Essential Questions

United States History – Unit Two

1. How has the nature of democracy in the U.S. changed as society has grown and changed?

2. How did the conflict between the forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism shape the economic, political, social, and cultural structure of America during the antebellum period?

(Chapters 7-9)

Unit Two Course ObjectivesObjective 2.01 – • The rationale for and the consequences of Manifest Destiny• The federal Indian policy before the Civil War • The political and economic importance of the WestObjective 2.02 – • Cultural expressions of patriotism• Celebrating the common man and the American way of life• Influence of the Transcendentalist MovementObjective 2.03 – • Transformation of life and the Industrial revolution• Cultural polarization of Antebellum AmericaObjective 2.04 – • Political agendas of antebellum leaders• Concepts of “Jacksonian Democracy” • Slave revolts• States’ Rights • Era of Good FeelingObjective 2.05 – • Women’s rights• Temperance movement• Improvement of social institutions (prisons, mental health, education)• Development of Utopian Communities

Objective 2.06 – • Second Great Awakening• Moral Dilemma of Slavery• The Abolitionist Movement

Unit Two Key Vocabulary (part one)

• Election of 1796• “Era of Good Feelings”• Tariff of 1816• Protectionism• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818)• Cumberland Road (1811-1816)• Seminole War (1817-1818)• American System• Henry Clay• Adams-Onis Treaty/ Transcontinental

Treaty (1819)• Panic of 1819• Land Speculation• Specie• McCulloch verses Maryland (1819)• John Marshall• National Supremacy• Industrial Revolution• Factory System/ Samuel Slater• Tallmadge Amendment• Stephen F. Austin

• Liberia/ Monrovia• Erie Canal (1825)• Gibbons verses Ogden (1824)• Francis Cabot Lowell• Cyrus McCormick• Elias Howe• Samuel F.B. Morse• Robert Fulton• Peter Cooper• Pony Express• Election of 1820• Missouri Compromise of 1820• Election of 1824• National Republicans• Tariff of 1828/ Tariff of Abominations

James Monroe (1817-1825)

I. Biographical InformationA. Monroe was born in 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He Died on July 4, 1831.B. He became the 5th President of the U.S. in 1817. Elbridge Gerry served his second term as Vice President.

C. He was the member of the Republican Party. D. He served as Minister to France from 1794-96.E. He helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.F. He selected John Q. Adams as his Secretary of State.

II. EventsA. Election of 1816 - Monroe defeated Rufus King (Federalist) 183-34

B. Monroe’s two terms in office were referred to as the “Era of Good Feelings.”1. A time of peace in the U.S. 2. There were no major political party differences.

C. Tariff of 1816 - Congress raised tariff rates on certain goods after the war to help raise govt. revenue and help protect U.S. manufacturers from foreign competition (protective tariff).

3. Republicans dominated the north, south, and west, but political factions over issues like the national bank, tariffs, and slavery would continue.

D. Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817- Signed between England and the U.S.1. It called for disarmament of the Great Lakes Region by both sides.2. It made the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border.3. Agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years.

E. (1818) - The presidential palace is rebuilt after the War of 1812 and is renamed the “White House.”

F. (1818) - The first federal (national) road is built known as the Cumberland Road.

1. It connected Baltimore to Wheeling, Virginia.2. It was 130 miles long, and would eventually

extend to Vandalia, Illinois.3. It was built between 1811-1818.

G. (1817-1818) Andrew Jackson defeats the Seminole Indians in Florida known as the Seminole War.

H. Henry Clay’s American System1. He was a Senator from Kentucky.2. He believed that a stronger national government

would benefit all sections of the U.S.3. He supported a protective tariff that would be placed on all imported goods in

the U.S. He claimed that this would protect American manufacturers.

- It would force Americans to buy from Americans and not other countries.

- The bank bill passed.

4. The tariff did not benefit the South and West. It forced them to buy from the North, who then raised their prices, or they could buy from Europe and have to pay.

5. Clay also wanted to re-charter the National Bank which had expired in 1811.

- This tariff seemed to benefit the North, because most of the industries were located there.

- It mainly benefited the northern businesses.6. He also pushed for internal improvements for roads and canals.7. His plan was very similar to Alexander Hamilton’s plan.

I. Adams-Onis Treay (Transcontinental Treaty of 1819) - It was signed between

the Spanish Foreign Minister Luis de Onis and Sect. of State John Q. Adams.

1. It was a historic agreement between the United States and Spain that settled a border dispute in North America between the two nations. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights.

2. Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. for five million dollars. 3. The treaty also drew a definite boundary between Mexico and the Louisiana

Territory along the 42nd parallel.

J. Western States’ Objectives:

1. Cheap Money (loose money) – easy credit from state banks rather than from the bank of the U.S.

2. Wanted land at low prices from the government. 3. Wanted improved transportation from the West to the East.

K. Panic of 1819

1. Brought on by rapid westward expansion and bad management of banks.

2. Led to extensive land speculation – buying large amounts of land with the intention of selling it for a profit.

3. It forced up land prices. 4. Congress required the repayment of debts in specie – gold or silver. 5. The second national bank enforced this. 6. Farmers did not have the specie and could not repay their loans. 7. Led to many foreclosures on farm land. 8. Resulted in a deep resentment for the national bank by the West and South.

L. Tallmadge Amendment (1820) - New York Congressman, James Tallmadge, proposed that Missouri gradually free its slaves after becoming a state. It was passed by the House, but killed by the Senate.1. It caused a heated debate of the issue of slavery in new territories. Southerners

perceived it as a threat to their power.

M. (1819) - McCulloch v. Maryland Case 1. In order to protest the national bank, the state of Maryland tried to tax the

national bank.2. Chief Justice John Marshall, appointed by Adams in 1800, ruled that states

could not use their powers to tax the national bank.3. Marshall and the court ruled that the national bank was

constitutional according to the “necessary and proper clause” – Article I, section 8, clause 18

4. This case was important because it established the principle of “National Supremacy” – the national government will have the final say in matters against the states.

5. Marshall will be known for strengthening the power of the Supreme Court during his tenure as Supreme Court Justice.

N. Monroe Doctrine (1823) 1. James Monroe established a new foreign policy concerning European

countries from colonizing in the Americas. He sided with England and they helped enforce it with their Royal Navy.

2. He said, “Do not meddle with the western hemisphere countries, and we will not meddle in European country affairs.”

O. Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution – from farms to factories1. Before the war of 1812, there were approximately 94 percent farmers.2. After the war, the U.S. began to change from an agricultural to a more industrial economy.3. New inventions led to what would be known as the “Factory System.”“Factory System.”4. Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater built the first successful textile factory in the U.S. built beside a waterfall in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He became known as the “father of the American Factory System.”5. Cyrus McCormick’sCyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper made harvesting wheat much easier.

6. John Deere’sJohn Deere’s steel-tipped plow made planting crops faster and easier.7. Elias HoweElias Howe invented a much-improved sewing machine, which added efficiency in the production of clothing and shoes. Isaac SingerIsaac Singer perfected it.8. Samuel F.B. Morse’sSamuel F.B. Morse’s invention of the telegraph and Morse Code revolutionized communication in the U.S.

9. James Watt, a Scotsman is credited with the invention of the first practical steam engine. Oliver EvansOliver Evans became the first American to develop a high-pressure steam engine.

10. Francis Cabot LowellFrancis Cabot Lowell invented a power loom which enabled weavers to keep up with the spinners of thread in the textile factories.

P. Improved TransportationImproved Transportation1. Cumberland Road (National Road)Cumberland Road (National Road)2. Travelers in the West, between the

Appalachians and the Mississippi River, often used flatboats and keelboats for travel and for floating goods to market.

• They were propelled upstream by men walking back and forth using long poles to push the boat along.

3. Robert FultonRobert Fulton is credited with building the first practical steamboat named the Clermont. Averaged 5 mph upstream. 4. The first canal was built in 1825 - Erie CanalErie Canal. • The canal ran a distance of 363 miles to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie. “Clinton’s Ditch”5. In 1830, the first thirteen-mile stretch of track was opened named the Baltimore and Ohio Baltimore and Ohio RailroadRailroad. On this line, Peter Cooper’s engine, the Tom Thumb, made a trial run. • by 1840, the U.S. had nearly 3,000 miles of track.6. America’s greatest contribution to the history of sailing vessels was the Clipper ShipClipper Ship. Increases sailing time by one-half. Logged 465 miles in 24 hours.

Q. Improved CommunicationsImproved Communications1. In the early 1800’s, a letter sent from Maine to Georgia took twenty days.2. Postal rates were set according to distance.3. A one-page letter delivered by Pony Express within a distance of 30 miles was eight cents. Over 400 miles would cost you $6.25.4. The Pony Express, a private company, was started in 1860 t carry the U.S. mail between St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California. • At stations along the way, riders changed horses every 75 miles. 5. The Pony Express would be eventually put out of business by the telegraph.

R. Election of 1820Election of 1820, Monroe won all of the electoral votes except one.

S. Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820 - proposed by Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser) to satisfy both free soilers and slave state supporters.1. It was concerned with the creation of new slave states.2. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states in the Union at the time.3. Missouri will be admitted as a slave state; Maine as a free state.4. It also created the 36-30 degree Latitude Line. All new states created above the line would be free and all new states created below the line would be slave.

T. (1822) - Stephen AustinStephen Austin founds the first American settlement in Texas.

U. (1822) - Freed U.S. slaves found LiberiaLiberia on the West Coast of Africa.

• Monroe supported the colonization of freed slaves outside the U.S. His support earned him the honor of having the capital named after himself- Monrovia.

V. (1824) - A border dispute with Russia is settled at 54-50 degrees North. W. (1824) - Gibbons v. Ogden CaseGibbons v. Ogden Case - The Supreme Court ruled against a transportation monopoly granted by the New York state legislature to Robert Livingston and Robert Fulton.• Transporting people across the Hudson River to New Jersey involved interstate commerce, which was a power granted to the Federal govt. in the Constitution.

X. Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), and Alabama (1819)

Y. Hudson River School for the Arts (1817) - A group of American landscape painters of the mid-nineteenth century, who took a Romantic approach to depicting the Hudson River Valley, as well as lands further west.

1. As the American frontier moved westward, the Hudson River painters' views of this expanding territory found an enthusiastic audience.

2. Many painters of this school were influenced by their reading of a book, Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste by Archibald Alison. In his book Alison claims that the beauty and grandeur of unspoiled nature can inspire good moral qualities.

3. Established a spirit of nationalism. Ex. Frederick Church

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams (1825-1829) (1825-1829)

I. I. Biographical InformationBiographical InformationA.A. Born in 1767, in Braintree, MassachusettsBorn in 1767, in Braintree, MassachusettsB. He became our B. He became our 66thth President President of the U.S. of the U.S. C. John C. Calhoun was chosen as his V.P. C. John C. Calhoun was chosen as his V.P. D. D. He was the first President who was a son of a He was the first President who was a son of a President.President.E. He was known for being humorless, self-righteous, short, E. He was known for being humorless, self-righteous, short, pudgy, and stubborn.pudgy, and stubborn.F. He was the first President to wear long trousers instead F. He was the first President to wear long trousers instead of knee breeches.of knee breeches.G. He studied law at Harvard, and became a lawyer.G. He studied law at Harvard, and became a lawyer.H. In 1809, he became Minister to Russia.H. In 1809, he became Minister to Russia.I. In 1814, he helped draw up the Treaty of Ghent.I. In 1814, he helped draw up the Treaty of Ghent.J. He was Monroe’s Secretary of State.J. He was Monroe’s Secretary of State.K. He drew up the Monroe Doctrine.K. He drew up the Monroe Doctrine.

I. I. EventsEventsA. A. Election of 1824Election of 18241. This election followed the “Era of Good Feelings”, and no 1. This election followed the “Era of Good Feelings”, and no candidate really claimed a political party.candidate really claimed a political party.2. 2. JacksonJackson – 99, – 99, AdamsAdams – 84, – 84, CrawfordCrawford – 41, and – 41, and ClayClay - 37 - 373. It had to be decided by the House of Reps because there 3. It had to be decided by the House of Reps because there was not a majority of the electoral vote in favor of one was not a majority of the electoral vote in favor of one candidate. The top three candidates were voted on.candidate. The top three candidates were voted on.4. Crawford had a stroke and removed himself from 4. Crawford had a stroke and removed himself from consideration leaving just Jackson and Adams.consideration leaving just Jackson and Adams. 5. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, threw his support to 5. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, threw his support to Adams, because Adams supported his “American system.”Adams, because Adams supported his “American system.”6. Adams became our 66. Adams became our 6thth President, John C. Calhoun President, John C. Calhoun became the V.P. became the V.P. 7. 7. After the election, Adams named Clay his Sect. of StateAfter the election, Adams named Clay his Sect. of State..

8. Jackson referred to the election of 1824 as the “Corrupt 8. Jackson referred to the election of 1824 as the “Corrupt Bargain.”Bargain.” 9. As a result of the election, new political parties formed.9. As a result of the election, new political parties formed.

10. The Federalists changed their name to the 10. The Federalists changed their name to the National National RepublicansRepublicans (led by Adams), and the Republicans became (led by Adams), and the Republicans became the the DemocratsDemocrats (led by Jackson). (led by Jackson).

11. 11. This was the first election in which a popular vote This was the first election in which a popular vote was counted in a presidential election, not just state was counted in a presidential election, not just state electors.electors.B. Adams’ National Agenda:B. Adams’ National Agenda:1. He tried to improve the national economy.1. He tried to improve the national economy.2.2. He endorsed Clay’s “American System”He endorsed Clay’s “American System”3. He collected high tariffs to fund projects to improve the 3. He collected high tariffs to fund projects to improve the

economy.economy.4. He had canals, lighthouses, and roads built.4. He had canals, lighthouses, and roads built.5. He pushed for settlers to explore the western territories.5. He pushed for settlers to explore the western territories.

C. Because of politics, he accomplishes very little as C. Because of politics, he accomplishes very little as President. The Democrats blocked all of his legislation.President. The Democrats blocked all of his legislation.

D. The Southerners referred to Adams’ D. The Southerners referred to Adams’ Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828 as as the the “Tariff of Abominations.”“Tariff of Abominations.”

E. Adams was not effective as President.E. Adams was not effective as President.F. He would be easily defeated by Jackson in the Election F. He would be easily defeated by Jackson in the Election of 1828, but would serve in the House of Reps. From 1831 of 1828, but would serve in the House of Reps. From 1831 until his death in 1848 at the age of 79.until his death in 1848 at the age of 79.

Unit Two Key Vocabulary (part two)• Nominating conventions• Age of Jackson• Political Party System• “Common Man”• Spoils System• Kitchen Cabinet• Democratic Party• “Indian Killer”• Hermitage• “Old Hickory”• Indian Removal Act of 1830• Nat Turner• Oregon Trail (1843)• Whig Party• Roger B. Taney• Texas Revolution (1836)• Santa Anna• Alamo• Sam Houston• “Remember the Alamo” (1836)• Battle of San Jacinto (1836)• Trail of Tears (1838)• Worcester verses Georgia (1832)• Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)• Civil Disobedience• Ralph Waldo Emerson• Seneca Falls Convention• Cult of Domesticity• National Trades Union (1834)• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Sarah and Angela Grimke• Declaration of Sentiments

• Election of 1832• Election of 1836• Tariff of 1832• Nullification• John C. Calhoun• Henry Clay• National Bank/ Nicholas Biddle• “Pet Banks”• Specie Circular (1836)• Alex de Tocqueville’s Speech• “King Andrew”• “Old Kinderhook” • Panic of 1837• Corrupt Bargain• Eaton Affair• Force Bill• Election of 1840• Log Cabin and Cider campaign• Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!• Van, Van is a Used Up Man!• Charles Finney• Second Great Awakening• Revival• Utopian Communities• Mormons/ Latter Day Saints• Joseph Smith/ Brigham Young• Brook Farm• Temperance Movement/ Lucretia Mott• Shakers• Henry David Thoreau• Dorthea Dix• Horace Mann• William H. McGuffey / McGuffey’s Readers

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson (1829-1837) (1829-1837)

I. I. Biographical InformationBiographical InformationA.A. He was born in S. Carolina, a son of an Irish Immigrant.He was born in S. Carolina, a son of an Irish Immigrant.

B. He was elected our B. He was elected our 77thth President President. John C. Calhoun . John C. Calhoun was chosen as Vice President.was chosen as Vice President.C. He grew up on the N.C. frontier, a “redneck”C. He grew up on the N.C. frontier, a “redneck”

D. His father died before he was born, and his mother D. His father died before he was born, and his mother died when he was 14 years old.died when he was 14 years old.E. He taught himself to read, write, and become a lawyer in Tennessee.E. He taught himself to read, write, and become a lawyer in Tennessee.F. He became known as an “Indian Killer.”F. He became known as an “Indian Killer.”G. He is known for his victories at the Battle of New G. He is known for his victories at the Battle of New Orleans, Horseshoe Bend, and the Seminole War.Orleans, Horseshoe Bend, and the Seminole War.H. He was appointed governor of the Florida Territory.H. He was appointed governor of the Florida Territory.

I. His home in Tennessee was called the I. His home in Tennessee was called the “Hermitage.”“Hermitage.”

J. Because of his toughness as a military leader, he J. Because of his toughness as a military leader, he was given the nickname, was given the nickname, “Old Hickory.”“Old Hickory.”

K. He was known for his brawls and duels. His most famous K. He was known for his brawls and duels. His most famous duel was with duel was with Charles DickinsonCharles Dickinson. . L. He married L. He married Rachel Donelson RobardsRachel Donelson Robards in 1791, but she in 1791, but she had not been legally divorced.had not been legally divorced.M. Rachel would die a few days before M. Rachel would die a few days before Jackson’s inauguration.Jackson’s inauguration.N. Jackson became bitterly ill after Rachel’s N. Jackson became bitterly ill after Rachel’s death blaming it on the National Republican death blaming it on the National Republican Party.Party.O. Adams would defeat Jackson in the O. Adams would defeat Jackson in the Election of 1824,Election of 1824, even thought Jackson won more electoral votes – “Corrupt even thought Jackson won more electoral votes – “Corrupt Bargain.”Bargain.” P. He established the P. He established the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Jackson Democrats). (Jackson Democrats).

II. II. EventsEventsA. A. Election of 1828Election of 1828

1. Jackson would run for President for the 1. Jackson would run for President for the “Common Man.”“Common Man.” 2. Jackson would easily defeat Adams and become our 72. Jackson would easily defeat Adams and become our 7thth President.President.

Q. He bought 20 spittoons for the East Room for $12.50 each.Q. He bought 20 spittoons for the East Room for $12.50 each.

B. He would establish the “Spoils System” – to the victor B. He would establish the “Spoils System” – to the victor goes the spoils!goes the spoils!1. He replaced govt. workers with his own loyal supporters.1. He replaced govt. workers with his own loyal supporters.2. He “cleaned house” replacing most of the National 2. He “cleaned house” replacing most of the National Republicans.Republicans.3. His advisors would be nicknamed his 3. His advisors would be nicknamed his “Kitchen Cabinet.”“Kitchen Cabinet.”C. He appointed C. He appointed Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren as his Sect. of State. as his Sect. of State.D. (1830) – Jackson approves the D. (1830) – Jackson approves the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act – it – it

approved the forcing of all Native Americans west of the approved the forcing of all Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

E. (1831) - E. (1831) - Nat Turner Slave RebellionNat Turner Slave Rebellion1. Turner (a slave) led 75 armed followers in a rebellion 1. Turner (a slave) led 75 armed followers in a rebellion

against slavery.against slavery.2. Before they were subdued, they had killed 55-60 whites.2. Before they were subdued, they had killed 55-60 whites.

F. The F. The Oregon TrailOregon Trail becomes the main route to the West. becomes the main route to the West.

Oregon Trail (1843)

Oregon Trail (Modern Map)

G. G. Jackson and the National BankJackson and the National Bank 1. Clay had re-chartered the bank from 1816-1836.1. Clay had re-chartered the bank from 1816-1836.2. Jackson claimed that the bank was undemocratic – it only 2. Jackson claimed that the bank was undemocratic – it only benefited the wealthy northeasterners.benefited the wealthy northeasterners. 3. Clay pushed to re-charter the bank again in 1832, but 3. Clay pushed to re-charter the bank again in 1832, but Jackson vetoed it.Jackson vetoed it. 4. Jackson believed that a privileged few were making 4. Jackson believed that a privileged few were making money form the bank that should have benefited all citizens, money form the bank that should have benefited all citizens, so he created so he created “pet banks.”“pet banks.”

- Jackson moved the money from the national bank back to the - Jackson moved the money from the national bank back to the state banks. state banks. Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle, the bank’s president was corrupt, , the bank’s president was corrupt, and he would be bias toward the northern businessmen.and he would be bias toward the northern businessmen.

5. Jackson also issued the 5. Jackson also issued the Specie Circular (Coinage Act) Specie Circular (Coinage Act) ofof 18361836 - It required payment of public lands be in gold and - It required payment of public lands be in gold and silver (specie).silver (specie).

1. It was issued to protect the settlers who were being 1. It was issued to protect the settlers who were being forced to pay much higher prices for land.forced to pay much higher prices for land.

H. H. Jackson and the Tariff ControversyJackson and the Tariff Controversy

1. The North still pushed protective tariffs on imported goods.1. The North still pushed protective tariffs on imported goods.

2. As a result, much of the paper money was devalued and the economy 2. As a result, much of the paper money was devalued and the economy would result in another recession – would result in another recession – Panic of 1837Panic of 1837

2.2. The South was still hurt by the tariffsThe South was still hurt by the tariffs..

3. Jackson’s Vice President, John C. Calhoun, from S.C. urged 3. Jackson’s Vice President, John C. Calhoun, from S.C. urged nullificationnullification if the tariffs continued. if the tariffs continued.

4. (1832) – Congress, with the approval of Jackson, passed another high 4. (1832) – Congress, with the approval of Jackson, passed another high tariff.tariff.

6. S.C. nullified the tariff and threatened to secede from the Union if they 6. S.C. nullified the tariff and threatened to secede from the Union if they were forced to pay.were forced to pay.

7. Jackson supported the tariffs and sent in troops to collect the taxes. 7. Jackson supported the tariffs and sent in troops to collect the taxes. 8. A compromise was made by Henry Clay temporarily ending the 8. A compromise was made by Henry Clay temporarily ending the hostilities – lowering the taxes.hostilities – lowering the taxes.

9. Calhoun then resigned as V.P. replaced by Van Buren. 9. Calhoun then resigned as V.P. replaced by Van Buren.

5. Force Bill of 1833 authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs.South Carolina in turn nullified this Bill. Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff passed the same day, satisfying John Calhoun and South Carolina, making nullification unnecessary in any event.

I. Because many in the South felt like Jackson betrayed I. Because many in the South felt like Jackson betrayed the Democratic Party, the party would split and the the Democratic Party, the party would split and the southern democrats would become known as the southern democrats would become known as the Whigs Whigs in 1834.in 1834.

J. J. Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate (1830) - dealt with the tariff (1830) - dealt with the tariff question and the issue of states’ rights. question and the issue of states’ rights. 1. 1. Senator Robert HayneSenator Robert Hayne of S.C. debated of S.C. debated Senator Daniel Senator Daniel WebsterWebster of Massachusetts. of Massachusetts. 2. Hayne spoke in favor of states’ rights and the right of 2. Hayne spoke in favor of states’ rights and the right of nullification. nullification. 3. Jackson, even though a southerner, supported the federal 3. Jackson, even though a southerner, supported the federal govt. and the tariff.govt. and the tariff.

K. K. Cherokee Nation (Worcester) verses Georgia CaseCherokee Nation (Worcester) verses Georgia Case - -

1. The Cherokee nation tried to win just treatment through the 1. The Cherokee nation tried to win just treatment through the U.S. legal system. U.S. legal system.

2. John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a 2. John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct political community, and that Georgia was not distinct political community, and that Georgia was not entitled to regulate the Cherokee or invade their lands.entitled to regulate the Cherokee or invade their lands. 3. This violated Jackson’s Indian Removal Act.3. This violated Jackson’s Indian Removal Act.

4. Marshall believed that the Cherokee should not be 4. Marshall believed that the Cherokee should not be forced by the govt. to leave their lands, but should voluntarily forced by the govt. to leave their lands, but should voluntarily cede if they chose to do so.cede if they chose to do so. 5. Jackson felt that the Indians would be protected from 5. Jackson felt that the Indians would be protected from white settlers if they were moved west of the Mississippi.white settlers if they were moved west of the Mississippi. 6. Jackson refused to abide by Marshall’s decision saying, 6. Jackson refused to abide by Marshall’s decision saying, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!”“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!” 7. In 1835, the Cherokee would sign the 7. In 1835, the Cherokee would sign the New EnchotaNew Enchota TreatyTreaty giving the federal govt. their land in exchange for $5 giving the federal govt. their land in exchange for $5 million and land west of the Mississippi.million and land west of the Mississippi. 8. The remaining Cherokee who refused to leave in 1838 8. The remaining Cherokee who refused to leave in 1838 were forced to leave by the govt. as part of the were forced to leave by the govt. as part of the “Trail of “Trail of Tears.” Tears.” 9. In 1834, the govt. would establish the Indian Territory of 9. In 1834, the govt. would establish the Indian Territory of OklahomaOklahoma for all Native Americans to live. for all Native Americans to live.

Trail of Tears

L. (1835) - The first assassination attempt made on a L. (1835) - The first assassination attempt made on a President took place against Jackson, but it failed.President took place against Jackson, but it failed.M. (1836) - M. (1836) - Texas RevolutionTexas Revolution 1. 1. Many of the settlers in Texas were Americans, but it was Many of the settlers in Texas were Americans, but it was still owned by Mexico. still owned by Mexico. 2. (1810) - Mexico declared its independence from Spain.2. (1810) - Mexico declared its independence from Spain.3. The Mexican War for Independence would drag on for 12 3. The Mexican War for Independence would drag on for 12 years until on years until on September 27, 1821September 27, 1821, the , the Treaty of CordobaTreaty of Cordoba was signed between Mexico and Spain officially recognizing was signed between Mexico and Spain officially recognizing Mexico’s independence.Mexico’s independence. 4. In 1835, the Mexican govt. restricted American 4. In 1835, the Mexican govt. restricted American immigration and outlawed slavery in Texas.immigration and outlawed slavery in Texas. 5. A war would result between Texas and Mexico.5. A war would result between Texas and Mexico.6. Mexican dictator, 6. Mexican dictator, Santa AnnaSanta Anna, would defeat the Texans at , would defeat the Texans at the the Alamo Alamo – Spanish Mission – in San Antonio.– Spanish Mission – in San Antonio. - - The Texans held out for 13 days until 1,800 Spanish The Texans held out for 13 days until 1,800 Spanish soldiers stormed the old Mission killing all 189 of its soldiers stormed the old Mission killing all 189 of its defendersdefenders

Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794-1876)

The Alamo

7. 7. Sam HoustonSam Houston was the overall commander of the Texas was the overall commander of the Texas Army who did not send troops in time to help. Army who did not send troops in time to help. 8. Commanding officers at the Alamo killed were 8. Commanding officers at the Alamo killed were Jim Jim BowieBowie and and William TravisWilliam Travis. . 9. American frontier hero 9. American frontier hero Davy CrockettDavy Crockett was also killed. was also killed. 10. The Texans would use the rally cry of, 10. The Texans would use the rally cry of, “Remember the “Remember the Alamo”Alamo” to stir them to victory in the to stir them to victory in the Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto led by Sam Houston.led by Sam Houston. 11. The Republic of Texas – 11. The Republic of Texas – “The Lone Star Republic”“The Lone Star Republic” is is established in 1836, but Mexico still refused to recognize it.established in 1836, but Mexico still refused to recognize it. 12. Sam Houston was elected as its first President.12. Sam Houston was elected as its first President.

N. N. Alexis de TocquevilleAlexis de Tocqueville - a Frenchman who came to - a Frenchman who came to America for the purpose of studying the U.S. prison system.America for the purpose of studying the U.S. prison system. 1. He was also intrigued with the notion of American 1. He was also intrigued with the notion of American democracy. He spent 9 months traveling throughout democracy. He spent 9 months traveling throughout America in search of America’s essence. America in search of America’s essence. 2. The book that resulted from his journey set the stage for 2. The book that resulted from his journey set the stage for discussions about democracy that are still discussed today.discussions about democracy that are still discussed today. 3. His only concerns centered around the inequality of 3. His only concerns centered around the inequality of women and slaves. He believed that these two issues would women and slaves. He believed that these two issues would tear democracy part. tear democracy part. 4. Much of his study focused around Jackson’s new 4. Much of his study focused around Jackson’s new emphasis on the “common man” and Jacksonian emphasis on the “common man” and Jacksonian democracy. democracy.

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

I. Biographical InformationA. He became the 8th President of the U.S.B. He chose Richard Johnson as his Vice President.C. He was the first President to be born under the U.S. flag.D. He was born in 1782, a son of a farmer and tavern keeper in New York.E. He was hand-picked by Jackson to succeed him from the Democratic Party.F. He remained loyal to Jacksonian principles while President.G. He had been Jackson’s Sect. of State and became his V.P.. In 1832.H. He was known for his sophistication, high style, and exquisite dress. I. His wife, Hannah, died 18 years before he entered the White House.J. The name of his home was Lindenwald.K. He was hated by the Whig Party.L. The saying, “OK” originated with Van Buren.

- It stood for “Old Kinderhook” meaning everything was alright.- It was used during his election campaign of 1836.

A. A. Election of 1836Election of 1836 1. Jackson chose to retire and he hand-1. Jackson chose to retire and he hand-picked Van Buren to take his place.picked Van Buren to take his place.

2. The Whig Party tried to align Van Buren with 2. The Whig Party tried to align Van Buren with the policies of the policies of “King Andrew”,“King Andrew”, but Van Buren but Van Buren easily won the election.easily won the election.

II. II. EventsEvents

B. Most of his presidency was consumed with B. Most of his presidency was consumed with the the Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 that did not end until 1843. that did not end until 1843.

1. The situation created by the unsound practices of private 1. The situation created by the unsound practices of private banks and the specie circular sent the economy in a tailspin.banks and the specie circular sent the economy in a tailspin.2. Results: banks would close, prices fell, land sales fell 2. Results: banks would close, prices fell, land sales fell sharply. 90 % of the industries in the east were closed.sharply. 90 % of the industries in the east were closed.3. Van Buren proposed an independent treasury to manage 3. Van Buren proposed an independent treasury to manage the nation’s money. Private banks would no longer be used the nation’s money. Private banks would no longer be used to store its currency. It was approved in 1840.to store its currency. It was approved in 1840.C. John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837.C. John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837.

D. The first postage stamp is invented in 1840.D. The first postage stamp is invented in 1840.

William Henry Harrison (1841-1841)

I. Biographical InformationA. He was the 9th President of the United States.B. He became famous for being a war hero in the Battle of Tippecanoe against the Indians.

C. He was known for serving the shortest term in office as President.D. He was known for giving the longest inaugural address that lasted one hour and forty minutes.E. He caught a cold that led to pneumonia, and he died thirty days later.

F. He became the first Whig Party Candidate to become President.G. He was born in Virginia in 1773.H. His father, Benjamin, was one of the signers of the Dec. of Independence. I. He ran on the campaign slogans, “ Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! “ and “ Van, Van is a used up Man!.”

J. He chose John Tyler as his Vice President.II. EventsA. Election of 18401. Known as Harrison’s “Log Cabin and Cider Campaign”

B. The Second Great Awakening 1. A religious revival that swept through the U.S. 2. The ideas of the preacher Charles Finney ignited it. 3. Finney encouraged Christians to separate from the sinners and create Utopian communities – perfect communities with a religious emphasis.

- Mormons - “Latter Day Saints” first established in America by Joseph Smith, but brought to the West by Brigham Young to a place located near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. - Brook Farm - A Utopian community founded in Massachusetts based on Unitarian and Transcendentalists beliefs.

C. Reform Movements developed out of the Great Awakening

1. Transcendentalists - Originated in Massachusetts. Put more of an emphasis on reasoning; man is divine and can rely on himself, not in God.

- Believed that man should live closer to nature. Ex. Trans. Writer Henry David Thoreau. He lived alone in nature for two years at Walden Pond. - They also preached Civil Disobedience – peaceful actions to protest unjust laws. Later used by Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

- Shakers - “United Society of Believers” - They originated in England in 1736, and were founded by Ann Lee. They set came to America to escape persecution and established a Utopian society near Albany, New York.

2. Women’s Reform Movement - Seneca Falls, New York Convention (1848) - the first women’s rights convention to advocate the rights of women. It was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

3. Temperance Movement - anti-drinking movement led by Lucretia Mott and supported by women who were tired of how alcohol affected their husbands behavior, and how it resulted in abuse. She also spoke against slavery and was part of the Seneca Falls Convention. 4. Abolitionist Movement - the movement to end the evils of slavery.

D. Formation of Labor Unions 1. Unions began to organize in major cities as early as the 1790’s and increased in number as the factory system took hold. - Many skilled workers (shoemakers and weavers) had to seek employment in factories. - Long hours, low pay, poor working conditions, led to widespread discontent among factory workers . There prime goal was to reduce the workday to 10 hours. - Obstacles: immigrant replacement workers, state laws outlawing unions, frequent economic depressions with high unemployment.

- The National Trades Union is formed in 1834. Organized in cities to unite trade unions in order to get better working conditions. It lasted until 1837.

- Cult of Domesticity - a belief that married women should restrict their activities to their home and family.

- By 1850, one in ten single women worked outside the home earning about half the pay men received for the same job.

- Sarah and Angela Grimke – famous women’s rights reformers who were sisters and daughters of a South Carolina Slaveholder. - They spoke in favor of the abolition of slavery. They published An Appeal to Christian Women of the South calling for women to overthrow the institution of slavery.

- Declaration of Sentiments - a detailed statement of grievances composed by the women into a document modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Angela GrimkeSarah GrimkeLucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

Preamble to Declaration of Sentiments

E. School and Prison Reforms 1. Dorthea Dix - she was am important prison reformer, especially in the area of mentally ill prisoners who were housed with the general population at the time. - Dix persuaded nine southern states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill between 1845-52. - She emphasized the idea of rehabilitation to reform the mentally ill. 2. Before the Civil War, Massachusetts and Vermont were the only states to pass a compulsory school attendance law. - Classrooms were not divided by grade, so younger and older pupils were thrown together. Few children continued beyond the age of ten. - Horace Mann - a leader of the public school reform movement from Massachusetts. “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens … If we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction, as others have gone before it.” - Other states soon followed Massachusetts and Pennsylvania’s good

example. By the 1850’s, every state had provided some form of publicly funded elementary schools. - McGuffey’s Readers - most popular grade-school reading book in the 1830’s. It sold nearly 60 million copies by 1879. It taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as moral lessons to live by. - It was published by William H. McGuffey, a teacher and preacher from Ohio.

Dorthea Dix Horace Mann

William McGuffey McGuffey Reader

1. Second Great Awakening

- Northeast and West mainly involved.2. Charles Finney

3. Baptists and Methodists

4. Circuit Preachers/ Peter Cartwright

6. Mormons/ Latter-Day Saints

5. Millennialism/ William Miller

- Joseph Smith

- Brigham Young

- New Zion

- Great Salt Lake City, Utah

- Polygamy

1. Transcendentalists

2. Mystical, intuitive thinking

4. Ralph Waldo Emerson – best known Transcendentalists

3. Essence of God through nature

5. “The American Scholar”

6. Self-reliance and Independent thinking

7. Henry David Thoreau

- Walden (1854)

- “On Civil Disobedience” – non-violent protests

- Mohandas Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

8. Brook Farm – communal experiment in Transcendentalism

- (1841) – George Ripley/ Utopia – “perfect community”

1. Mormons2. Brook Farm3. Shakers4. New Harmony, Indiana- Robert Owens5. Oneida Community

- (1848) Oneida, N.Y.- Shared property and marriage

partners.

6. Lucretia Mott an Elizabeth Cady Stanton

- Declaration of Sentiments

(1848) - Seneca Falls Convention, NY

- Susan B. Anthony

1. Second Great Awakening

2. Abolitionism/ Abolitionists

3. American Colonization Society (1817)

- Monrovia, Liberia

6. Liberty Party (1840)

4. American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

5. William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator

1. Husbands and wives were redefined.

2. Birth Control

3. N.Y. Female Moral Reform Society

4. Sarah and Angelina Grimke

5. “Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes” (1837)

4. Thomas Gallaudet – school for the deaf

- Classical Greek Styles

1. Genre Painting (1830’s)

2. Architecture

3. Literature

- Nationalism

4. Washington Irving5. James Fenimore Cooper6. Nathaniel Hawthorne

7. Herman Melville

1. Temperance Movement (1826)

2. Public Asylums

- institutions, prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses

3. Dorthea Dix

- James Birney7. Frederick Douglass- The North Star8. Underground Railroad

- Harriet Tubman/ Sojourner Truth

9. Radical (violent) Abolitionists

- David Walker/ Henry Highland Garnet

10. Nat Turner Slave Rebellion (1831))