Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious...

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Esra & Nehemja Ezra & Nehemiah Sources: Provan, Ian. Old Testament Foundations lectures. Regent College Provan, Ian, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel, 2003. Philip E. Satterthwaite. Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Historical Books. IVP, 2007. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Transcript of Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious...

Page 1: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Esra & Nehemja

Ezra & Nehemiah

Sources:

• Provan, Ian. Old Testament Foundations lectures. Regent College

• Provan, Ian, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel, 2003.

• Philip E. Satterthwaite. Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Historical Books. IVP, 2007.

• Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

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587/586

Fall of Jerusalem

539 Persian conquest of Babylon

leads to Cyrus’ decree

Esra &

Nehemjah

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Historical Background • 587/586 B.C.E. brought a radical

reassessment of Israel's identity and

relationship with God.

• The destruction of Jerusalem and

the temple,

• The end of the Davidic monarchy

and Israel as a political entity,

• The deportation of the Jews to

exile in Babylon.

• What happened?

• Had they been abandoned?

• Were the gods of Babylon

victorious

• Was God responsible for their

situation?

• Would they be delivered from

exile?

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Historisk bakgrund • 587/586 fKr. förde en radikal

omvärdering av Israels identitet och

relation med Gud.

• Förstörelsen av Jerusalem och

templet,

• I slutet av Davids monarki och

Israel som en politisk enhet,

• Deportationen av judar till exil i

Babylon.

• Vad hände?

• Hade de övergivits ?

• Var gudar Babylon segrande

• Var Gud som ansvarar för deras

situation?

• Skulle de levereras från exil?

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Israel's interpretation of exile had been

largely negative:

• God's judgment on an unrepentant

Israel

• Fulfillment of the prophetic warnings

of the past, especially those of 2nd

Isaiah:

• "Who gave up Jacob to the spoiler,

and Israel to the robbers? Was it

not the LORD, against whom we

have sinned, in whose ways they

would not walk, and whose law they

would not obey?" (Isaiah 42:24).

• But Zion said, "The LORD has

forsaken me, my Lord has forgotten

me" (Isaiah 49:14).

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Historical Background Historisk bakgrund

Israels tolkning av exil hade varit

i stort sett negativ:

• Guds dom över en obotfärdig

Israel

• Uppfyllandet av profetiska

varningar i det förflutna, särskilt

de av andra Jesaja:

• ”Vem har lämnat Jakob till

skövling och Israel åt

plundrare. Är det inte Herren,

som vi syndat mot? De ville

inte vandra på hans vägar eller

höra hans undervisning.”

(Jesaja 42:24).

• Men Sion säger: "Herren har

övergett mig, Herren har glömt

mig."" (Jesaja 49:14).

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• Eventually, the Jews began to

accept the necessity of

judgment and exile.

• They realized that exile was

NOT God's final word.

• It is written help the Jewish

community in Jerusalem

understand their identity and

continuity with the past.

• They needed to be reminded of

the institutions that had

sustained them.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Historical Background Historisk bakgrund

• Så småningom började

judarna att acceptera

nödvändigheten av domen och

exil.

• De insåg att exil var INTE

Guds sista ord.

• Det är skrivet hjälp det judiska

samfundet i Jerusalem förstår

sin identitet och kontinuitet

med det förflutna.

• De behövde påminnas om de

institutioner som hade

åsamkats dem.

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• Not all Jews were eager to

return (Esther).

• Those who did return rebuilt

the altar and resumed the

sacrifices.

• But the rebuilding of the temple

lagged behind, despite offers of

assistance from the surrounding

peoples (Ezra 1-3).

• In 520 B.C.E., temple

reconstruction was begun under

the governorship of Zerubbabel

• The temple was completed in

515 B.C.E. (Ezra 4-6)

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Historical Background Historisk bakgrund

• Inte alla judar var ivriga att

återvända (Ester).

• De som gjorde avkastning

ombyggda altaret och

återupptogs offren.

• Men återuppbyggnaden av

templet släpat efter, trots

erbjudanden om hjälp från de

omgivande folken (Esra 1-3).

• I 520 f.Kr. var tempel

rekonstruktion påbörjades

under governorshipen av

Serubbabel.

• Templet färdigställdes 515 f.Kr.

(Esra 4-6)

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• Ezra begins with Cyrus's decree to

release the exiles, fulfilling God's

promise in Jeremiah 29:10 (Ezra 1:1-4).

• 3 return and reconstruction episodes:

1. the temple with Zerubbabel

(Ezra 1:5-6:22)

2. the community with Ezra, scribe

and priest (Ezra 7-10)

3. the walls with Nehemiah

(Nehemiah 1:1-7:73a)

• Each reconstruction is met with

opposition even though authorized by

the Persian king.

• Ezra is concerned with:

1. the first two returns,

2. the rebuilding of the temple, and

3. Ezra's dealing with the social and

religious difficulties.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Summary of Ezra Sammanfattning av Esra

• Esra börjar med Cyrus dekret att släppa

exil som uppfyllelsen av Guds löfte i

Jeremia 29:10 (Esra 1: 1-4).

• 3 återvändande och återuppbyggnads

episoder:

1. templet med Serubbabel

(Esra 1:5-6: 22)

2. gemenskapen med Esra, skrivare

och präst (Esra 7-10)

3. väggarna med Nehemja

(Nehemja 1: 1-7:73a)

• Varje rekonstruktion möts med

motstånd, även om godkänts av den

persiske kungen.

• Esra handlar om:

1. de två första avkastning,

2. ombyggnaden av templet, och

3. Esras handel med de sociala och

religiösa problem.

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkETkRv9tG8

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Kores II av

Persien,

allmänt känd

som Kores

den store,

var

grundaren av

Akemenid

Imperium.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder

Cyrus the Great

Kores den store

Cyrus II of

Persia,

commonly

known as

Cyrus the

Great,

was the founder

of the

Achaemenid

Empire.

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• An ancient clay cylinder on which

is a declaration in the name of

Cyrus the Great

• Created after the Persian conquest

of Babylon in 539 BCE

• Discovered in the ruins of Babylon

in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 1879

• Seen by many biblical scholars as

corroborative evidence of Cyrus’

policy of the repatriation of the

Jewish people following their

Babylonian captivity.

• Now in the British Museum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder

The Cyrus Cylinder Kyros Cylinder • En forntida lera cylinder som är en

förklaring i namnet Kores den

store.

• Skapad efter den persiska

erövringen av Babylon i 539 f.Kr.

• Upptäckt i ruinerna av Babylon i

Mesopotamien (Irak) 1879

• Ses av många bibliska forskare som

bevis som bekräftar Kores politik

av repatriering av det judiska

folket efter sin babyloniska

fångenskapen.

• Nu i British Museet

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• Compare the translation of the

Cyrus Cylinder with the text of

Ezra 1:2-4; 6:2-5.

• Focus on 2nd page,

“Religious measures” section.

• How is it similar?

How is it different?

Small Group Exercise Grupp övning

• Jämför översättningen av

Kores cylinder med text av

Esra 1:2-4; 6:2-5.

• Fokus på 2nd sidan,

"religiösa åtgärder" avsnittet.

• Hur är det liknande?

Hur är det annorlunda?

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• http://www.ted.com/talks/neil_macgregor_2600_years_of_history_in_one_object

• Akkadian cuneiform

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Bok Rekonstruktion fokus Ledare

Esra

1:52–6:22 templel Serubbabel

Esra

7–10 gemenskap Esra

Nehemja

1:1–7:73a mur Nehemja

Nehemja

7:73b–13

Esra uppdrar folket

Nehemjas arbetet fortsätter

Esra

Nehemja

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Ezra and Nehemiah Outline

Esra och Nehemja Översikt

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Ezra Outline Esra översikt

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Nehemiah Outline Nehemja översikt

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• Ezra and Nehemiah are the

only biblical narrative

source for the history of the

restoration, 538–430 B.C.E.

• The postexilic period

witnessed:

• the reestablishment of

the Jewish religious

community in Jerusalem

• the implementation of

the Torah

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

So what? Än sed?

• Esra och Nehemja är den

enda bibliska berättelsen

källa för historien om

restaurering, 538–430 f.Kr.

• Den postexilic period

bevittnade:

• återupprättandet av den

judiska religiösa

samfundet i Jerusalem

• genomförandet av Tora

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• Ezra and Nehemiah

provide examples of:

• hard work

• prayer and

• an unshakable faith in

God.

• Many have interpreted

these texts with

application for successful

problem solving.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

So what? Än sen?

• Esra och Nehemja ger

exempel på:

• hårt arbete

• bön och

• en orubblig tro på

Gud.

• Många har tolkat dessa

texter med tolkning för

framgångsrik

problemlösning.

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• Ezra and Nehemiah are a single book in the earliest manuscripts.

• They are best read as a literary whole.

• The work was written in Judah, probably in Jerusalem

• After the return from Babylon, during the Persian period (586-332 B.C.E.).

• Recent scholarship favors a date somewhere in the first quarter of the 4th century B.C.E.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

When was it written? När var det skrivet?

• Esra och Nehemja är en

enda bok i de tidigaste

manuskript.

• De är bäst läsas som en

litterär helhet.

• Verket skrevs i Juda,

förmodligen i Jerusalem

• Efter återkomsten från

Babylon, under den persiska

perioden (586-332 f.Kr.).

• Senaste forskning gynnar ett

datum någonstans under det

första kvartalet av den

300-talet f.Kr.

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• Ezra-Nehemiah looks like

a history of the

restoration.

• While important

historical information is

presented, Ezra-

Nehemiah should be read

as a theological, rather

than a chronological,

presentation.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

How do I read it? Hur läser jag det?

• Esra-Nehemja ser ut som

en historia av

restaurationen.

• Medan viktig historisk

information presenteras,

bör Esra-Nehemja läsas

som en teologisk, snarare

än en kronologisk,

presentation.

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• Esra

(Esra 7-10,

Nehemja 8)

• Anländer till

Jerusalem 458 f.Kr.

• Nehemja

(Nehemja 1-7;

1:27-43; 13: 4-31)

• Anländer till

Jerusalem 445 f.Kr.

Provan, Long, Longman, 297.

Two “memoirs”

or “biographies”

Två "memoarer"

eller "biografier"

• Ezra

(Ezra 7-10, Nehemiah 8)

• Arrives in Jerusalem

in 458 BCE

• Nehemiah

(Nehemiah 1-7; 1:27-43;

13:4-31)

• Arrives in Jerusalem

in 445 BCE

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• The presence of two kings named Artaxerxes in Persia in the 5th century and the biblical text’s ambiguity has led to a number of interpretations:

• The traditional view places Ezra in the 7th year of Artaxerxes I (458 B.C.E., Ezra 7:8).

• Nehemiah arrives 13 years later in the 20th year of Artaxerxes's reign (445 B.C.E., Neh 2:1).

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Date of Ezra's mission Datum för Esra uppdrag

• Närvaron av två kungar

med namnet Artaxerxes

i Persien i den 400-talet

och den bibliska textens

oklarhet har lett till ett

antal tolkningar:

• Den traditionella synen

platser Esra i den 7:e

året av Artaxerxes I

(458 f.Kr., Esra 7:8).

• Nehemja anländer 13 år

senare i den 20: e året av

Artaxerxes regeringsår

(445f.Kr., Nehemja 2:1).

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• Jeremiah had prophesied a 70-year exile in Babylon (Jeremiah 25:11-12; 29:10).

• Ezra 1:1 announces the fulfillment of prophecy.

• Since only 60 years have elapsed since the first deportation in 597 B.C.E. (2 Kings 24:12), we assume this is an approximation.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Fulfillment of prophecy

Uppfyllelse av profetian

• Jeremia hade

profeterat en 70-årig

exil i Babylon (Jeremia

25:11-12; 29:10).

• Esra 1:1 tillkännager

uppfyllelsen av

profetian.

• Eftersom endast 60 år

har förflutit sedan den

första utvisning 597

f.Kr. (2 Kung 24:12),

antar vi att detta är en

approximation.

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• In both Ezra and

Nehemiah, mixed

marriage is seen as a

serious sin that threatens

the community.

• Ezra had dealt with the

problem by insisting on the

divorce of foreign wives

(Ezra 9-10)

• But apparently the

problem persisted 30 years

later in the time of

Nehemiah (Neh 13:23-29).

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Mixed marriage

Blandäktenskap

• I både Esra och Nehemja

är blandäktenskap ses

som en allvarlig synd som

hotar samhället.

• Esra hade behandlat

problemet genom att

insistera på skilsmässa

utländska fruar

(Esra 9-10).

• Men tydligen problemet

kvarstod 30 år senare i

tiden för Nehemja

(Nehemja 13:23-29).

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• The harshness of casting off foreign wives continues to trouble readers.

• Provan sees the mixed marriages as a misguided and overzealous application of Torah, especially in light of the blessings to the nations that the Covenant was to bring.

• Scalise sees the mixed marriages as a source of idolatry, which would be rebellion against Torah and keeping covenant.

• How does the Book of Ruth—included in the Writings—inform this discussion?

Mixed marriage

Blandäktenskap • Den hårda utslutningen av

utländska kvinnor fortsätter att besvära läsare.

• Provan ser blandäktenskap som ett missriktat och övernitisk tillämpning av Toran, särskilt i ljuset av de välsignelser till de nationer som konventionen var att föra.

• Scalise ser blandäktenskapar som en källa till avgudadyrkan, vilket skulle vara revolt mot Tora och hålla förbund.

• Hur Ruths bok—ingår i skrifterna—inform denna diskussion?

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• Each return and reconstruction was authorized by the Persian king.

• The book of Nehemiah is concerned with:

1. the last return

2. the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem (2:11-6:19) and

3. the repopulation of the city (11:1-36) in 2 stages of reconstruction.

• Opposition continues from the surrounding peoples (2:10-5:19) but is overcome.

• The project ends with a celebration (12:22-43).

• Following a pause, Nehemiah returns for a second term as governor and carries out a number of reforms (13:4-31).

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Summary of Nehemiah

Sammanfattning av

Nehemja

• Varje återvändande och återuppbyggnad godkändes av den persiske kungen.

• Boken av Nehemja handlar om: 1. sista åter

2. återuppbyggnaden av Jerusalems murar (2: 11-6: 19) och

3. återplantering av staden (11: 1-36) i 2 stadier av återuppbyggnad.

• Oppositionen fortsätter från de omgivande folken (2: 10-5: 19), men övervinns.

• Projektet avslutas med en fest (12: 22-43).

• Efter en paus, Nehemja återvänder för en andra mandatperiod som guvernör och genomför ett antal reformer (13: 4-31).

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• Nehemiah's role as cupbearer

to the Persian king,

Artaxerxes, was an important

position.

• The position of "cupbearer"

in the Achaeminid (Persian)

court was a position of honor

and trust.

• The cupbearer provided

protection from poisonings.

• This meant that the cupbearer

stood beside the king at every

meal.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Nehemiah as

"cupbearer"

Nehemja som

"munskänk"

• Nehemja roll som munskänk

till den persiske kungen,

Artaxerxes, var en viktig

position.

• Placeringen av "munskänk" i

Achaeminid (persiska)

domstol var en position av ära

och förtroende.

• Munskänken gav skydd från

förgiftningar.

• Detta innebar att

munskänken stod bredvid

kungen vid varje måltid.

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• In the days of the Judges,

charismatic leaders were

raised up to govern the

people.

• During the monarchy,

kings reigned.

• But in the postexilic period,

Ezra-Nehemiah reflects a

type of theocracy in which

God rules through the

priestly leadership.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Political Organization Politisk Organization

• I dagarna av domarna var

karismatiska ledare höjas

upp för att styra folket.

• Under monarkin, regerade

kungar.

• Men i postexilic period,

Esra-Nehemja speglar en

typ av teokrati där Gud

styr genom den prästerliga

ledarskap.

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• God's people were

NO longer identified

by a Davidic king.

• Ezra made the claim

that to be a Jew meant

that one followed Torah,

God's instruction

(Nehemiah 8:1).

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Religious Identity

Religiösa identitet

• Guds folk INTE längre

identifieras med hjälp

av en Davids kung.

• Esra gjorde påståendet

att vara en Judisk

innebar att ett följt

Tora, Guds instruktion

(Nehemja 8:1).

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• During the post-exilic period, Israel began to realize that the identity change resulting from a life based upon following Torah meant that one's religious identity was no longer tied to the nationalistic state of Israel.

• Torah-based living could occur anywhere, even if the cult (worship rituals) could only be practiced in the Jerusalem temple.

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Religious Locale Religiösa locale

• Under efter exilen perioden,

började Israel att inse att

identiteten förändring till

följd av ett liv baserat på

följande Torah innebar att

en religiösa identitet inte

längre bunden till

nationalistiska staten Israel.

• Torah-baserade levande kan

inträffa var som helst, även

om kult (dyrkan ritualer)

endast kunde praktiseras i

Jerusalem tempel.

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In pairs, read Nehemiah

9:6-37 on the provided page.

1. Underline God’s actions

2. Make a dashed line

under human actions

3. Summarize both

Historical Recital Historiska skäl

I par, läs Nehemja 9:6-37

på den medföljande sidan.

1. Betona Guds handlingar

2. Gör en streckad

linje under

mänskliga handlingar

3. Sammanfatta båda

Page 32: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

• Starts with the

completion

of the 2nd temple

516/515 B.C.E.

• Ends with the

destruction by

Rome in

70 C.E.

“Second Temple Period” “ Andra Temple Period ”

• Börjar med

slutförandet sen

2:a tempel

516/515 f.Kr.

• Avslutas med

förstörelsen av

Rom 70 C.E.

Page 33: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

• Prayer

• God's providential hand

• Opposition

• Separation (for holiness)

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Other Themes Andra teman

• Bön

• Guds försynens handen

• Opposition

• Separation (för helighet)

Page 34: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

2 Mos.

Exodus

Esra: Återvända som en 2:a utvandring

Ezra: 2nd Exodus / Return

Alla israeliter lämnade.

All Israelites left.

Endast de som svarade på Guds

"omrörning" gav (Esra 1: 5)

Only those who responded to God's

"stirring" returned (Ezra 1:5)

Folk kvar för en förlovade landet där

de skulle etablera sin egen regering

People left for a promised land where

they would establish their own

government

Människor återvänder från Babylon gick

till en härjade mark under persisk

kontroll

People returning from Babylon went to a

ravaged land under Persian control

Den "plundring" av den egyptiska

smycken i Exodus 12:36

The "plundering" of the Egyptian

jewelry in Exodus 12:36

De "gåvor" från de landsflyktiga grannar

som erbjuds för att hjälpa dem (Es 1:6).

The "gifts" from the exiles' neighbors that

are offered to help them (Ezra 1:6).

Return as a

2nd exodus

Återvända som en

2: a utvandring

Page 35: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Dore’

The

Rebuilding of

the Temple

Page 36: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Dore’

Ezra in

Prayer

Page 37: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Dore’

Ezra

reading

the law

Page 38: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Dore’

Nehemiah Viewing

Secretly the Ruins of

the Walls of Jerusalem

Page 39: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary
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Jerusalem in the

time of Ezra and

Nehemiah

Jerusalem vid

tiden för Esra

och Nehemja

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• The priestly

perspective of the

writers of the 2nd

temple period tend

to stress the role of

the Levites.

Hubbard, D. A. Priests and Levites. Ed. D. R. W. Wood et al. New Bible dictionary 1996 : 957. Print.

The rise of the

Levitical priesthood

Ökningen av

levitiska prästadömet

• Präst perspektiv av

författarna av den

2:a tempelperioden

tenderar att

understryka

betydelsen av

leviterna.

Page 43: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

• All priests are Levites,

being selected from the

tribe of Levi, but not all

Levites are priests.

• Those Levites who were

not priests were

assigned duties

connected with the

tabernacle (Num 3-4).

http://www.thywordistruth.com/questions/Question-137.html#.UuWnGBDTnIU

What is the difference

between a priest

and a Levite?

Vad är skillnaden

mellan en präst

och en levit?

• Alla präster är leviter,

väljs från Levis stam,

men inte alla leviterna

är präster.

• De leviter som inte var

präster tilldelade

uppgifter i samband

med The Tabernacle

(4 Mos. 3-4).

Page 44: Esra & Nehemja Ezra & NehemiahEzra... · 3. Ezra's dealing with the social and religious difficulties. Mark Throntveit, “Ezra & Nehemiah” in EntertheBible.org, Luther Seminary

Esra & Nehemja

Ezra & Nehemiah

End of

Books