ETHICS IN RESEARCH.pptx

8/14/2019 ETHICS IN RESEARCH.pptx

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A branch of philosophy that involvesclarification of the should andought of individuals and society.

Deals with:

should and should nots that arerelated to behavior or actions takenby an individual.

The questions of why an action isreprehensible or not reprehensible.


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What are the ethicalissues in this example?


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Research investigators should be aware

of the ethical,legal, and regulatoryrequirements for research on human

subjects in their own countries as wellas applicable internationalrequirements. No national ethical,legal orregulatory requirement should

be allowed to reduce oreliminate anyof the protections for human subjectssetforth in the Declaration ofHelsinki (Helsinki, 2004, 9).


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Do no harm to the people involved in our study

Examples of harm:

exploitation (ex: drug trials)physical, emotional, psychological, economic,social (examples)

Respect for person (Harm: violation of dignity

(examples) Respect for autonomy (harm: deception, undue

inducement)


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Violation of traditions


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Exploitation taking unfair advantage

of another for ones own interest;

wrongful instrumentalization of one

party for the benefit of another; taking

advantage of altruism/kindness

- undue inducement

(Ezekiel J. Emanuel2005. The American Journal of Bioethics5(5)


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To protect rights andwelfare of research

participantsand

to protect the wider society orcommunity within which theresearch is being conducted


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Ethical regulations or guidelines

Law

Universal principles of human

rights


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In research, help to make and to justifydecisions

Are abstract and difficult to implement in

practical situations Key phrases:

Voluntary participation

Informed consent

Risk of harm Confidentiality

Anonymity


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Respect for human dignity

Respect for free and informedconsent

Respect for vulnerable persons

Respect for privacy andconfidentiality

Respect for justice and inclusiveness Balancing harms and benefits

Minimizing harm

Maximizing benefit


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Cardinal Principle

Basis of ethical obligations

Two essential components The selection and achievement of

morally acceptable ends

The morally acceptable means to thoseends

Protect the multiple andinterdependent interests of theperson (bodily, psychological,cultural integrity)


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Presumption that individuals have capacity and right tomake free and informed decisions

In research = dialogue, process, rights, duties,

requirements for free and informed consent by theresearch subject

Your research cannotproceed without consent

Consent must bemaintained throughout


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Ethical obligations towards vulnerable persons Diminished competence

Diminished decision-making capacity

Entitled to special protection, special procedures toprotect their interests

Entitlement (based on grounds of human dignity,caring, solidarity, fairness) to special protection against

abuse, exploitation, discrimination


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Balance critical to ethics of human research

Foreseeable harms should not outweigh

anticipated benefits Harms-benefits analysis affects welfare and

rights of subjects


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i.e., fairness and equity

Procedural justice

Application process Distributive justice

Harms and benefits


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Duty to avoid, prevent or minimizeharm

No unnecessary risk of harm

Participation must be essential toachieving scientifically andsocietally important aims thatcannot be realized without theparticipation of human subjects

Minimizing harm requires smallestnumber of human subjects that willensure valid data


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The duty to benefit others

The duty to maximize net

benefits Produce benefits for subjects

themselves, other individuals

Produce benefits for society as awhole and for the advancementof knowledge (usually theprimary benefit)


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Quantitative Logic rests on generalizability &

representativeness

Sample size is criterion for judging rigour

Respondents can refuse to answer questions

Qualitative approaches Designed to best reflect experiences

Therefore most qualitative research less formally

structured Logic rests on notice of saturation the point at

which no new insights are likely to be obtained

Saturation guides sample size


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QuantitativeTechniques

Can be easier Anonymity of

the firmsometimesimpossible

Pseudonymscommon butdo noteliminateproblem

QualitativeTechniques

Smallersample sizes

Informedconsent morecritical

Problemswith datapresentation/ publication


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Follow code of ethics

Objectivity

No misrepresentation Preserve anonymity and

confidentiality

Competing research proposals


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Right to informed consent

Obligation to be truthful

Right to privacy Right to confidentiality

Right to no harm

Right to be informed


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The language you use is very,very important. What may be

clear to you may not be clear tothe reader. The reader, who isyour prospective participant, isin a different world than you

dont expect the reader to readyour mind, to know yourintentions.


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Poverty


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Age

GenderEthnicity

Impaired capacity


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http://www.fotoevidence.com/sites/default/files/iveraldas09.jpg


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Consult our vulnerable research subjects

Our knowledge about the risks from the

methodology Guidance from ethics review committee


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FGD

Participant observation (debate)Visual documentation


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Autonomycapability to decide freely

knowledge about the research& role in it

risks, benefits

Comprehension

Process of decision

makingFreedom to decide

Undue inducement


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Before the actual study- know your study group as much asyou could

- prepare your own personalmentality, psychology, ethicalcompetence- be ready to forego/stop the studywhen risk of harm is ethically

unacceptable- when you are not preparedfinancially, methodologically, time-wise to make adjustments for ethicalrequirements


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During the study

- make periodic ethical audit

- reaffirm/reiterate consent (for qualitativestudy)

- make clear plan for withdrawal and post

research work


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Post research

- did you go back to validate?

- to discuss how community will use theresults?

- did you have concrete plan (not merely

promises) for post research benefit tocommunity?


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The researchers in the Philippine team areall active in advocacies and projects forsocial justice. We directly work withunderserved/ impoverishedcommunities as volunteers. All thesenior researchers are also academics -

straddling academia and socialactivism. We believe that gender is adeterminant of poverty and ill health.


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Responsibilities

ethics audit

guidemonitor (adverse eventreporting)

Composition

Competence

Conflict of interest


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why we do it?

knowledge about the questions

we ask or subject matter to:focus

use in writing the analytic

frameworkdecide on methodology


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good bad

Coherent enumeration of

(the main message authors & dataper paragraph is clear) main messagenot clear

RRL is your chance to make your caseabout the significance of your study andyour assumptions


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plagiarism is wrong (even if unintentional) (del Castillo SC)

when does plagiarism takeplace?

citation style


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Thank you very much


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ETHICS IN RESEARCH.pptx

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