OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EGYPT DURING THE ERA OF THE TANZIMAT

Essential Question: How successful were the reforms of the Tanzimat?

Cleveland CH: 5

TANZIMAT 1839-1876 Causes

Need for qualified government officials As European educated Ottomans gain positions within the

government western political thought spread. Rashid, Ali and Fuad Pashas were the driving force behind

the reforms Suppress nationalist movements by creating a Ottoman

citizenship that was not based on religion. Tanzimat Reforms

Political New legal codes adopted based on the French code as model Secular courts (Nizame) were established Ministry of Justice was created Constitution of 1876

Created and elected chamber of deputies and an appointed senate. In 1878 Hamid II dissolved the assembly and took total control

TANZIMAT REFORMS Military

Hatt-I Shaif of Gulhane 1839: Promised the end of tax farming and standardization of military conscription to all religions

Hatti-I Humayan 1856: Reaffirmed decree of 1839 but guaranteed equality for all subjects

Increased buying of foreign weapons Economic

Reforms caused debt Tax farming was ended

Social Graduates of higher education schools that were meant to support

the military were able to enter into government positions. Young Ottomans

Intellectuals and Bureaucrats Printed newspapers Called for more democracy Reforms needed to be gradual and grounded in Islamic traditions

EFFECTS OF THE TANZIMAT

Effects of Reforms Financial

In order to pay for reforms loans were taken out from Europe.

By 1874 60% of state income went to pay off loans 1876 government fails to make payments

Decree of Muharram 1881: Created the Public Debt Administration, under pressure from Europe

Composed of representatives from main creditors and was authorized to collect designated revenues and use them to pay off interest on debt.

CRIMEAN WAR Causes

Russian expansionism Russia felt they supported Greek Orthodox Ottoman subjects Russia supports Balkan independence movements due to religious Slavic

cultural bonds Eastern question Russian ultimatum 1853

Tsar demands Orthodox Christians position in the empire become protected, Sultan rejected the ultimatum

Effects Treaty of Paris 1856 Russia pledges to respect Ottoman territory,

demilitarize the Black Sea and withdraw from the Danube. Pan-Slavism: Russia’s goal becomes to liberate the Slavic people Russo-Turkish war of 1878: Russia fighting for Bulgaria defeated the

ottomans and dictated harsh terms. Congress of Berlin 1878

Bismarck stepped in to avoid a general European war Ottomans lost Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and part of Bulgaria Russia gained Kars, Batum and East Anatolia Austria granted rights in Bosnia British gain Cyprus

LEBANON CIVIL WAR

Essential Question: What led to the collapse of Ali’s dynasty in Egypt?

LEBANON’S CIVIL WAR 1860-1861

Causes of Lebanon’s Civil war Political reforms caused disruption of communal

arrangements between ethnic groups. Ibrahim Governorship of Greater Syria (1831-1840)

Equal treatment of all religious groups 1837 Druze refused to disarm

Ibrahim armed the Christians and had them attack the Druze 1860 Druze attacked Christians that had expanded into their

land starting a civil war.

Consequences of Civil War 1861 Ottomans put an end to war Europeans create Mutasarrifiyyah in 1861 to help protect

Christians within the Ottoman Empire.

TANZIMAT AND ARAB LANDS

Tanzimat economic and social impacts on Arab lands. Nobles lost the privileges that they had

established over centuries. Aimed to move Greater Syria from subsistence

farming to commercial farming to sell to Europe.

Land Code of 1858 regulated land holding Creation of privately owned land Nobles were able to buy huge tracks of land and

become extremely wealthy.

EGYPT DURING THE ERA OF CIVILIAN REFORM

Ali’s successors Abbas 1848-1854 Sa’id 1854-1863

Education reforms Mubarak and Tahtawi

Attended school in Europe and returned to Egypt to continue westernization of education system.

End of Ali’s monopoly system Increased European influence and competition Became exporter of raw materials and importer of consumer

goods 1854 agrees to build Suez Canal

More than 80,000 Europeans immigrated to Egypt.

REFORMS OF ISMA’IL

Isma’il the Magnificent 1863-1879 Goal was to complete Europeanization

Courts Founded Cairo School of Law Established mixed courts in 1876 to hold Europeans

accountable 1884 Founded National Courts and unified law codes

Dominated by European Judges Shari’a courts limited to personal status

Schools Increased spending by ten times

Infrastructure Built railways, bridges and new facilities at port of

Alexandria

Debt to Europe Reforms were expensive Borrowed money from Europe at high interest rate of

10% Attempted to have people prepay taxes 1876 announced they could not pay their loans.

(Same year the Ottomans defaulted) 1876 Public Debt Commission was established Tawfiq replaced Ismai’il 1879

Tawfiq makes debt payment a priority Urabi’s gains support trying to break foreign control of

Egypt 1882 Great Britain buts down rebellion and leaves troops in Egypt

until 1956