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Transcript of Estimates of Energy Expenditure During Swimming Utilizing an Omnidirectional Accelerometer Jeanne D....
Estimates of Energy Expenditure During Swimming Utilizing an
Omnidirectional Accelerometer
Jeanne D. Johnston and Joel M. Stager, FACSMCounsilman Center for the Science of Swimming
Human Performance LaboratoryDepartment of Kinesiology, Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN
Liljestrand & Stenstrom, 1920
Current Methods to Estimate the Energy Expenditure of Swimming Published tables
Regression equations developed using oxygen consumption and swimming velocity
Indirect calorimetry
Energy Balance of Swimmers
Primarily collegiate swimmers High intensity, long distance, interval, taper Swimming energy expenditure
4300-8,970 meters/day 732-2293 kcal per training session
Total Daily Expenditure Methods: Caloric intake, Doubly labeled water
(Jones and Leitch, 1993;Trappe, et al., 1997) 6,000-17,500 meters/day; 2,622-5593 kcals/day
Accelerometry
Based on the assumption that limb movement and body acceleration are proportional to the muscular forces responsible for the accelerations (Bouten, et al., 1996).
Actical (Mini-Mitter Corporation) is an omnidirectional accelerometer measuring 37x29x9 mm and weighing 17 grams
Dependent on the orientation of the accelerometer
Does not measure acceleration perpendicular to the primary axis
Purpose
Evaluate the efficacy of an omnidirectional accelerometer (ODA) to quantify swimming energy expenditure (SWE) and assess overall swim training dosage.
Phase I: Generation of an algorithm for SWE from ODA output
Phase II: Monitor collegiate practice to quantify training dosage.
Methods
Eight men (26.5 years, +/-8.8) and 10 women (27.1 years, +/-9.8)
400 yard front crawl swims (light, moderate, and hard intensity)
Swimming velocity .82-1.51 m·sec-1 An ODA was worn on the right wrist, waist, and
right leg Expired gases were collected for 20 seconds at
the completion of each swim Multiple regression techniques were utilized to
develop the algorithm for SWE (kcalkg-1min-1)
Results
There were significant correlations between the linear acceleration of limbs (ODA counts) and oxygen uptake.
Degree of correlation depends on sex of subject
Arm Leg Waist
Male .345 .820** .431*
Female .741** .421* .231
Correlation Significant at .01**, .05* (2-tailed)
Figure 1: Average ODA Output for Males at Light, Moderate, and Hard Intensity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Light Moderate Hard
Intensity of 400 Yard Swim
Av
era
ge
O
DA
Ou
tpu
t (C
ou
nts
/Min
ute
)
Arm
Leg
Waist
Figure 2: Average ODA Output for Females at Light, Moderate, and Hard Intensity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Light Moderate Hard
Intensity of 400 Yard Swim
Av
era
ge
OD
A O
utp
ut
(Co
un
ts/M
inu
te)
Arm
Leg
Waist
Figure 3. SWE Predicted from ODA Leg Counts, Age and Height (Males)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Measured Energy Expenditure (kcal/kg/min)
Pre
dic
ted
En
erg
y E
xpen
dit
ure
(kc
al/k
g/m
in)
Figure 4. SWE Predicted from ODA Counts, Age, and Height (Females)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Measured Energy Expenditure (kcal/kg/min)
Pre
dic
ted
En
erg
y
Ex
pe
nd
itu
re (
kc
al/k
g/m
in)
R2 = 0.72, SEE = .0333 kcalkg-1min-1
R2= 0.62, SEE = .0432 kcalkg-1min-1
Phase II: Training Dose
Purpose: Utilize the accelerometer output to quantify “physiological load” of a workout set, workout, and or weekly training plan.
Methods Two female collegiate Monitored 3 days of swim practice Accelerometers were worn on their wrist and ankle Heart rate was recorded throughout practice
Practices varied in time, distance swam, and intensity
Leg Acceleromter Counts (Day2/Subject1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Acc
eler
om
eter
Co
un
ts/1
5 S
eco
nd
s)
2X400FS 2X200 Pull 5X50/10X50 Rest 18X100 Kick Cool
2X300BK 2x100 IM Fly, Back, Breast, FS on 45 Down
Arm Acceleromter Counts (Day2/Subject1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Acc
eler
om
eter
Co
un
ts/1
5 S
ec
2X400FS 2X200 Pull 5X50/10X50 Rest 18X100 Kick Cool2X300BK 2x100 IM Fly, Back, Breast, FS on 45 Down
Day 1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Time (minutes)
Co
un
ts/1
5 S
eco
nd
sDay 2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0:00
0:10
0:20
0:30
0:40
0:50
1:00
1:10
1:20
1:30
1:40
1:50
2:00
Time (minutes)
Co
un
ts/1
5 se
c
Day 3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Time (minutes)
Co
un
ts/1
5 se
c
Breakdown of Day 2 Swim Practice
58%27%
5%
10%
Sw im
Kick
Pull
Rest
Conclusions
ODA may provide a means to quantify daily or weekly energy expenditure allowing for the examination of energy balance of the athlete.
ODA may provide a means of quantifying a workout or series of workouts
ODA may allow for evaluation of the relative “load” that a segment or cumulative training plan might represent.
Provides insight into the intensity, repetition and time of a workout.
Potential Applications
Evaluation of the contribution of leg and arm separately
Quantification of total swim effort and rest time.
Monitor stroke technique based on observed insufficient arm or leg counts
Assessment of inter-individual practice effort.
Future Applications
• Kcals/minute or total kcals per session
• Establish cut-off points based on total counts/session for light, moderate and hard training session
ArmCts/min
LegCts/min
Arm& Leg
Cts/min
Arm & Leg
Cts/Meter
TotalCounts
Distance Description
Day 1
4984 9339 14383 506 1226146 2,424 ShortIntense
Day 2
5676 9129 14805 253 1821043 7,200 LongIntense
Day 3
3687 8225 11912 229 1372858 5,990 ModerateModerate
Acknowledgements
United States Master Swimming Mini-Mitter Corporation, Bend, Oregon Indiana University Women’s Swimming Graduate Students
Jeff Web Colleen McCracken Franny Benay