Ethnic Inequality

New Term

• Structural Violence/Structurally Violent Society – The way in which a group within society is exploited through the denial of their rights (even in a peaceful society)

Colonial Rule

Colonial Rule

• Often grouped peoples based on colonial land boundaries not on ethnic decent

War as the final outcome of ethnic inequality

• Often wars in the developing world involve two or more ethnic groupings

• Ayoob (2001) all states went through this process and as the state modernises they will become less common (modernisation theory)

Dependency theory begs to differ…

• Wars are caused by deepening poverty caused by western nations

• The availability of weapons (normally made by the 5 permanent members of the UN security council)

• Aid strengthens inequalities with aid going to one group over another

• Ethnic divisions and imposed borders

The Results

• Refugees and forced migration

Apartheid

• Systematic racial segregation from 1948-1994 and unofficially afterwards

• This included laws preventing marriages, restricting job roles, limiting voting and living arrangements and education opportunities

Apartheid Now

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlrTtc50PR0

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK20uHWTGdQ

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gitr8KtuLPc

Education

• The right to learn in your own language• All lessons in Afrikaans or English based on ethnicity• Today the boundaries have been removed but…• Not all languages support every subject• University entry exams are in English• Despite Zulu making up 23.8% of speakers and

Xhosa 17.6%• Afrikaans and English make up 13.3% and 8.2%

respectively

Other Educational Issues

• Majority of textbooks are written in the dominant language

• Excludes parental assistance• Makes the child unattractive as an employee• http://

www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19803878

Ecuador

• Ecuador 221 million children speak a different language at home than at school

• The malnutrition rates among these groups are over twice that of those who speak the dominant language

Bolivia

• Compared to Spanish speakers those who speak Amyara end up with 2 years less in school and Quecha speakers 4 less