 14.3 12.1 8.2 13.1Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.3Oats ha 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0Rye ha 2.0 2.6 1.0 0.1 4.0 0.3 3.6 1.8 0.9Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.2Oth.cereals ha 2.6 1.3 2.6 2.3 1.0 0.7 1.5 3.8 0.5 0.1Total output '000 € 62.7 46.1 52.3 73.3 66.4 51.2 84.0 72.4 86.0 84.3










Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 59 -57 9 232 1 18 59 94 207 256 272with coupled direct payments €/ha 389 -57 9 232 1 18 59 94 207 256 272without coupled direct payments €/t 11 -12 2 48 0 3 12 22 38 41 38with coupled direct payments €/t 72 -12 2 48 0 3 12 22 38 41 38





72


Greecefarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 56% of standard and avg. 53% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 28.5 25.9 25.6 22.9Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5Barley area ha 17.1 14.1 18.8 15.3 15.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.9 1.3Barley production t 43 33 42 45 42Barley yield t / ha 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.9 2.8Barley price € / t 159 147 185 215 165Barley output '000 € 6.8 4.8 7.9 9.7 7.0Common wheat ha 0.2 0.1 0.4Durum wheat ha 2.5 3.1 4.0 1.4Grain maize ha 0.3 0.4Oats ha 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0Rye ha 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 13.5 10.1 16.4 14.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 395 341 419 632 457straw €/ha 71 61 42 24 24coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 467 402 461 656 481Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 187 173 204 223 173

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 161 199 155 220 215

including: Seeds €/ha 42 52 48 69 69Fertilizers €/ha 104 127 80 113 108

Crop protection €/ha 11 17 15 25 25Water €/ha 5 7 7

Other specific costs €/ha 5 3 7 6 6Non-specific costs €/ha 145 149 127 199 196including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 41 47 32 71 70

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 18 18 14 20 20Contract work €/ha 83 80 69 89 88

Energy €/ha 1 1 9 5 5Other direct costs €/ha 2 2 3 13 13

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 306 348 282 418 411Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 123 150 125 142 148

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 78 81 116 178Total external factors €/ha 66 69 55 98 - Wages paid €/ha 2 2 7 8 - Rent paid €/ha 64 67 48 90 - Interest paid €/ha 1Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 239 308 445 367 - Family labour costs €/ha 207 238 148 148 - Own capital cost €/ha 33 69 297 219

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 160 54 179 237 70with coupled direct payments €/ha 160 54 179 237 70without coupled direct payments €/t 64 23 79 81 25with coupled direct payments €/t 64 23 79 81 25


without coupled direct payments €/ha 16 -96 7 -39with coupled direct payments €/ha 16 -96 7 -39without coupled direct payments €/t 6 -41 3 -13with coupled direct payments €/t 6 -41 3 -13


without coupled direct payments €/ha -223 -404 -438 -406with coupled direct payments €/ha -223 -404 -438 -406without coupled direct payments €/t -89 -174 -194 -138with coupled direct payments €/t -89 -174 -194 -138

73


Spainfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 67% of standard and avg. 66% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 78.0 82.3 80.8 97.4 103.9 74.1 74.3 81.5 74.5 77.2Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1Barley area ha 44.4 48.5 47.0 55.0 60.4 41.2 42.8 45.8 40.0 41.3 41.3 in which irrigated area ha 1.7 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8Barley production t 148 74 125 192 196 97 119 137 100 129 94Barley yield t / ha 3.3 1.5 2.7 3.5 3.2 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.3Barley price € / t 124 133 131 170 175 122 150 175 218 165 137Barley output '000 € 18.3 9.9 16.4 32.7 34.4 11.9 17.9 24.1 21.9 21.3 12.8Common wheat ha 5.2 4.9 4.4 5.7 6.4 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.2Durum wheat ha 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.8 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.9Grain maize ha 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3Oats ha 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.7Rye ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1Total output '000 € 27.5 16.9 25.4 49.0 48.5 19.1 26.9 35.6 34.3 33.4

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 413 204 349 593 569 288 419 525 548 515 311straw €/ha 8 6 5 3 4 4 3 8 5 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 154 148 35 33 35 35other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 575 357 389 629 608 327 422 533 553 522 318Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 172 234 147 180 188 139 152 178 220 167 140











without coupled direct payments €/ha 130 -46 64 273 168 -50 34 109 79 56with coupled direct payments €/ha 284 102 99 306 203 -15 34 109 79 56without coupled direct payments €/t 39 -30 24 78 52 -21 12 36 32 18with coupled direct payments €/t 85 66 37 88 63 -7 12 36 32 18


without coupled direct payments €/ha -130 -256 -175 24 -108 -380 -334 -228 -282 -282with coupled direct payments €/ha 24 -108 -140 57 -72 -345 -334 -228 -282 -282without coupled direct payments €/t -39 -167 -66 7 -33 -161 -120 -76 -112 -90with coupled direct payments €/t 7 -71 -53 16 -22 -146 -120 -76 -112 -90

74


Estoniafarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 57% of standard and avg. 48% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 30 40 30 20 20 20 20 25 25 Farms represented number 345 370 300 215 425 250 360 480 350

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 136.2 171.0 160.1 216.4 115.8 183.6 89.0 87.9 148.7Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.0 0.7 1.0Barley area ha 67.7 94.0 90.6 125.3 63.8 95.7 50.1 45.0 74.2 74.2 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 162 264 222 364 157 218 132 126 230 210Barley yield t / ha 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.8Barley price € / t 98 95 109 165 121 97 162 180 161 137Barley output '000 € 15.8 25.1 24.1 60.2 19.0 21.1 21.4 22.6 37.1 28.8Common wheat ha 18.8 20.5 19.2 25.0 19.9 25.1 8.1 10.4 15.4Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 5.0 4.1 2.0 7.1 0.1 2.8 2.6 1.0 0.5Rye ha 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 0.9 5.8 1.0 1.0 0.7Summer cer_mix. ha 0.6 0.0Oth.cereals ha 1.7 0.6 1.2 0.5 2.0Total output '000 € 34.0 51.0 46.5 115.2 44.0 51.7 44.8 45.1 79.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 233 267 266 481 298 220 427 504 500 388straw €/ha 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 35 34 20Receipts per hectare €/ha 234 267 266 516 333 240 427 504 501 388Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 98 95 109 177 135 106 162 180 161 137

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 115 115 131 146 138 114 172 218 244 239

including: Seeds €/ha 34 27 28 31 33 39 43 44 50 45Fertilizers €/ha 56 58 69 81 73 51 82 125 132 131

Crop protection €/ha 22 26 28 31 23 19 33 33 38 40Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 3 4 5 4 10 5 14 16 23 23Non-specific costs €/ha 87 93 91 112 125 111 154 197 183 182including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 35 42 43 48 53 44 58 88 75 75

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 18 21 19 29 32 18 41 39 36 36Contract work €/ha 11 10 6 7 5 14 25 28 27 27

Energy €/ha 6 7 7 8 16 8 11 23 19 19Other direct costs €/ha 17 13 15 19 19 27 18 19 25 25

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 202 208 222 258 263 225 326 415 427 421Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 85 74 91 89 107 99 124 149 138 149

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 43 39 48 65 73 82 72 118 110Total external factors €/ha 22 26 29 39 35 51 28 31 57 - Wages paid €/ha 12 15 16 18 16 30 7 8 37 - Rent paid €/ha 2 4 4 6 5 3 4 11 11 - Interest paid €/ha 8 6 10 15 14 17 16 12 10Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 37 30 34 23 21 60 81 80 51 - Family labour costs €/ha 32 32 36 38 59 35 91 86 54 - Own capital cost €/ha 5 -2 -3 -15 -38 25 -9 -6 -3

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 32 59 44 258 70 16 101 89 74 -33with coupled direct payments €/ha 32 59 44 258 70 16 101 89 74 -33without coupled direct payments €/t 13 21 18 89 28 7 38 32 24 -12with coupled direct payments €/t 13 21 18 89 28 7 38 32 24 -12


without coupled direct payments €/ha -34 -6 -34 153 -39 -117 2 -60 -94with coupled direct payments €/ha -34 -6 -34 153 -39 -117 2 -60 -94without coupled direct payments €/t -14 -2 -14 53 -16 -51 1 -22 -30with coupled direct payments €/t -14 -2 -14 53 -16 -51 1 -22 -30


without coupled direct payments €/ha -71 -36 -67 130 -60 -177 -79 -140 -144with coupled direct payments €/ha -71 -36 -67 130 -60 -177 -79 -140 -144without coupled direct payments €/t -30 -13 -27 45 -24 -78 -30 -50 -46with coupled direct payments €/t -30 -13 -27 45 -24 -78 -30 -50 -46

75


Francefarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 45% of standard and avg. 44% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 132.9 148.9 108.3 120.9Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3Barley area ha 58.6 68.6 49.0 60.6 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 388 399 286 396Barley yield t / ha 6.6 5.8 5.8 6.5Barley price € / t 103 163 101 205Barley output '000 € 40.0 65.1 28.9 81.1Common wheat ha 32.4 27.5 23.8 13.1Durum wheat ha 0.1Grain maize ha 0.3 2.4Oats ha 0.0 0.8 0.5Rye ha 1.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.0 0.3Total output '000 € 93.0 156.9 71.9 168.7

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 682 950 590 1338straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/ha 353 88 78other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1035 1038 668 1338Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 156 179 115 205




Other specific costs €/ha 0 0Non-specific costs €/ha 191 194 214 338including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 32 45 36 82




Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 181 180 161 214Total external factors €/ha 124 124 121 147 - Wages paid €/ha 12 13 2 17 - Rent paid €/ha 93 88 95 107 - Interest paid €/ha 18 22 23 24Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 169 170 206 226 - Family labour costs €/ha 162 158 191 225 - Own capital cost €/ha 7 12 15 1

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 200 426 -51 525with coupled direct payments €/ha 553 514 27 525without coupled direct payments €/t 30 73 -9 80with coupled direct payments €/t 83 88 5 80


without coupled direct payments €/ha -105 122 -332 165with coupled direct payments €/ha 248 210 -254 165without coupled direct payments €/t -16 21 -57 25with coupled direct payments €/t 37 36 -44 25


without coupled direct payments €/ha -274 -47 -538 -61with coupled direct payments €/ha 79 41 -460 -61without coupled direct payments €/t -41 -8 -92 -9with coupled direct payments €/t 12 7 -79 -9

76


Irelandfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 80% of standard and avg. 56% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 34.7 53.9 46.1 42.7 42.0 35.4 43.4 45.0 55.8Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9Barley area ha 22.2 31.0 28.3 29.5 27.7 21.7 25.2 27.3 31.0 31.0 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 144 210 176 185 162 139 179 168 228 237Barley yield t / ha 6.5 6.8 6.2 6.3 5.8 6.4 7.1 6.2 7.4 7.7Barley price € / t 104 128 203 136 106 159 172 208 162 198Barley output '000 € 14.9 27.0 35.7 25.2 17.1 22.0 30.8 35.1 37.0 47.0Common wheat ha 0.6 4.6 2.7 1.9 0.1 1.0 2.9 2.3 3.0Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 2.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.3Total output '000 € 27.4 53.6 55.5 39.2 30.6 35.6 54.5 63.1 80.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 671 871 1261 856 617 1015 1224 1287 1195 1519straw €/ha 66 128 151 106 138 159 107 135 166 166coupled direct payments €/ha 367other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1104 999 1411 962 755 1175 1331 1422 1361 1685Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 170 147 227 153 129 184 187 230 185 220








Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 99 140 179 173 115 146 157 159 177Total external factors €/ha 92 114 114 76 63 68 81 121 122 - Wages paid €/ha 42 41 28 11 9 9 20 47 39 - Rent paid €/ha 39 35 61 36 34 41 37 57 55 - Interest paid €/ha 11 38 26 29 20 18 24 17 28Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 495 438 651 620 548 690 727 573 468 - Family labour costs €/ha 241 258 333 312 291 329 301 288 225 - Own capital cost €/ha 254 180 318 308 257 361 426 285 243

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 203 375 765 248 178 436 455 572 484 824with coupled direct payments €/ha 570 375 765 248 178 436 455 572 484 824without coupled direct payments €/t 31 55 123 39 30 68 64 93 66 107with coupled direct payments €/t 88 55 123 39 30 68 64 93 66 107


without coupled direct payments €/ha 13 121 471 -2 0 222 217 292 184with coupled direct payments €/ha 379 121 471 -2 0 222 217 292 184without coupled direct payments €/t 2 18 76 0 0 35 31 47 25with coupled direct payments €/t 59 18 76 0 0 35 31 47 25


without coupled direct payments €/ha -482 -317 -179 -622 -548 -468 -510 -281 -284with coupled direct payments €/ha -115 -317 -179 -622 -548 -468 -510 -281 -284without coupled direct payments €/t -74 -47 -29 -99 -94 -73 -72 -45 -38with coupled direct payments €/t -18 -47 -29 -99 -94 -73 -72 -45 -38

77


Italyfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 65% of standard and avg. 54% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 17.9 20.1 14.7 16.3 17.5 15.1 16.2 18.3 18.5Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.8Barley area ha 11.4 12.1 10.5 10.2 12.0 12.0 12.8 14.5 12.8 12.8 in which irrigated area ha 2.4 0.5 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.7 2.1 1.3Barley production t 53 49 46 43 53 47 51 59 46 46Barley yield t / ha 4.7 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.6Barley price € / t 125 148 208 192 179 202 212 237 214 186Barley output '000 € 6.7 7.2 9.5 8.2 9.5 9.5 10.9 13.9 9.9 8.6Common wheat ha 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6Durum wheat ha 2.0 3.8 1.0 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.9Grain maize ha 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1Oats ha 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.0Total output '000 € 19.4 13.2 15.4 15.1 17.0 17.8 21.1 23.1 15.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 590 595 908 806 792 795 850 959 770 672straw €/ha 37 47 70 43 33 27 28 38 54 54coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 627 642 978 848 825 822 878 997 825 726Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 133 160 224 202 186 209 219 247 229 202



Crop protection €/ha 24 23 29 18 27 28 46 35 24 25Water €/ha 1 3 7 6 2 2 1 1



Energy €/ha 0 0 5 4 10 12 13 11 11Other direct costs €/ha 62 51 64 68 73 82 94 115 60 61


Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 131 185 224 275 248 147 190 245 233Total external factors €/ha 53 49 46 32 71 150 139 185 79 - Wages paid €/ha 20 25 19 16 46 119 105 151 39 - Rent paid €/ha 32 22 26 16 25 31 34 34 40 - Interest paid €/ha 1 1 1 0 0Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 453 901 951 1232 851 948 913 928 943 - Family labour costs €/ha 331 686 718 1114 663 812 780 796 801 - Own capital cost €/ha 122 215 233 118 188 136 133 132 142



without coupled direct payments €/ha 51 79 267 166 115 59 9 1 12with coupled direct payments €/ha 51 79 267 166 115 59 9 1 12without coupled direct payments €/t 11 20 61 39 26 15 2 0 3with coupled direct payments €/t 11 20 61 39 26 15 2 0 3



78


Lithuaniafarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 53% of standard and avg. 50% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 25 45 50 55 45 15 Farms represented number 475 1370 1425 1515 815 1180

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 99.0 55.8 59.6 65.9 84.3 65.0Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3Barley area ha 42.9 28.7 32.8 35.6 41.1 25.7 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 145 97 70 117 132 74Barley yield t / ha 3.4 3.4 2.1 3.3 3.2 2.9Barley price € / t 88 91 103 167 129 85Barley output '000 € 12.7 8.7 7.1 19.6 17.1 6.3Common wheat ha 20.4 8.9 9.3 8.5 10.8 8.7Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.1Rye ha 1.5 0.5 0.9 1.7 3.0 1.7Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.4Oth.cereals ha 2.9 1.5 3.9 3.6 7.1 6.5Total output '000 € 25.6 16.0 14.2 33.9 40.3 14.0

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 296 305 218 550 415 244straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 41 38 29Receipts per hectare €/ha 296 305 218 591 453 273Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 88 91 103 179 141 95

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 134 134 119 150 165 105







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 37 39 39 53 51 73Total external factors €/ha 26 31 27 38 36 30 - Wages paid €/ha 9 9 6 8 9 5 - Rent paid €/ha 14 19 15 22 17 14 - Interest paid €/ha 3 3 6 9 10 10Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 59 79 72 103 47 192 - Family labour costs €/ha 41 68 65 92 75 121 - Own capital cost €/ha 18 11 8 11 -28 70

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 83 90 24 336 199 77with coupled direct payments €/ha 83 90 24 336 199 77without coupled direct payments €/t 25 27 12 102 62 27with coupled direct payments €/t 25 27 12 102 62 27


without coupled direct payments €/ha 20 20 -41 245 111 -26with coupled direct payments €/ha 20 20 -41 245 111 -26without coupled direct payments €/t 6 6 -19 74 35 -9with coupled direct payments €/t 6 6 -19 74 35 -9


without coupled direct payments €/ha -39 -59 -114 142 64 -218with coupled direct payments €/ha -39 -59 -114 142 64 -218without coupled direct payments €/t -11 -18 -54 43 20 -76with coupled direct payments €/t -11 -18 -54 43 20 -76

79


Latviafarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 56% of standard and avg. 48% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 25 15 15 15 15 Farms represented number 455 385 350 360 375

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 71.7 67.2 101.8 98.0 80.7Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.2Barley area ha 38.1 36.2 46.0 48.3 34.5 in which irrigated area ha 1.1Barley production t 115 82 99 121 62Barley yield t / ha 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.5 1.8Barley price € / t 78 110 165 110 124Barley output '000 € 8.9 9.0 16.3 13.3 7.6Common wheat ha 8.2 8.5 7.9 4.1 6.3Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 1.2 2.0 3.2 1.5 8.1Rye ha 3.7 1.7 6.1 11.8 2.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.1 0.2Oth.cereals ha 2.8 3.4 4.8 4.9 5.6Total output '000 € 16.2 19.4 32.2 32.2 15.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 235 248 355 276 221straw €/ha 0 1 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 235 249 355 276 221Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 78 110 165 110 124

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 96 118 131 123 94

including: Seeds €/ha 30 27 30 32 32Fertilizers €/ha 48 73 66 51 37

Crop protection €/ha 14 17 27 36 18Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 4 2 8 4 7Non-specific costs €/ha 114 102 141 127 116including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 62 58 70 67 66

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 23 24 34 10 17Contract work €/ha 10 7 12 20 10

Energy €/ha 3 3 6 5 4Other direct costs €/ha 15 10 19 26 19

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 210 220 272 250 210Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 69 97 126 99 117

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 49 54 93 64 59Total external factors €/ha 22 35 44 35 18 - Wages paid €/ha 8 20 21 22 14 - Rent paid €/ha 5 3 4 4 3 - Interest paid €/ha 9 12 19 9 2Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 49 60 22 18 122 - Family labour costs €/ha 56 66 54 56 77 - Own capital cost €/ha -6 -6 -32 -38 45

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 25 29 84 27 12with coupled direct payments €/ha 25 29 84 27 12without coupled direct payments €/t 8 13 39 11 7with coupled direct payments €/t 8 13 39 11 7





80


Polandfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 55% of standard and avg. 51% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 23.1 30.8 26.3 34.7 18.7 26.9 29.0 20.7 21.7Total labour input AWU 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.5Barley area ha 14.2 17.5 14.9 20.5 12.2 14.8 16.6 12.8 12.7 12.7 in which irrigated area ha 0.5Barley production t 51 57 52 67 47 50 60 54 54 56Barley yield t / ha 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.4 3.6 4.2 4.2 4.4Barley price € / t 88 112 164 146 92 142 177 185 165 130Barley output '000 € 4.5 6.4 8.5 9.7 4.3 7.1 10.6 10.1 8.8 7.3Common wheat ha 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.6 0.9 2.0 2.4 1.1 1.6Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1Oats ha 0.5 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.1Rye ha 2.4 2.2 0.8 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.5 1.4 2.2Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.5 1.9 2.3 3.1 1.9 3.9 3.6 1.2 1.9Total output '000 € 8.4 14.2 16.6 23.2 7.2 14.9 19.2 17.2 16.0

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 319 364 569 474 350 479 639 786 700 577straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 319 364 569 474 350 479 639 786 700 577Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 88 112 164 146 92 142 177 185 165 130








Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 101 80 98 93 99 109 136 142 131Total external factors €/ha 17 23 30 37 23 20 36 20 45 - Wages paid €/ha 4 6 12 7 7 2 12 9 10 - Rent paid €/ha 6 11 10 13 8 11 17 6 15 - Interest paid €/ha 7 7 9 17 8 7 7 5 20Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 225 205 225 204 314 300 327 444 619 - Family labour costs €/ha 161 139 158 168 267 227 254 358 508 - Own capital cost €/ha 64 66 67 37 47 73 73 86 111

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 87 92 227 100 -12 155 229 309 208 93with coupled direct payments €/ha 87 92 227 100 -12 155 229 309 208 93without coupled direct payments €/t 24 28 66 31 -3 46 63 73 49 21with coupled direct payments €/t 24 28 66 31 -3 46 63 73 49 21


without coupled direct payments €/ha -30 -11 99 -30 -133 26 57 147 32with coupled direct payments €/ha -30 -11 99 -30 -133 26 57 147 32without coupled direct payments €/t -8 -3 29 -9 -35 8 16 35 8with coupled direct payments €/t -8 -3 29 -9 -35 8 16 35 8



81


Romaniafarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 56% of standard and avg. 51% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 25 15 25 20 Farms represented number 1520 1085 605 765 1570

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 51.2 38.4 78.8 52.7 32.5Total labour input AWU 1.4 0.7 1.2 1.4 0.8Barley area ha 28.0 23.8 46.5 31.8 19.0 19.0 in which irrigated area ha 3.1Barley production t 71 83 154 82 57 52Barley yield t / ha 2.6 3.5 3.3 2.6 3.0 2.7Barley price € / t 97 129 153 165 146 119Barley output '000 € 6.9 10.7 23.5 13.5 8.4 6.1Common wheat ha 8.4 9.5 13.0 9.8 4.9Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 3.5 2.0 5.2 2.7 1.7Oats ha 0.1 4.9Rye haSummer cer_mix. ha 0.3Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.1Total output '000 € 13.8 18.4 46.5 24.8 19.0

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 246 450 505 424 442 322straw €/ha 0 4 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 247 454 506 424 442 322Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 97 130 153 165 146 119

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 95 139 137 139 158 158


Crop protection €/ha 12 24 27 19 45 46Water €/ha 2





Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 19 44 89 30 21Total external factors €/ha 63 84 106 86 60 - Wages paid €/ha 16 31 38 21 18 - Rent paid €/ha 44 53 57 64 40 - Interest paid €/ha 3 10 1 2Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 82 70 57 107 107 - Family labour costs €/ha 69 49 37 81 62 - Own capital cost €/ha 13 21 21 26 45



without coupled direct payments €/ha -42 59 74 69 91with coupled direct payments €/ha -42 59 74 69 91without coupled direct payments €/t -17 17 22 27 30with coupled direct payments €/t -17 17 22 27 30


without coupled direct payments €/ha -124 -11 16 -37 -16with coupled direct payments €/ha -124 -11 16 -37 -16without coupled direct payments €/t -49 -3 5 -15 -5with coupled direct payments €/t -49 -3 5 -15 -5

82


Finlandfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 62% of standard and avg. 58% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 59.4 69.4 64.6 58.9 56.0 52.4 48.5 44.2 48.1 52.8Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5Barley area ha 34.8 40.8 34.7 32.7 32.3 28.1 26.3 23.1 24.8 27.8 27.8 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 125 154 125 129 119 107 91 69 85 110 109Barley yield t / ha 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.9Barley price € / t 106 93 112 214 124 93 156 168 200 139 119Barley output '000 € 13.2 14.3 14.0 27.6 14.8 9.9 14.2 11.6 17.0 15.4 13.0Common wheat ha 5.1 3.6 4.8 5.6 4.6 5.3 4.8 3.0 4.8 4.5Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 5.1 6.2 5.4 6.0 5.4 5.8 3.8 5.2 5.2 6.1Rye ha 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.3 0.2 0.1Oth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 20.0 23.1 25.6 42.3 26.4 19.4 25.8 20.5 30.7 28.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 380 349 403 845 458 354 541 501 687 553 466straw €/ha 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 225 217other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 605 566 403 845 458 354 541 500 687 553 466Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 169 150 112 214 124 93 156 168 200 139 119









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -103 -98 -68 258 -65 -240 -22 -154 -24 -187 -268with coupled direct payments €/ha 121 119 -68 258 -65 -240 -22 -154 -24 -187 -268without coupled direct payments €/t -29 -26 -19 65 -18 -63 -6 -52 -7 -47 -68with coupled direct payments €/t 34 31 -19 65 -18 -63 -6 -52 -7 -47 -68





83


Swedenfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 54% of standard and avg. 39% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 15 25 Farms represented number 715 850 1355

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 77.5 71.4 89.7Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.7 0.9Barley area ha 40.0 40.7 48.6 48.6 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 182 160 243 239Barley yield t / ha 4.5 3.9 5.0 4.9Barley price € / t 76 171 155 139Barley output '000 € 13.9 27.4 37.7 33.2Common wheat ha 8.5 6.4 7.9Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 9.1 8.8 13.0Rye ha 1.1 0.5 0.8Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 36.4 64.7 98.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 346 673 774 682straw €/ha 3 3 11 11coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 349 676 786 693Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 77 172 158 141








Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 97 132 155Total external factors €/ha 71 116 154 - Wages paid €/ha 26 33 - Rent paid €/ha 35 41 52 - Interest paid €/ha 36 49 68Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 226 360 311 - Family labour costs €/ha 202 288 245 - Own capital cost €/ha 25 72 66

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -132 -30 122 22with coupled direct payments €/ha -132 -30 122 22without coupled direct payments €/t -29 -8 25 5with coupled direct payments €/t -29 -8 25 5


without coupled direct payments €/ha -300 -278 -186with coupled direct payments €/ha -300 -278 -186without coupled direct payments €/t -66 -71 -37with coupled direct payments €/t -66 -71 -37


without coupled direct payments €/ha -526 -638 -497with coupled direct payments €/ha -526 -638 -497without coupled direct payments €/t -116 -162 -100with coupled direct payments €/t -116 -162 -100

84


Slovakiafarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 52% of standard and avg. 43% of actual output)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 Farms represented number 130

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 153.9Total labour input AWU 2.0Barley area ha 77.8 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 318Barley yield t / ha 4.1Barley price € / t 108Barley output '000 € 34.2Common wheat ha 33.3Durum wheat ha 6.4Grain maize ha 3.5Oats haRye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 79.4

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 440straw €/ha 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 441Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 108

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 190

including: Seeds €/ha 61Fertilizers €/ha 64

Crop protection €/ha 62Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 3Non-specific costs €/ha 187including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 60

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 22Contract work €/ha 24

Energy €/ha 1Other direct costs €/ha 80

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 378Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 92

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 54Total external factors €/ha 65 - Wages paid €/ha 16 - Rent paid €/ha 43 - Interest paid €/ha 6Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 27 - Family labour costs €/ha 32 - Own capital cost €/ha -5

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 63with coupled direct payments €/ha 63without coupled direct payments €/t 15with coupled direct payments €/t 15





85


United Kingdomfarms specialised in barley: min. 40% of standard output from barley (avg. 62% of standard and avg. 47% of actual output)


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 117.8 141.9 114.2 117.2 124.6 110.9 116.9 109.7 110.5 123.5Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.3Barley area ha 60.5 71.8 58.1 61.7 66.3 59.4 57.5 50.5 55.7 67.2 67.2 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 353 439 354 361 403 354 338 289 283 385 433Barley yield t / ha 5.8 6.1 6.1 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.1 5.7 6.4Barley price € / t 107 112 127 209 164 112 165 205 233 179 142Barley output '000 € 38.0 49.2 44.8 75.4 66.2 39.6 55.6 59.2 65.8 69.0 61.4Common wheat ha 13.1 12.9 10.9 11.3 11.8 8.7 11.2 7.8 7.2 11.8Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.0 2.3 1.5 1.8Rye ha 0.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.7Total output '000 € 87.3 112.5 108.6 139.3 135.0 93.8 125.2 116.7 142.1 143.8












without coupled direct payments €/ha -257 -187 -71 163 -41 -195 51 2 -5 -96with coupled direct payments €/ha 68 -187 -71 163 -41 -195 51 2 -5 -96without coupled direct payments €/t -44 -31 -12 28 -7 -33 9 0 -1 -17with coupled direct payments €/t 12 -31 -12 28 -7 -33 9 0 -1 -17



86

Grain maize margins EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

EU28farms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 61% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 43.0 39.2 39.2 30.7 27.2 36.4 40.0 41.5 45.7 39.4Total labour input AWU 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1Grain maize area ha 22.5 20.7 20.9 16.3 14.7 19.4 20.9 22.5 24.6 20.8 20.8 in which irrigated area ha 4.6 3.8 4.2 2.7 5.3 6.8 5.8 6.1 5.9 5.5Grain maize production t 205 194 190 113 126 162 166 187 166 159 199Grain maize yield t / ha 9.1 9.4 9.1 6.9 8.6 8.4 7.9 8.3 6.7 7.6 9.6Grain maize price € / t 101 103 126 199 128 119 169 182 209 160 139Grain maize output '000 € 20.7 19.9 24.0 22.5 16.2 19.3 28.0 34.0 34.7 25.3 27.7Common wheat ha 6.9 6.1 6.0 5.3 5.2 7.3 7.6 7.7 9.1 7.6Durum wheat ha 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6Barley ha 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5Oats ha 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4Total output '000 € 34.9 33.2 37.0 33.8 28.2 32.1 44.4 53.0 58.0 44.3

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 921 961 1145 1376 1101 995 1340 1511 1410 1217 1332straw €/ha 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4coupled direct payments €/ha 245 169 38 37 19 22other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1085 1067 1172 1406 1114 1010 1343 1514 1413 1221 1336Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 119 114 129 204 130 120 169 182 209 160 140

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 328 353 352 358 400 414 378 418 425 444 439







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 190 195 218 198 199 214 212 194 192 210Total external factors €/ha 134 146 168 184 148 152 175 174 184 164 - Wages paid €/ha 33 39 48 63 43 44 56 55 53 47 - Rent paid €/ha 76 83 95 102 87 88 99 101 111 101 - Interest paid €/ha 25 24 25 19 18 20 21 18 19 16Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 452 467 545 423 511 486 504 488 419 498 - Family labour costs €/ha 367 378 442 328 435 372 382 385 320 358 - Own capital cost €/ha 86 89 103 95 76 115 122 103 99 139



without coupled direct payments €/ha -25 -72 45 301 -8 -129 183 309 211 -3with coupled direct payments €/ha 130 31 69 319 2 -117 183 309 211 -3without coupled direct payments €/t -3 -8 5 44 -1 -15 23 37 31 0with coupled direct payments €/t 14 3 8 46 0 -14 23 37 31 0



87





Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 35.6 32.3 29.8 30.4 24.8 30.3 30.3 32.5 33.5 34.4Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Grain maize area ha 18.6 17.0 16.1 16.0 14.1 16.6 16.5 18.3 18.8 18.5 18.5 in which irrigated area ha 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 8.9 9.9 9.6 11.0 11.1 10.6Grain maize production t 190 174 166 165 149 172 167 198 189 176 220Grain maize yield t / ha 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.6 10.3 10.2 10.9 10.0 9.6 11.9Grain maize price € / t 107 112 136 197 134 124 181 191 215 172 154Grain maize output '000 € 20.4 19.4 22.5 32.5 19.9 21.3 30.2 37.8 40.5 30.3 33.9Common wheat ha 4.1 4.0 3.4 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.9 5.1Durum wheat ha 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.0Barley ha 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.5Oats ha 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3Total output '000 € 32.7 31.3 32.9 45.5 32.0 34.3 46.1 56.1 61.4 50.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1096 1141 1398 2033 1409 1283 1835 2070 2156 1644 1836straw €/ha 4 3 5 4 5 4 6 6 6 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 245 169 38 37 19 22other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1346 1313 1441 2074 1433 1308 1840 2076 2162 1651 1843Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 132 128 140 201 136 127 181 191 215 173 154











without coupled direct payments €/ha -55 -66 102 553 -41 -181 264 382 292 -129with coupled direct payments €/ha 190 102 140 590 -23 -159 264 382 292 -129without coupled direct payments €/t -5 -6 10 54 -4 -17 26 35 29 -13with coupled direct payments €/t 19 10 14 57 -2 -15 26 35 29 -13



88


EU-N13 (EU10 from 2004, EU12 from 2007 and EU13 from 2013) farms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 55% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 66.8 59.7 80.3 31.1 30.3 47.9 54.4 52.3 58.9 44.5Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2Grain maize area ha 35.0 31.5 42.3 16.7 15.5 24.5 27.4 27.6 30.9 23.3 23.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2Grain maize production t 252 252 295 62 98 145 163 173 142 140 165Grain maize yield t / ha 7.2 8.0 7.0 3.7 6.3 5.9 6.0 6.3 4.6 6.0 7.1Grain maize price € / t 86 84 104 205 118 107 151 170 201 144 124Grain maize output '000 € 21.8 21.2 30.6 12.7 11.6 15.4 24.6 29.5 28.5 20.1 20.5Common wheat ha 15.8 12.3 17.1 6.3 6.8 12.5 12.3 11.5 13.6 10.3Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1Barley ha 3.0 2.8 3.5 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.5Oats ha 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2Rye ha 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5Total output '000 € 41.7 39.0 54.8 22.5 23.4 28.1 41.8 49.3 54.4 38.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 623 674 724 763 745 630 898 1069 922 863 877straw €/ha 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 19 21Receipts per hectare €/ha 644 675 725 785 746 631 900 1069 922 864 878Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 89 84 104 210 118 107 151 170 201 144 124











without coupled direct payments €/ha 22 -84 -47 78 28 -66 109 249 158 95with coupled direct payments €/ha 22 -84 -47 78 28 -66 109 249 158 95without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -10 -7 21 4 -11 18 40 34 16with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -10 -7 21 4 -11 18 40 34 16


without coupled direct payments €/ha -52 -183 -145 -60 -126 -212 -35 93 27 -90with coupled direct payments €/ha -52 -183 -145 -60 -126 -212 -35 93 27 -90without coupled direct payments €/t -7 -23 -21 -16 -20 -36 -6 15 6 -15with coupled direct payments €/t -7 -23 -21 -16 -20 -36 -6 15 6 -15

89





Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 66.8 59.7 80.3 68.7 77.0 59.0 69.3 62.0 56.5 51.5Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0Grain maize area ha 35.0 31.5 42.3 35.1 38.2 30.8 34.6 32.9 29.9 26.7 26.7 in which irrigated area ha 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2Grain maize production t 252 252 295 157 304 217 228 235 163 173 233Grain maize yield t / ha 7.2 8.0 7.0 4.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 7.1 5.4 6.5 8.7Grain maize price € / t 86 84 104 208 105 100 147 174 199 145 118Grain maize output '000 € 21.8 21.2 30.6 32.7 31.8 21.7 33.6 40.9 32.4 25.0 27.6Common wheat ha 15.8 12.3 17.1 13.9 15.9 12.6 13.3 10.7 10.5 10.1Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1Barley ha 3.0 2.8 3.5 3.5 4.6 2.3 3.1 2.1 2.5 2.0Oats ha 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2Rye ha 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.1 0.9Total output '000 € 41.7 39.0 54.8 59.2 69.6 39.5 57.5 67.5 61.5 49.0

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 623 674 724 933 834 704 974 1245 1084 937 1033straw €/ha 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 19 38Receipts per hectare €/ha 644 675 725 972 835 705 975 1246 1085 938 1035Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 89 84 104 217 105 100 147 174 199 145 118










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 22 -84 -47 125 -55 -147 33 226 173 18with coupled direct payments €/ha 22 -84 -47 125 -55 -147 33 226 173 18without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -10 -7 28 -7 -21 5 32 32 3with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -10 -7 28 -7 -21 5 32 32 3

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -52 -183 -145 40 -153 -297 -117 55 6 -197with coupled direct payments €/ha -52 -183 -145 40 -153 -297 -117 55 6 -197without coupled direct payments €/t -7 -23 -21 9 -19 -42 -18 8 1 -30with coupled direct payments €/t -7 -23 -21 9 -19 -42 -18 8 1 -30

90





Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 17.7 18.1 38.8 41.6 44.7 61.1 42.3Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3Grain maize area ha 10.1 9.6 19.4 21.3 23.4 31.9 22.2 22.2 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.9 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2Grain maize production t 28 44 85 107 125 123 121 126Grain maize yield t / ha 2.8 4.6 4.4 5.0 5.4 3.8 5.5 5.7Grain maize price € / t 197 143 121 158 164 203 146 135Grain maize output '000 € 5.6 6.3 10.3 16.8 20.5 24.9 17.7 17.0Common wheat ha 3.6 4.5 12.3 11.5 12.0 16.5 11.2Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Barley ha 0.6 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2Oats ha 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3Total output '000 € 9.3 11.3 18.7 28.2 35.0 47.9 32.3

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 553 653 533 792 876 781 797 766straw €/ha 0 2 1 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 553 653 535 793 876 781 797 767Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 197 143 121 158 164 203 146 135

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 160 182 182 202 222 232 239 241







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 79 76 64 51 52 71 66Total external factors €/ha 152 100 113 124 126 150 129 - Wages paid €/ha 93 44 48 47 44 42 41 - Rent paid €/ha 57 51 60 74 78 97 81 - Interest paid €/ha 2 5 6 2 4 10 7Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 212 229 142 137 139 100 129 - Family labour costs €/ha 167 198 91 95 104 62 90 - Own capital cost €/ha 45 31 50 42 35 39 39


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 15 118 40 217 273 145 179with coupled direct payments €/ha 15 118 40 217 273 145 179without coupled direct payments €/t 5 26 9 43 51 38 33with coupled direct payments €/t 5 26 9 43 51 38 33

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -197 -111 -101 81 134 45 50with coupled direct payments €/ha -197 -111 -101 81 134 45 50without coupled direct payments €/t -70 -24 -23 16 25 12 9with coupled direct payments €/t -70 -24 -23 16 25 12 9

91


Bulgariafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 44% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 20 25 35 40 25

Farms represented number 400 800 1200 1500 800 900

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 224.7 87.2 55.2 60.2 224.0 85.3Total labour input AWU 2.9 2.1 1.3 1.7 3.6 1.7Grain maize area ha 91.9 32.3 27.0 32.7 112.3 37.4 37.4 in which irrigated area ha 0.5 0.9 4.4 2.8Grain maize production t 111 107 161 176 499 243 269Grain maize yield t / ha 1.2 3.3 6.0 5.4 4.4 6.5 7.2Grain maize price € / t 221 116 162 182 225 137 139Grain maize output '000 € 24.5 12.4 26.0 32.0 112.2 33.2 37.5Common wheat ha 71.0 27.0 15.2 11.6 61.4 27.6Durum wheat haBarley ha 6.9 5.1 2.0 1.3 2.6 2.9Oats ha 0.2 0.1 0.2Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 94.7 42.5 44.3 55.0 244.8 70.3

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 267 385 965 977 999 889 1003straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 267 385 965 977 999 889 1003Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 221 116 162 182 225 137 139

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 76 116 218 217 263 299 279


Crop protection €/ha 27 34 54 53 67 74 73Water €/ha 0 1 21 20

Other specific costs €/ha 0 0 2 0 1 1Non-specific costs €/ha 60 115 235 232 282 261 256including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 37 44 79 98 83 94 91




Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 41 41 93 100 105 115Total external factors €/ha 71 140 184 234 273 282 - Wages paid €/ha 17 43 48 51 47 54 - Rent paid €/ha 47 74 125 163 198 197 - Interest paid €/ha 7 24 11 20 28 30Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha -16 25 77 92 48 71 - Family labour costs €/ha 4 15 44 58 16 33 - Own capital cost €/ha -20 10 33 34 32 38

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 131 154 512 528 454 329 468with coupled direct payments €/ha 131 154 512 528 454 329 468without coupled direct payments €/t 108 46 86 98 102 51 65with coupled direct payments €/t 108 46 86 98 102 51 65


without coupled direct payments €/ha 18 -28 235 195 77 -67with coupled direct payments €/ha 18 -28 235 195 77 -67without coupled direct payments €/t 15 -8 39 36 17 -10with coupled direct payments €/t 15 -8 39 36 17 -10


without coupled direct payments €/ha 35 -53 158 103 29 -139with coupled direct payments €/ha 35 -53 158 103 29 -139without coupled direct payments €/t 29 -16 26 19 6 -21with coupled direct payments €/t 29 -16 26 19 6 -21

92


Germanyfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 49% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 20 25 25 35 35

Farms represented number 500 600 600 900 800

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 93.2 63.5 75.7 75.5 77.5Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3Grain maize area ha 46.8 35.5 40.9 36.7 36.9 36.9 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 478 320 424 346 296 394Grain maize yield t / ha 10.2 9.0 10.4 9.4 8.0 10.7Grain maize price € / t 104 157 175 203 154 124Grain maize output '000 € 49.8 50.3 74.1 70.1 45.6 48.7Common wheat ha 18.7 13.7 14.7 19.0 20.4Durum wheat ha 0.1Barley ha 4.3 3.7 5.1 2.6 4.5Oats ha 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2Rye ha 3.1 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.7Summer cer_mix. ha 2.5Oth.cereals ha 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.1 0.8Total output '000 € 100.3 93.3 132.3 146.3 119.0

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1064 1417 1809 1913 1235 1318straw €/ha 1 5 16 13 9 9coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1066 1422 1825 1926 1244 1327Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 104 158 176 204 155 125

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 424 475 570 625 505 477







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 225 194 244 212 198Total external factors €/ha 187 239 237 362 239 - Wages paid €/ha 32 24 26 63 60 - Rent paid €/ha 119 163 176 257 146 - Interest paid €/ha 36 52 36 42 33Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 315 336 350 300 247 - Family labour costs €/ha 226 263 284 273 211 - Own capital cost €/ha 89 72 66 27 35



without coupled direct payments €/ha -218 38 254 176 -205with coupled direct payments €/ha -218 38 254 176 -205without coupled direct payments €/t -21 4 25 19 -26with coupled direct payments €/t -21 4 25 19 -26



93


Greecefarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 66% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 14.5 13.0 12.6 13.2 11.0 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.0Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8Grain maize area ha 6.1 5.7 5.8 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.6 6.8 6.5 6.5 in which irrigated area ha 3.7 3.5 3.6 5.2 5.0 4.3 5.1 6.4 6.7 6.4Grain maize production t 75 70 69 84 73 76 77 85 81 84 78Grain maize yield t / ha 12.2 12.2 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.6 12.6 12.9 11.9 12.8 12.0Grain maize price € / t 134 126 148 233 140 130 192 194 218 159 159Grain maize output '000 € 10.0 8.8 10.2 19.6 10.2 9.9 14.7 16.5 17.6 13.3 12.5Common wheat ha 0.2 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7Durum wheat ha 5.5 4.7 2.5 1.9 1.6 2.3 3.1 1.8 1.3 1.2Barley ha 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5Oats ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.0 0.0Total output '000 € 16.0 14.7 15.4 26.0 17.4 15.6 20.7 24.6 25.5 21.2

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1636 1541 1749 2773 1707 1639 2415 2503 2607 2040 1911straw €/ha 1 1 1 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 202 196other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1839 1738 1750 2773 1707 1639 2415 2503 2607 2040 1911Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 150 142 148 233 140 130 192 194 218 159 159











without coupled direct payments €/ha -10 9 155 889 -106 -175 361 460 395 -20with coupled direct payments €/ha 192 205 155 889 -106 -175 361 460 395 -20without coupled direct payments €/t -1 1 13 75 -9 -14 29 36 33 -2with coupled direct payments €/t 16 17 13 75 -9 -14 29 36 33 -2


without coupled direct payments €/ha -664 -762 -571 146 -884 -988 -765 -754 -1221 -1141with coupled direct payments €/ha -462 -566 -571 146 -884 -988 -765 -754 -1221 -1141without coupled direct payments €/t -54 -62 -48 12 -72 -78 -61 -58 -102 -89with coupled direct payments €/t -38 -46 -48 12 -72 -78 -61 -58 -102 -89

94


Spainfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 69% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 68.4 77.0 52.5 47.0 36.3 38.2 38.8 41.0 52.1 50.4Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4Grain maize area ha 21.9 23.6 19.2 14.1 13.1 13.6 14.1 15.4 16.5 12.8 12.8 in which irrigated area ha 20.5 21.3 18.7 12.8 12.7 13.1 11.7 15.0 14.1 12.0Grain maize production t 235 235 245 153 131 141 156 170 176 144 149Grain maize yield t / ha 10.8 10.0 12.7 10.8 10.0 10.4 11.1 11.0 10.6 11.3 11.6Grain maize price € / t 126 135 139 245 163 151 198 197 218 187 177Grain maize output '000 € 29.8 31.7 33.9 37.4 21.3 21.4 30.8 33.3 38.2 26.9 26.3Common wheat ha 6.8 8.7 3.2 8.2 7.1 8.3 9.2 6.6 6.2 3.9Durum wheat ha 4.3 3.2 3.7 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.4 4.3Barley ha 10.6 15.8 8.3 9.0 4.2 5.7 7.0 7.7 9.1 11.4Oats ha 1.0 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0Total output '000 € 46.4 44.5 41.7 50.8 32.1 30.9 40.5 46.2 59.2 47.7

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1362 1343 1766 2654 1632 1574 2192 2158 2317 2108 2061straw €/ha 1 1 2 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 427 406 110 68 70 68other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1790 1748 1876 2723 1704 1641 2192 2158 2317 2108 2061Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 166 176 147 251 170 158 198 197 218 187 177













without coupled direct payments €/ha 136 -33 233 871 148 -12 132 217 -5 -801with coupled direct payments €/ha 563 373 343 939 218 55 132 217 -5 -801without coupled direct payments €/t 13 -3 18 80 15 -1 12 20 0 -71with coupled direct payments €/t 52 37 27 87 22 5 12 20 0 -71

95


Francefarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 63% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 97.5 95.1 88.7 94.7 90.1 82.5 81.3 84.3 81.8 91.3Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4Grain maize area ha 53.5 51.3 48.6 51.2 51.0 46.4 44.1 45.9 47.4 50.4 50.4 in which irrigated area ha 32.4 26.8 27.4 29.3 28.5 28.1Grain maize production t 536 506 485 512 516 452 423 497 498 451 542Grain maize yield t / ha 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.7 9.6 10.8 10.5 9.0 10.7Grain maize price € / t 93 102 130 183 123 114 174 187 209 158 129Grain maize output '000 € 50.0 51.6 62.9 93.9 63.6 51.5 73.8 93.0 104.1 71.4 69.9Common wheat ha 13.9 13.8 13.0 14.2 13.7 12.9 12.1 13.5 13.2 14.8Durum wheat ha 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.8 2.0Barley ha 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.6 2.6 1.7 2.0Oats ha 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.0Total output '000 € 83.0 84.0 92.9 133.6 106.3 89.4 117.4 143.2 157.8 122.3

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 935 1005 1295 1835 1246 1111 1672 2025 2198 1416 1386straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/ha 247 254 60 65 35 36other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1182 1259 1356 1900 1281 1148 1672 2025 2198 1416 1386Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 118 128 136 190 127 118 174 187 209 158 129











without coupled direct payments €/ha -330 -326 -134 255 -245 -408 53 210 232 -377with coupled direct payments €/ha -83 -72 -74 320 -211 -372 53 210 232 -377without coupled direct payments €/t -33 -33 -13 25 -24 -42 6 19 22 -42with coupled direct payments €/t -8 -7 -7 32 -21 -38 6 19 22 -42



96


Croatiafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 54% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 40


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 16.4Total labour input AWU 1.3Grain maize area ha 9.7 9.7 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 71 68Grain maize yield t / ha 7.3 7.1Grain maize price € / t 100 80Grain maize output '000 € 7.1 5.4Common wheat ha 3.9Durum wheat haBarley ha 0.7Oats ha 0.1Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1Total output '000 € 13.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 732 561straw €/ha 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 732 561Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 100 80

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 394 344

including: Seeds €/ha 101 86Fertilizers €/ha 228 193

Crop protection €/ha 64 64Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 1 1Non-specific costs €/ha 190 186including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 87 84

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 33 33Contract work €/ha 21 21

Energy €/ha 17 17Other direct costs €/ha 31 31

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 584 529Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 80 75

Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 157Total external factors €/ha 44 - Wages paid €/ha 16 - Rent paid €/ha 26 - Interest paid €/ha 2Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 646 - Family labour costs €/ha 536 - Own capital cost €/ha 111

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 148 32with coupled direct payments €/ha 148 32without coupled direct payments €/t 20 5with coupled direct payments €/t 20 5





97


Hungaryfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 54% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 59.8 51.6 78.2 67.8 78.3 64.0 69.6 62.3 58.0 55.1Total labour input AWU 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9Grain maize area ha 29.9 26.5 40.8 34.3 37.8 33.3 34.7 33.5 30.9 28.5 28.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2Grain maize production t 230 219 302 138 309 231 234 229 143 176 248Grain maize yield t / ha 7.7 8.3 7.4 4.0 8.2 7.0 6.7 6.8 4.6 6.2 8.7Grain maize price € / t 85 83 100 212 102 99 144 176 209 148 126Grain maize output '000 € 19.6 18.2 30.4 29.2 31.7 23.0 33.7 40.4 30.0 26.0 31.4Common wheat ha 15.6 10.9 17.3 14.0 16.9 13.4 13.2 9.7 10.3 10.8Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1Barley ha 2.7 1.9 3.0 3.0 4.4 2.2 2.8 1.7 1.7 2.0Oats ha 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2Rye ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.2 0.8Total output '000 € 38.2 32.1 54.0 54.6 72.4 42.0 56.5 65.7 57.9 50.8

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 657 685 744 851 837 690 969 1205 969 914 1103straw €/ha 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 46Receipts per hectare €/ha 659 687 746 897 839 691 971 1206 970 917 1106Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 86 83 101 223 103 99 144 176 209 148 127



Crop protection €/ha 62 71 66 78 84 80 81 87 73 84 85Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0








without coupled direct payments €/ha -35 -103 -52 54 -62 -152 51 227 125 35with coupled direct payments €/ha -35 -103 -52 54 -62 -152 51 227 125 35without coupled direct payments €/t -5 -12 -7 14 -8 -22 8 33 27 6with coupled direct payments €/t -5 -12 -7 14 -8 -22 8 33 27 6


without coupled direct payments €/ha -108 -214 -144 -16 -146 -282 -93 60 -18 -148with coupled direct payments €/ha -108 -214 -144 -16 -146 -282 -93 60 -18 -148without coupled direct payments €/t -14 -26 -19 -4 -18 -41 -14 9 -4 -24with coupled direct payments €/t -14 -26 -19 -4 -18 -41 -14 9 -4 -24

98


Italyfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 69% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 16.3 14.8 15.3 14.7 15.6 17.4 16.1 19.8 19.2 19.5Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9Grain maize area ha 10.3 9.3 9.5 9.3 10.3 10.6 9.9 12.6 12.4 11.9 11.9 in which irrigated area ha 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.5 5.5 6.8 7.3 7.3Grain maize production t 106 99 96 96 109 113 106 136 113 118 153Grain maize yield t / ha 10.3 10.6 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 9.1 9.9 12.8Grain maize price € / t 119 120 141 195 139 132 188 196 227 193 154Grain maize output '000 € 12.6 11.9 13.6 18.7 15.2 15.0 19.8 26.6 25.6 22.6 23.5Common wheat ha 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0Durum wheat ha 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4Barley ha 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4Oats ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1Total output '000 € 18.9 18.5 19.9 25.6 23.0 22.2 28.4 37.0 36.1 33.8

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1222 1272 1435 2009 1476 1420 2003 2110 2065 1902 1970straw €/ha 10 10 14 11 12 11 14 12 16 19 19coupled direct payments €/ha 187other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1419 1282 1449 2020 1488 1431 2017 2121 2081 1920 1989Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 138 121 142 196 140 133 189 197 229 195 155











without coupled direct payments €/ha 102 166 188 613 -1 -57 413 438 246 117with coupled direct payments €/ha 289 166 188 613 -1 -57 413 438 246 117without coupled direct payments €/t 10 16 19 59 0 -5 39 41 27 12with coupled direct payments €/t 28 16 19 59 0 -5 39 41 27 12



99


Austriafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 41% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 20 15 15 20 15 15 25 25

Farms represented number 600 700 600 600 700 900 800 1400 1300

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 54.1 46.4 53.4 51.9 43.9 34.4 42.1 31.8 38.1Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8Grain maize area ha 20.9 18.8 20.3 20.0 16.5 15.8 19.7 15.0 16.8 16.8 in which irrigated area ha 2.2 1.0Grain maize production t 216 218 195 209 239 149 212 163 142 205Grain maize yield t / ha 10.3 11.6 9.6 10.4 14.5 9.4 10.8 10.9 8.4 12.2Grain maize price € / t 81 69 90 171 64 131 140 186 126 94Grain maize output '000 € 17.4 15.0 17.5 35.7 15.3 19.4 29.7 30.4 17.9 19.3Common wheat ha 5.5 6.9 9.8 7.5 8.9 4.2 4.7 4.2 7.0Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.2Barley ha 4.6 2.0 2.5 3.4 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4Oats ha 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4Rye ha 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.8Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.8 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.5 1.1Total output '000 € 45.1 39.8 46.9 72.0 48.6 48.3 69.6 64.6 50.7

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 834 799 863 1784 927 1233 1510 2030 1063 1150straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/ha 324other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1158 799 863 1784 927 1233 1510 2030 1063 1150Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 112 69 90 171 64 131 140 186 126 94

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 282 306 336 472 389 381 442 482 391 379


Crop protection €/ha 53 67 73 102 68 66 79 87 76 76Water €/ha 0 0 0





Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 248 258 228 337 208 379 366 402 303Total external factors €/ha 183 142 153 255 97 137 191 152 125 - Wages paid €/ha 6 4 1 28 14 26 40 17 18 - Rent paid €/ha 102 99 115 169 73 75 107 109 92 - Interest paid €/ha 76 39 36 58 10 36 44 25 16Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 469 403 388 520 370 534 329 546 422 - Family labour costs €/ha 210 206 195 285 201 279 229 393 310 - Own capital cost €/ha 259 197 193 235 169 255 99 153 113



without coupled direct payments €/ha -288 -300 -276 164 -165 -164 -26 352 -265with coupled direct payments €/ha 36 -300 -276 164 -165 -164 -26 352 -265without coupled direct payments €/t -28 -26 -29 16 -11 -17 -2 32 -31with coupled direct payments €/t 3 -26 -29 16 -11 -17 -2 32 -31



100


Polandfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 59% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 80.0 82.1 77.9 76.2 72.7 43.3 61.4 58.4 55.5 38.6Total labour input AWU 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4Grain maize area ha 48.0 48.4 42.9 42.7 42.1 24.9 29.9 30.1 28.9 20.5 20.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.4 1.0 0.6Grain maize production t 305 328 221 323 299 188 195 261 246 159 171Grain maize yield t / ha 6.4 6.8 5.1 7.6 7.1 7.5 6.5 8.6 8.5 7.8 8.3Grain maize price € / t 89 91 129 192 120 107 163 169 178 138 102Grain maize output '000 € 27.1 29.8 28.4 61.8 35.8 20.1 31.9 44.1 43.8 21.9 17.4Common wheat ha 14.4 15.3 14.6 13.0 11.5 10.0 13.0 15.9 10.9 7.2Durum wheat ha 0.1Barley ha 2.2 4.4 2.6 5.6 4.0 1.6 3.2 2.4 4.6 1.3Oats ha 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2Rye ha 3.1 0.6 0.8 1.4 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.6 1.2 1.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.4 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.4Oth.cereals ha 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.1 1.3Total output '000 € 46.1 54.1 52.2 93.3 58.8 30.7 57.5 72.6 75.3 39.9

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 566 616 663 1448 850 805 1069 1463 1517 1066 849straw €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 65Receipts per hectare €/ha 631 616 663 1448 850 805 1069 1463 1517 1066 849Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 99 91 129 192 120 107 163 169 178 138 102













without coupled direct payments €/ha 83 -71 -109 449 -175 -219 -76 122 178 -288with coupled direct payments €/ha 83 -71 -109 449 -175 -219 -76 122 178 -288without coupled direct payments €/t 13 -10 -21 59 -25 -29 -12 14 21 -37with coupled direct payments €/t 13 -10 -21 59 -25 -29 -12 14 21 -37

101


Portugalfarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 66% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 25 20 20 25 30


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 10.9 17.4 21.2 26.9 25.4 33.0Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.5Grain maize area ha 6.8 9.0 11.6 17.8 17.5 17.3 17.3 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 53 87 76 122 116 153 17Grain maize yield t / ha 7.8 9.6 6.5 6.9 6.7 8.9 1.0Grain maize price € / t 137 178 205 210 212 186 336Grain maize output '000 € 7.3 15.4 15.6 25.7 24.7 28.4 5.7Common wheat ha 0.6 0.5 1.5 0.7 1.7Durum wheat ha 0.2 0.4Barley ha 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.0Oats ha 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2Rye ha 0.2 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.4Total output '000 € 12.3 23.4 23.6 36.0 36.1 45.0

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1075 1704 1341 1442 1415 1645 331straw €/ha 15 3 10 12 9 9coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1091 1707 1350 1453 1415 1654 339Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 139 178 206 212 212 187 345

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 372 514 301 260 369 582 576


Crop protection €/ha 57 102 77 60 82 96 94Water €/ha 0 2 1 1 2 1 1





Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 237 165 103 78 121 136Total external factors €/ha 71 73 87 147 79 148 - Wages paid €/ha 18 23 44 50 48 107 - Rent paid €/ha 52 50 43 97 31 41 - Interest paid €/ha 1Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 1101 1147 618 734 672 601 - Family labour costs €/ha 903 688 348 414 363 331 - Own capital cost €/ha 198 459 270 319 309 270

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 485 914 895 1017 783 643 -655with coupled direct payments €/ha 485 914 895 1017 783 643 -655without coupled direct payments €/t 62 96 137 148 118 73 -665with coupled direct payments €/t 62 96 137 148 118 73 -665


without coupled direct payments €/ha 177 676 705 791 583 359with coupled direct payments €/ha 177 676 705 791 583 359without coupled direct payments €/t 23 71 108 115 88 41with coupled direct payments €/t 23 71 108 115 88 41


without coupled direct payments €/ha -924 -471 87 57 -89 -242with coupled direct payments €/ha -924 -471 87 57 -89 -242without coupled direct payments €/t -118 -49 13 8 -13 -27with coupled direct payments €/t -118 -49 13 8 -13 -27

102


Romaniafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 57% of actual output in the period)



Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 15.7 16.9 38.3 40.7 43.8 55.7 40.8Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3Grain maize area ha 9.4 9.2 19.0 20.9 22.8 29.2 21.7 21.7 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.9 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1Grain maize production t 28 43 83 103 122 110 117 122Grain maize yield t / ha 2.9 4.7 4.4 5.0 5.4 3.8 5.4 5.6Grain maize price € / t 197 144 122 157 162 199 147 134Grain maize output '000 € 5.4 6.2 10.1 16.3 19.8 22.0 17.2 16.4Common wheat ha 2.9 4.0 12.3 11.2 12.1 15.0 10.7Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Barley ha 0.5 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1Oats ha 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3Total output '000 € 8.5 10.7 18.5 27.2 33.8 41.2 31.0

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 579 670 531 778 867 752 791 758straw €/ha 0 2 1 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 579 671 533 779 867 752 792 759Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 197 144 122 157 162 199 147 135

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 167 186 181 201 222 228 235 239







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 82 78 64 47 48 66 62Total external factors €/ha 160 92 110 119 116 133 119 - Wages paid €/ha 104 43 49 47 43 42 40 - Rent paid €/ha 55 46 56 70 70 83 73 - Interest paid €/ha 1 2 5 1 3 8 5Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 249 249 145 142 143 109 133 - Family labour costs €/ha 192 217 94 99 109 69 94 - Own capital cost €/ha 56 33 51 43 35 40 39



without coupled direct payments €/ha 15 133 43 216 280 156 195with coupled direct payments €/ha 15 133 43 216 280 156 195without coupled direct payments €/t 5 28 10 44 52 41 36with coupled direct payments €/t 5 28 10 44 52 41 36


without coupled direct payments €/ha -234 -117 -102 74 137 47 62with coupled direct payments €/ha -234 -117 -102 74 137 47 62without coupled direct payments €/t -79 -25 -23 15 26 12 12with coupled direct payments €/t -79 -25 -23 15 26 12 12

103


Slovakiafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 44% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 20 30 30 20 15 25 35 45 55


Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 288.2 359.6 180.0 159.9 165.1 312.1 169.6 134.6 185.3Total labour input AWU 6.0 6.7 3.3 3.4 2.8 4.9 2.9 2.5 3.3Grain maize area ha 138.6 187.2 93.2 72.9 75.0 172.0 80.3 64.1 98.7 98.7 in which irrigated area ha 29.4 18.3 9.3 4.4 4.1 6.4 1.1 0.9Grain maize production t 812 1623 549 305 614 862 642 325 557 639Grain maize yield t / ha 5.9 8.7 5.9 4.2 8.2 5.0 8.0 5.1 5.6 6.5Grain maize price € / t 87 83 99 249 83 156 167 199 140 112Grain maize output '000 € 71.0 134.4 54.6 76.1 51.0 134.4 107.3 64.5 77.9 71.5Common wheat ha 50.6 74.5 29.6 31.7 27.5 44.5 30.1 36.3 35.2Durum wheat ha 1.8 3.1 1.7 3.5 12.2 13.7 0.5 0.4 3.0Barley ha 36.9 41.7 33.6 20.5 29.2 24.7 20.0 16.8 14.0Oats ha 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1Rye ha 5.8 1.2 0.4 2.6 1.0 0.9Summer cer_mix. ha 9.1Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1Total output '000 € 199.3 333.7 105.5 154.6 129.0 259.1 204.6 186.1 195.0

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 512 718 586 1043 680 782 1335 1007 789 724straw €/ha 1 2 0 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 513 718 586 1043 680 784 1335 1007 790 725Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 88 83 99 249 83 156 167 199 140 112

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 187 233 258 402 280 320 459 430 413 407


Crop protection €/ha 46 67 61 118 58 77 108 114 88 91Water €/ha 1 0 1 0





Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 105 125 124 104 114 238 207 119 114Total external factors €/ha 77 103 114 145 103 197 207 131 162 - Wages paid €/ha 45 61 47 63 41 108 96 66 83 - Rent paid €/ha 28 30 47 71 46 71 92 58 68 - Interest paid €/ha 3 12 21 11 16 17 18 6 11Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha -17 30 50 96 58 60 89 81 66 - Family labour costs €/ha 16 17 56 78 56 37 81 71 46 - Own capital cost €/ha -33 14 -6 18 1 23 8 10 20

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 49 61 7 368 121 114 466 189 39 -11with coupled direct payments €/ha 49 61 7 368 121 114 466 189 39 -11without coupled direct payments €/t 8 7 1 88 15 23 58 37 7 -2with coupled direct payments €/t 8 7 1 88 15 23 58 37 7 -2


without coupled direct payments €/ha -133 -168 -230 119 -96 -321 52 -61 -237with coupled direct payments €/ha -133 -168 -230 119 -96 -321 52 -61 -237without coupled direct payments €/t -23 -19 -39 28 -12 -64 6 -12 -42with coupled direct payments €/t -23 -19 -39 28 -12 -64 6 -12 -42


without coupled direct payments €/ha -116 -198 -281 23 -153 -380 -37 -142 -303with coupled direct payments €/ha -116 -198 -281 23 -153 -380 -37 -142 -303without coupled direct payments €/t -20 -23 -48 5 -19 -76 -5 -28 -54with coupled direct payments €/t -20 -23 -48 5 -19 -76 -5 -28 -54

104


Sloveniafarms specialised in grain maize: min. 40% of standard output from grain maize (avg. 51% of actual output in the period)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 25 25

Farms represented number 1100 900

Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 12.1 14.6Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8Grain maize area ha 5.9 6.6 6.6 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 57 50 78Grain maize yield t / ha 9.6 7.5 11.9Grain maize price € / t 180 118 87Grain maize output '000 € 10.2 5.8 6.8Common wheat ha 4.2 3.8Durum wheat haBarley ha 0.4 1.6Oats ha 0.0Rye ha 0.2 0.3Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0Total output '000 € 17.1 14.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1731 886 1030straw €/ha 7 5 5coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1739 891 1035Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 181 118 87

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 633 526 494

including: Seeds €/ha 177 160 157Fertilizers €/ha 333 266 235

Crop protection €/ha 101 84 87Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 21 16 16Non-specific costs €/ha 733 532 531including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 241 214 210

machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 247 130 133Contract work €/ha 136 94 94

Energy €/ha 19 16 16Other direct costs €/ha 90 78 78

Operating costs per hectare €/ha 1365 1059 1025Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 142 140 86

Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 593 422Total external factors €/ha 62 57 - Wages paid €/ha 8 8 - Rent paid €/ha 44 40 - Interest paid €/ha 10 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 875 642 - Family labour costs €/ha 570 397 - Own capital cost €/ha 306 245

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 373 -168 9with coupled direct payments €/ha 373 -168 9without coupled direct payments €/t 39 -22 1with coupled direct payments €/t 39 -22 1


without coupled direct payments €/ha -282 -647with coupled direct payments €/ha -282 -647without coupled direct payments €/t -29 -86with coupled direct payments €/t -29 -86


without coupled direct payments €/ha -1157 -1288with coupled direct payments €/ha -1157 -1288without coupled direct payments €/t -120 -171with coupled direct payments €/t -120 -171

105

Income in specialist cereal farms EU Cereal farms report based on 2013 FADN data

Income indicators in specialist cereal production farmsFarms specialised in production of cereals (66% or more of farm output from cereals).

European Union average (EU15 until 2003, EU25 from 2004 to 2006, EU27 from 2007 and EU28 from 2013)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013



Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 31.6 31.3 31.7 28.4 29.7 37.3 36.8 38.3 38.2 39.6

Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2

- Unpaid labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 61.0 62.0 62.7 57.8 58.6 59.8 58.5 60.5 62.5 64.0

- Rented U.A.A. ha 30.7 31.1 31.3 30.2 32.3 33.0 32.4 34.3 36.3 36.6

Total livestock units LU 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

Total output '000 € 37.1 35.5 39.7 49.5 46.3 37.7 49.3 58.9 64.8 59.1

Total output crops & products '000 € 33.1 31.2 35.6 45.7 42.5 33.9 45.3 54.1 60.2 53.7

Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5

Other output '000 € 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 4.4 4.0 4.9

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 16.1 15.4 16.3 13.9 14.4 15.3 14.6 15.2 14.8 15.6

Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 16.0 15.4 16.2 13.9 14.2 14.9 14.4 14.9 14.7 15.6

Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Total Inputs '000 € 39.4 41.3 41.5 40.3 45.1 45.5 45.9 52.3 56.9 59.8

Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 25.3 26.7 26.7 26.3 30.3 29.6 29.5 34.8 38.1 39.9

• Total specific costs '000 € 12.8 13.5 13.2 13.3 15.7 16.0 14.7 17.4 19.8 21.0

- Seeds and plants '000 € 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.1 4.6 4.9

- Fertilisers '000 € 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.5 7.3 7.9 6.5 8.2 9.6 10.1

- Crop protection '000 € 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.6 5.1

- Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

- Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

- Other specific costs '000 € 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

• Total farming overheads '000 € 12.5 13.2 13.5 13.1 14.6 13.5 14.8 17.3 18.3 18.9

- Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.8

- Energy '000 € 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.1 5.1 4.1 4.7 5.8 6.5 6.5

- Contract work '000 € 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.9 3.8 4.1

- Other farming overheads '000 € 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.5

Depreciation '000 € 7.4 7.5 7.5 6.9 7.4 8.3 8.5 8.8 9.3 10.3

Total external factors '000 € 6.7 7.1 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.8 8.7 9.5 9.7

- Wages paid '000 € 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

- Rent paid '000 € 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.6 5.3 5.4

- Interest paid '000 € 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5

Own capital cost '000 € 5.3 4.7 4.8 4.2 3.1 5.0 4.9 4.2 4.5 5.7

Income indicators

Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 20.4 16.7 21.7 30.2 22.8 14.8 25.7 30.2 32.1 24.6

FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 20.3 16.1 20.9 25.0 18.9 13.0 23.5 26.7 27.2 21.4

Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 13.7 9.6 14.5 23.1 15.6 7.5 18.1 21.7 22.7 15.0

Remuneration of family labour '000 € 8.5 4.9 9.7 18.9 12.5 2.5 13.2 17.5 18.1 9.2

Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies – taxes) – intermediate consumption – depreciation

Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies – taxes) – external factors

Remuneration of family labour = FNI – own capital cost

106



EU15

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013



Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 31.8 31.5 32.1 32.8 34.6 40.6 40.3 42.1 40.5 43.8Total labour input AWU 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - Unpaid labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 58.8 59.8 60.9 60.4 60.2 56.4 55.2 56.9 56.4 61.2 - Rented U.A.A. ha 28.3 28.7 29.4 28.9 29.6 27.8 27.0 28.7 28.8 31.2Total livestock units LU 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0

Total output '000 € 36.9 35.5 40.5 60.2 53.8 41.6 53.7 62.7 66.9 62.7Total output crops & products '000 € 33.0 31.2 36.2 55.2 48.9 37.0 48.7 56.5 61.2 55.6Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7Other output '000 € 3.6 4.0 3.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.6 5.7 5.0 6.4

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 17.3 16.3 16.9 17.1 17.3 16.4 15.6 16.2 15.1 16.3Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 17.3 16.3 16.9 17.1 17.3 16.5 15.5 16.3 15.2 16.4Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0

Total Inputs '000 € 40.0 41.7 42.1 47.4 52.3 50.4 49.8 56.6 59.1 64.9Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 25.4 26.7 26.8 30.9 35.0 32.7 31.6 37.3 39.8 43.4• Total specific costs '000 € 12.8 13.4 13.1 15.2 17.8 17.5 15.6 18.3 20.0 22.0 - Seeds and plants '000 € 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.4 8.3 8.7 6.9 8.6 9.8 10.6 - Crop protection '000 € 3.6 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.9 5.5 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7• Total farming overheads '000 € 12.6 13.3 13.7 15.7 17.1 15.2 16.0 19.0 19.9 21.3 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 3.2 3.1 3.2 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.5 - Energy '000 € 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.3 5.3 4.0 4.5 5.6 6.2 6.5 - Contract work '000 € 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.3 4.7 - Other farming overheads '000 € 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.6Depreciation '000 € 7.6 7.6 7.7 8.5 9.2 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.4 11.9Total external factors '000 € 7.0 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.2 9.0 8.8 9.6 - Wages paid '000 € 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 - Rent paid '000 € 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.8 5.0 5.4 - Interest paid '000 € 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.8

Own capital cost '000 € 6.0 5.2 5.3 6.0 4.6 6.0 6.0 5.1 5.4 6.9

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 21.1 17.5 22.8 37.9 27.0 15.8 27.7 31.4 31.8 23.8FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 22.5 18.3 23.7 41.6 28.4 17.1 29.0 33.2 32.5 24.3Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 14.1 10.1 15.2 29.9 18.8 7.6 19.5 22.4 22.9 14.1Remuneration of family labour '000 € 8.2 4.9 9.9 23.8 14.2 1.6 13.5 17.3 17.5 7.3

Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies – taxes) – intermediate consumption – depreciationFarm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies – taxes) – external factorsRemuneration of family labour = FNI – own capital cost

107



EU-N13 (EU10 from 2004, EU12 from 2007 and EU13 from 2013)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 9.9 11.0 13.2 8.3 9.6 12.8 12.5 13.0 14.1 14.2Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 9.3 10.5 12.4 8.1 9.0 11.2 11.9 12.3 13.7 13.9Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3


Own capital cost '000 € 1.7 2.1 2.4 1.0 0.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.5



108



EU10

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 1.7 2.1 2.4 1.5 0.8 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 4.2



109



EU2

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sample farms number 255 365 515 1125 1285 1545 1525


Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 15.1 16.4 35.1 28.8 30.7 39.5 33.2Total labour input AWU 1.9 1.7 2.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.8 - Unpaid labour input AWU 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 40.2 44.0 95.8 77.9 82.2 105.6 88.9 - Rented U.A.A. ha 25.4 32.0 75.2 64.7 67.1 88.7 73.3Total livestock units LU 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Total output '000 € 16.8 21.3 36.4 45.5 57.5 77.3 63.1Total output crops & products '000 € 16.4 20.9 35.6 44.4 56.7 75.7 62.0Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1Other output '000 € 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.0

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 5.0 5.1 12.2 10.5 10.9 15.5 15.2Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 4.9 5.0 11.9 10.5 10.7 15.4 15.0Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2

Total Inputs '000 € 17.1 20.4 41.0 40.0 46.6 66.4 57.0Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 10.5 13.4 25.4 26.2 30.7 41.1 35.4• Total specific costs '000 € 5.9 7.1 14.8 13.3 16.0 23.2 20.5 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.1 2.6 5.0 4.6 5.2 7.4 6.2 - Fertilisers '000 € 2.0 2.8 6.3 5.5 6.9 10.4 9.1 - Crop protection '000 € 1.0 1.3 2.7 2.6 3.3 4.8 4.7 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5• Total farming overheads '000 € 4.6 6.4 10.6 12.8 14.7 17.9 14.9 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 0.8 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.9 - Energy '000 € 2.2 3.0 5.1 5.1 6.3 8.1 7.1 - Contract work '000 € 1.2 1.8 2.4 4.2 4.5 4.4 3.8 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.8 2.1Depreciation '000 € 2.0 2.0 4.7 4.2 4.6 7.0 6.4Total external factors '000 € 4.6 4.9 10.8 9.7 11.3 18.3 15.2 - Wages paid '000 € 2.2 2.0 4.3 3.4 3.7 5.1 4.5 - Rent paid '000 € 2.2 2.7 5.5 5.6 7.0 12.2 9.7 - Interest paid '000 € 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.0

Own capital cost '000 € 0.7 0.3 1.9 1.3 1.5 3.0 2.4

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 9.2 10.9 18.1 25.6 32.9 44.6 36.3FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 4.9 6.4 7.8 16.3 19.4 23.0 20.7Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 4.7 6.1 7.7 16.0 21.8 26.4 21.3Remuneration of family labour '000 € 4.0 5.8 5.7 14.7 20.3 23.4 18.9


110



Bulgaria

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € -3.2 -8.2 1.8 0.9 2.4 4.0 7.0



111



Cyprus

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sample farms number 20 20 15 20 15 15


Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 13.6 15.4 20.8 15.5 23.5 19.0Total labour input AWU 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 - Unpaid labour input AWU 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.0Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 33.4 45.2 66.9 47.5 71.4 59.2 - Rented U.A.A. ha 29.6 39.5 62.1 39.1 63.7 51.8Total livestock units LU 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4

Total output '000 € 12.6 14.3 32.1 23.9 45.2 30.2Total output crops & products '000 € 12.6 14.3 32.0 20.6 35.4 26.4Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2Other output '000 € 3.2 8.9 3.7

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 6.0 9.2 25.1 14.8 29.2 21.1Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 6.0 9.2 19.9 14.6 26.4 21.1Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 5.2 0.2 2.8

Total Inputs '000 € 27.2 23.6 43.3 29.1 53.5 48.7Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 11.1 12.4 26.8 17.7 32.5 33.3• Total specific costs '000 € 6.1 8.7 20.3 11.8 18.5 18.9 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.4 2.8 8.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 - Fertilisers '000 € 2.8 4.1 10.4 5.2 9.0 10.1 - Crop protection '000 € 0.8 1.8 1.1 1.1 2.4 2.3 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.6 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 €

- Other specific costs '000 € 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.6• Total farming overheads '000 € 5.0 3.7 6.4 5.9 14.0 14.4 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.7 1.3 2.1 1.9 3.0 3.9 - Energy '000 € 1.1 1.4 2.6 2.7 7.9 6.8 - Contract work '000 € 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 2.1 2.5 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.3 1.1 1.1Depreciation '000 € 8.6 4.2 4.2 3.9 7.0 4.5Total external factors '000 € 7.4 7.0 12.3 7.5 14.1 10.8 - Wages paid '000 € 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 2.8 0.9 - Rent paid '000 € 5.5 6.5 11.5 6.7 9.9 9.9 - Interest paid '000 € 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.0

Own capital cost '000 € 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.8 2.2 4.3

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € -1.1 6.9 21.0 16.9 32.2 13.5FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU -1.0 8.4 20.9 21.5 25.4 12.5Farm net income (FNI) '000 € -8.6 -0.1 13.9 9.6 20.9 2.7Remuneration of family labour '000 € -9.9 -1.4 11.7 7.8 18.6 -1.6


112



Czech Republic

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 16.2 29.3 27.7 24.8 31.1 51.3 37.6 34.8 39.6 48.2Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 16.2 29.1 27.5 24.4 31.1 41.5 37.0 31.5 39.3 48.2Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 9.8 0.6 3.3 0.3


Own capital cost '000 € 4.3 5.6 4.7 3.8 -2.3 9.5 6.3 3.2 -0.7 2.2



113



Denmark

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 18.3 17.4 19.5 21.3 20.2 19.3 19.8 24.7 23.5 23.5Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 18.1 17.4 19.4 21.2 20.2 19.3 19.8 24.7 23.5 23.3Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2


Own capital cost '000 € 20.5 17.3 17.8 6.3 -8.3 2.3 2.4 3.8 5.9 15.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 23.3 22.8 30.7 57.4 32.9 19.2 40.8 52.7 71.5 52.7FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 32.7 32.2 42.0 77.5 46.9 27.7 61.3 76.2 100.2 75.1Farm net income (FNI) '000 € -2.5 -4.9 -1.4 16.1 -14.8 -27.2 -4.2 0.5 23.9 7.9Remuneration of family labour '000 € -22.9 -22.2 -19.1 9.8 -6.5 -29.5 -6.6 -3.3 18.0 -7.1


114



Germany

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 38.2 31.7 36.5 33.4 34.8 41.4 47.4 42.0 46.1 39.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 39.0 32.6 36.9 35.3 35.9 42.2 48.5 42.9 47.5 41.4Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.9 -0.9 -0.4 -1.9 -1.1 -0.8 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -1.5


Own capital cost '000 € 10.7 6.4 6.3 13.9 5.3 11.1 11.5 5.7 5.7 9.2



115



Greece

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013






Total Inputs '000 € 15.8 16.2 15.7 16.9 19.4 19.8 19.2 19.0 20.8 20.4Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 9.3 9.5 9.3 10.2 12.6 12.4 11.7 12.5 13.3 13.2• Total specific costs '000 € 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 7.3 7.1 6.4 6.7 7.0 6.7 - Seeds and plants '000 € 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.6 - Crop protection '000 € 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3• Total farming overheads '000 € 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.6 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.5 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 - Energy '000 € 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.1 - Contract work '000 € 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9Depreciation '000 € 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.2 4.3 3.6 4.3 4.1Total external factors '000 € 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 - Wages paid '000 € 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 - Rent paid '000 € 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.9 - Interest paid '000 € 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Own capital cost '000 € 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.7 2.9 6.5 10.8 6.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 8.3 7.7 8.5 14.3 9.5 7.0 10.3 11.1 9.6 7.6FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 12.9 11.1 13.0 21.7 13.0 10.2 14.9 20.6 18.0 14.3Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 5.4 4.4 5.5 11.2 6.5 3.7 7.2 8.2 6.4 4.4Remuneration of family labour '000 € 3.7 3.0 4.0 9.3 4.8 1.1 4.3 1.7 -4.5 -1.6


116



Spain

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 12.4 11.6 12.0 12.2 12.9 11.1 11.6 11.8 11.2 11.6Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 12.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 13.2 11.1 11.4 12.0 11.5 11.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2


Own capital cost '000 € 5.9 5.1 4.9 5.3 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.8 6.5 6.7



117



Estonia

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -2.5 -6.7 5.2 1.3 -0.9 -0.9 0.0



118



France

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 1.1 0.9 1.6 2.8 0.4 3.5 1.0 0.2 -0.4 1.2



119



Croatia

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sample farms number 65


Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 20.2Total labour input AWU 1.3 - Unpaid labour input AWU 1.1Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 30.3 - Rented U.A.A. ha 14.0Total livestock units LU 0.6

Total output '000 € 20.3Total output crops & products '000 € 19.8Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.4Other output '000 € 0.2

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 6.5Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 6.5Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 €

Total Inputs '000 € 21.7Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 15.7• Total specific costs '000 € 10.8 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.4 - Fertilisers '000 € 6.0 - Crop protection '000 € 2.0 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.3 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.1• Total farming overheads '000 € 4.9 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 1.0 - Energy '000 € 2.6 - Contract work '000 € 0.7 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.7Depreciation '000 € 3.5Total external factors '000 € 2.4 - Wages paid '000 € 0.8 - Rent paid '000 € 1.5 - Interest paid '000 € 0.2

Own capital cost '000 € 2.9

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 7.6FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 6.1Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 5.2Remuneration of family labour '000 € 2.3


120



Hungary

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 0.5 1.7 1.8 0.5 2.3 3.9 2.8 4.0 3.3 4.8



121



Ireland

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sample farms number 20 30 35 45 50 40 45 40 35


Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 39.7 44.9 35.5 35.5 44.6 51.0 57.2 63.6 54.5Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 - Unpaid labour input AWU 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 54.6 67.3 55.5 52.8 58.5 62.5 68.4 73.0 67.2 - Rented U.A.A. ha 19.9 22.7 17.7 13.4 16.8 21.8 23.6 24.8 19.9Total livestock units LU 2.8 4.4 3.4 3.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.4 10.5

Total output '000 € 45.9 66.4 71.5 53.0 46.5 82.0 97.6 99.6 92.6Total output crops & products '000 € 42.1 58.7 67.5 48.2 41.0 76.6 90.3 88.2 81.6Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.7 2.1 1.5 1.7 2.6 2.1 3.5 5.7 6.9Other output '000 € 3.1 5.6 2.5 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.8 5.7 4.1

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 21.6 27.2 23.5 24.5 23.6 25.6 26.3 26.1 24.7Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 21.9 27.3 24.0 23.1 23.7 26.1 27.0 26.6 25.3Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.3 -0.1 -0.5 1.4 0.0 -0.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.6

Total Inputs '000 € 42.7 58.0 47.1 55.2 55.1 65.1 77.9 92.8 84.7Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 29.6 40.4 33.5 41.1 41.3 48.6 58.8 69.0 62.4• Total specific costs '000 € 16.7 21.4 18.1 23.5 23.5 26.5 33.0 41.1 38.6 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.5 3.5 2.9 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.5 5.2 5.7 - Fertilisers '000 € 6.9 9.8 7.6 11.6 11.2 11.7 17.2 19.6 18.4 - Crop protection '000 € 6.7 7.4 6.7 7.0 6.7 8.8 9.2 13.2 10.2 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.1 3.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 €

- Other specific costs '000 € 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0• Total farming overheads '000 € 12.9 19.0 15.4 17.6 17.8 22.1 25.8 27.9 23.8 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.5 4.4 3.5 4.9 4.0 4.9 5.1 7.9 6.9 - Energy '000 € 1.9 2.8 2.2 3.0 3.2 4.2 5.5 6.8 6.2 - Contract work '000 € 7.4 10.3 7.9 8.1 7.4 8.8 11.2 9.2 6.9 - Other farming overheads '000 € 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 3.2 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.8Depreciation '000 € 5.5 8.0 6.5 8.4 7.0 8.5 8.7 11.4 11.5Total external factors '000 € 7.6 9.5 7.1 5.7 6.8 8.0 10.3 12.3 10.8 - Wages paid '000 € 2.0 2.5 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.6 2.1 2.3 - Rent paid '000 € 5.1 5.4 5.0 3.8 4.0 6.0 7.7 8.3 6.5 - Interest paid '000 € 0.5 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.0

Own capital cost '000 € 11.8 11.6 13.7 16.0 16.5 18.2 21.4 18.4 17.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 32.6 45.3 55.5 26.5 21.8 51.0 57.1 45.8 44.0FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 45.2 53.4 73.4 34.1 27.1 66.6 67.7 49.4 48.8Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 24.8 35.6 47.9 22.2 15.0 42.4 46.0 32.9 32.6Remuneration of family labour '000 € 12.9 24.0 34.3 6.2 -1.4 24.3 24.6 14.5 15.6


122



Italy

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.3 3.1 4.9 5.5 4.1 3.8 5.8



123



Lithuania

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 1.8 0.7 0.5 -0.5 -5.4 7.4 4.7 2.0 2.9 3.8



124



Latvia

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 19.9 22.1 23.5 35.2 53.9 38.5 39.6 38.2 22.3 27.0Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 16.8 16.5 21.9 32.5 46.6 34.2 34.2 27.9 22.3 27.0Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 3.1 5.6 1.6 2.7 7.2 4.3 5.5 10.2


Own capital cost '000 € -1.4 -1.5 -1.7 -7.5 -15.6 7.2 10.9 0.2 3.5 6.3



125


Austria

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 21.8 27.2 25.8 25.5 23.7 21.6 23.3 21.5 21.7 19.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 24.0 29.3 26.7 26.0 25.3 22.2 23.7 21.4 21.9 20.1Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -2.2 -2.1 -0.9 -0.6 -1.6 -0.5 -0.4 0.1 -0.3 -0.2

Total Inputs '000 € 43.0 41.3 39.4 42.4 47.1 51.1 48.2 49.9 55.5 54.1Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 24.9 23.7 23.1 25.9 29.7 30.2 28.9 31.4 36.0 32.9• Total specific costs '000 € 7.1 7.6 8.0 9.2 11.1 11.9 10.2 12.3 14.6 12.5 - Seeds and plants '000 € 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.2 - Fertilisers '000 € 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.7 5.0 5.6 4.0 6.0 7.3 5.7 - Crop protection '000 € 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.3 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1• Total farming overheads '000 € 17.8 16.1 15.2 16.7 18.6 18.3 18.7 19.1 21.5 20.4 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 5.7 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.3 - Energy '000 € 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.5 4.6 3.2 3.7 4.3 5.0 4.9 - Contract work '000 € 3.8 3.7 3.4 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.1 4.9 6.0 5.0 - Other farming overheads '000 € 4.6 5.0 4.3 3.6 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.3 5.1 5.2Depreciation '000 € 12.4 11.9 10.4 10.5 11.8 13.7 13.3 12.8 13.4 15.3Total external factors '000 € 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.6 7.2 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.9 - Wages paid '000 € 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.1 - Rent paid '000 € 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.8 4.1 - Interest paid '000 € 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.1 2.4 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7

Own capital cost '000 € 9.4 7.8 7.4 7.9 7.0 11.8 8.2 4.3 5.0 5.7

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 22.3 22.7 23.8 36.6 28.8 12.7 27.2 30.6 34.4 21.2FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 27.3 29.0 33.9 52.6 39.8 19.6 38.9 47.9 46.7 29.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 14.4 14.9 17.1 30.0 21.6 5.1 20.8 25.1 28.0 15.1Remuneration of family labour '000 € 5.0 7.1 9.7 22.1 14.6 -6.8 12.6 20.8 23.0 9.4


126



Poland

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 6.0 5.9 9.4 8.9 11.4 6.7 9.3 9.6 9.1 8.4Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 6.2 6.4 9.4 9.2 11.4 6.7 9.3 9.5 8.9 8.2Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2


Own capital cost '000 € 3.1 2.6 3.3 3.1 2.6 1.7 2.9 3.1 2.7 4.1



127



Portugal

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 13.8 12.5 13.5 18.8 10.0 9.7 16.0 13.8 9.4 9.8Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 13.4 12.5 12.7 18.8 10.0 9.7 16.0 13.8 9.4 9.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.4 0.8 -0.1 -0.1 0.0

Total Inputs '000 € 22.8 20.5 20.9 24.0 20.3 20.5 26.8 27.7 25.0 24.3Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 15.2 15.0 15.1 16.4 16.4 15.9 17.1 19.9 19.4 18.3• Total specific costs '000 € 7.9 7.1 7.6 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.4 10.5 9.5 10.1 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.7 2.9 2.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.6 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 - Crop protection '000 € 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.3• Total farming overheads '000 € 7.3 8.0 7.5 8.4 7.4 6.9 7.8 9.4 9.9 8.2 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 - Energy '000 € 2.7 3.3 3.1 4.5 3.4 2.7 3.7 5.0 5.2 3.9 - Contract work '000 € 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 - Other farming overheads '000 € 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.6Depreciation '000 € 5.9 3.8 4.1 4.0 2.4 3.3 3.3 4.1 3.5 4.1Total external factors '000 € 1.7 1.6 1.7 3.6 1.4 1.3 6.4 3.6 2.0 1.9 - Wages paid '000 € 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.8 0.1 0.5 4.7 1.6 1.0 0.9 - Rent paid '000 € 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.8 1.3 0.7 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.0 - Interest paid '000 € 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Own capital cost '000 € 2.4 3.4 2.1 2.6 2.8 6.3 5.2 7.5 6.4 6.8



128



Romania

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € 0.9 0.7 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.8 1.9



129



Finland

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013






Total Inputs '000 € 45.6 48.7 53.3 55.9 60.1 54.5 46.6 52.7 55.7 59.4Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 26.9 28.6 32.2 33.0 37.1 35.0 30.1 34.4 37.2 40.2• Total specific costs '000 € 9.2 9.5 11.1 10.6 12.0 14.2 9.2 10.8 12.1 13.8 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 - Fertilisers '000 € 4.9 5.2 5.8 5.6 6.0 9.0 4.7 5.7 6.5 7.5 - Crop protection '000 € 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.4 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5• Total farming overheads '000 € 17.7 19.1 21.1 22.4 25.0 20.8 20.9 23.6 25.1 26.4 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 5.5 6.2 6.2 7.1 7.1 6.2 6.3 7.0 6.8 7.6 - Energy '000 € 4.3 4.8 5.4 5.5 7.6 5.4 4.6 5.5 7.3 6.8 - Contract work '000 € 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 - Other farming overheads '000 € 6.0 6.4 7.7 7.9 7.9 6.7 7.3 8.3 8.3 9.4Depreciation '000 € 13.5 14.6 15.0 17.1 16.5 14.0 11.9 13.1 13.5 14.0Total external factors '000 € 5.1 5.5 6.2 5.9 6.5 5.5 4.6 5.2 5.0 5.2 - Wages paid '000 € 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 - Rent paid '000 € 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 - Interest paid '000 € 1.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1

Own capital cost '000 € 8.7 7.9 8.9 8.6 6.2 7.4 7.2 6.0 5.7 7.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 12.6 13.0 12.5 28.7 11.8 4.1 14.8 14.2 14.5 10.3FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 18.1 19.0 20.0 46.6 19.4 7.6 28.7 28.4 29.9 20.6Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 7.5 7.7 6.4 23.0 5.4 -1.3 10.2 9.1 9.6 5.2Remuneration of family labour '000 € -1.2 -0.2 -2.5 14.4 -0.8 -8.7 3.1 3.1 3.9 -1.8


130



Sweden

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013





Subsidies and taxes '000 € 30.2 26.8 27.7 27.6 26.5 29.0 25.9 28.4 27.4 29.3Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 30.2 26.8 27.7 27.6 26.5 29.0 25.9 28.4 27.4 29.3Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 €

Total Inputs '000 € 77.2 83.0 89.6 95.8 94.0 99.5 98.4 129.0 148.4 157.0Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 46.7 50.2 55.1 64.3 65.0 69.3 64.1 83.5 97.4 102.0• Total specific costs '000 € 20.2 21.5 26.0 30.8 29.6 35.6 27.9 34.5 43.4 45.2 - Seeds and plants '000 € 4.1 4.4 5.3 5.4 6.4 6.1 6.3 9.0 10.6 10.7 - Fertilisers '000 € 11.0 11.9 13.8 14.8 15.1 22.5 13.7 17.0 22.3 23.4 - Crop protection '000 € 3.9 3.7 4.4 6.1 5.1 4.8 5.8 6.3 7.5 7.4 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.7 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 1.0 0.9 2.0 4.0 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.9• Total farming overheads '000 € 26.5 28.7 29.1 33.5 35.4 33.7 36.2 49.0 54.1 56.9 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 6.8 7.5 7.1 9.4 9.7 9.3 9.6 12.7 14.2 15.9 - Energy '000 € 9.4 11.8 10.4 10.6 13.2 11.2 12.8 17.0 21.3 21.3 - Contract work '000 € 6.0 4.2 6.6 6.9 6.5 5.2 6.0 8.7 5.8 7.4 - Other farming overheads '000 € 4.3 5.3 5.0 6.7 6.0 8.0 7.9 10.6 12.8 12.3Depreciation '000 € 16.6 19.8 19.6 16.1 12.0 13.8 16.4 19.4 21.4 24.8Total external factors '000 € 13.9 13.0 14.9 15.3 17.0 16.4 17.9 26.1 29.6 30.2 - Wages paid '000 € 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.5 3.1 3.3 5.7 6.6 6.3 - Rent paid '000 € 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.6 8.7 9.0 10.1 12.2 13.5 15.3 - Interest paid '000 € 4.7 3.7 5.5 5.0 5.9 4.3 4.5 8.1 9.4 8.6

Own capital cost '000 € 10.8 10.8 11.4 9.3 5.6 7.1 8.7 7.7 6.9 10.1

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 24.4 18.4 19.2 62.1 47.2 11.3 32.9 50.5 51.6 47.1FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 30.8 20.0 21.1 72.3 58.7 13.8 39.5 58.8 56.5 47.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 10.5 5.5 4.2 46.8 30.1 -5.1 15.1 24.4 22.0 16.9Remuneration of family labour '000 € -0.2 -5.4 -7.1 37.5 24.5 -12.2 6.4 16.7 15.1 6.8


131



Slovakia

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013







Own capital cost '000 € -2.2 3.2 -1.1 4.5 0.6 6.3 5.9 0.8 1.2 4.5

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 40.1 12.6 18.8 103.1 66.1 0.7 68.4 86.7 68.2 112.0FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 11.8 2.5 5.7 22.8 15.3 0.1 15.0 21.2 17.0 22.4Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 22.3 -18.6 1.3 70.5 28.3 -48.5 16.9 39.8 26.7 40.5Remuneration of family labour '000 € 24.4 -21.7 2.4 65.9 27.7 -54.8 11.0 39.0 25.5 36.0


132



Slovenia

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sample farms number 15 35 30

Farms represented number 800 1400 1300

Economic size (Standard Output) 000 € 11.4 11.1 10.6Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.7 0.8 - Unpaid labour input AWU 0.8 0.7 0.8Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 13.8 14.0 13.6 - Rented U.A.A. ha 7.0 5.3 5.1Total livestock units LU 0.6 0.4 0.7

Total output '000 € 17.2 19.0 12.9Total output crops & products '000 € 15.3 18.2 11.6Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.3 0.1 0.3Other output '000 € 1.5 0.7 1.0

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 10.1 8.5 10.8Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 9.1 8.5 10.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 1.0 0.0 -0.1

Total Inputs '000 € 20.1 21.1 21.8Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 14.0 14.7 15.3• Total specific costs '000 € 6.6 7.4 7.6 - Seeds and plants '000 € 1.8 1.7 1.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 3.3 4.0 4.0 - Crop protection '000 € 1.0 1.2 1.2 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.2 0.2 0.4 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.2 0.3 0.2• Total farming overheads '000 € 7.4 7.3 7.6 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.2 2.2 2.0 - Energy '000 € 2.4 2.6 3.4 - Contract work '000 € 1.9 1.5 1.3 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.9 1.0 0.9Depreciation '000 € 5.1 5.6 5.7Total external factors '000 € 1.0 0.8 0.8 - Wages paid '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 - Rent paid '000 € 0.7 0.6 0.6 - Interest paid '000 € 0.2 0.1 0.1

Own capital cost '000 € 2.6 3.1 3.6

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 7.2 7.3 2.8FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 8.5 10.6 3.6Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 7.2 6.4 1.9Remuneration of family labour '000 € 4.6 3.4 -1.7

Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies – taxes) – intermediate consumption – depreciation

133



United Kingdom

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013






Total Inputs '000 € 152.1 162.8 164.6 183.8 157.3 160.0 170.4 166.0 161.5 197.7Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 99.0 105.7 107.7 123.0 109.7 112.5 115.0 108.0 110.7 129.6• Total specific costs '000 € 49.0 52.1 52.6 56.6 54.9 62.1 58.4 55.3 63.0 69.2 - Seeds and plants '000 € 7.4 7.8 7.6 8.0 7.8 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.5 12.3 - Fertilisers '000 € 16.8 18.7 19.5 21.1 20.6 28.7 23.6 23.6 27.5 29.1 - Crop protection '000 € 20.3 20.6 20.1 21.7 19.8 18.8 19.9 16.7 17.6 20.2 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 4.5 2.6 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 - Other specific costs '000 € 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9• Total farming overheads '000 € 50.0 53.6 55.1 66.4 54.8 50.4 56.6 52.7 47.7 60.3 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 15.2 16.5 17.1 21.2 15.0 15.5 17.3 8.4 7.5 10.3 - Energy '000 € 8.6 10.8 11.9 13.9 15.6 11.4 14.1 13.7 13.9 16.4 - Contract work '000 € 10.5 10.7 10.5 13.6 10.6 10.0 11.0 14.7 11.0 16.5 - Other farming overheads '000 € 15.7 15.6 15.6 17.8 13.5 13.5 14.2 15.9 15.3 17.1Depreciation '000 € 24.1 26.4 24.8 28.5 25.2 25.5 30.4 32.3 33.3 39.1Total external factors '000 € 28.9 30.7 32.1 32.3 22.4 22.0 25.0 25.7 17.5 29.0 - Wages paid '000 € 13.1 14.3 15.8 15.6 11.0 10.7 12.2 9.7 8.2 13.4 - Rent paid '000 € 9.9 8.5 10.7 10.3 7.0 8.0 9.6 10.3 6.7 9.7 - Interest paid '000 € 6.0 7.8 5.6 6.5 4.4 3.3 3.2 5.7 2.7 6.0

Own capital cost '000 € 25.9 23.0 23.4 29.9 18.4 18.6 18.0 10.7 15.6 20.9

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 40.4 41.0 68.1 116.0 76.8 49.3 99.1 85.3 67.5 64.9FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 28.7 27.4 44.6 76.8 55.1 36.9 67.9 71.6 49.9 47.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 11.7 10.5 36.0 84.7 54.5 27.5 74.3 59.7 50.0 36.2Remuneration of family labour '000 € -14.2 -12.5 12.6 54.8 36.1 9.0 56.3 49.0 34.3 15.3


134

European Commission

EU Cereal farms reportbased on 2013 FADN

Disclaimer:This publication does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Contact:European CommissionDG Agriculture & Rural Development,Microeconomic analysis of EU agricultural holdingsEconomic analysis of EU agricultureE-mail: [email protected]: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/index.cfm

This report provides an overview of costs of production, margins and income of farms specialised in the production of cereals in the EU. The analysis is based on the 2013 FADN data.

European CommissionDirectorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture

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