ES-2 Biofidelity and Injury Assessment Capability · NHTSA Side Impact Research Full Scale Test Rib...

May 2001May 2001

ESESESES----2 2 2 2 Biofidelity Biofidelity Biofidelity Biofidelity and Injury and Injury and Injury and Injury Assessment CapabilityAssessment CapabilityAssessment CapabilityAssessment Capability

People Saving PeoplePeople Saving PeopleHttp://www.nhtsa.dot.govHttp://www.nhtsa.dot.gov

Matthew R. MalteseMatthew R. Maltese

Randa Radwan SamahaRanda Radwan SamahaUS Department of TransportationUS Department of Transportation

National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

John John BolteBolteTransportation Research CenterTransportation Research Center

NHTSA Side Impact Research

Presentation OverviewPresentation OverviewPresentation OverviewPresentation Overview

n ES-2 Research Program Time Line

n Flat top and the ES-2

n Biofidelity of the ES-2 and SID

n Injury Assessment Capability of the ES-2 and SID

n Back Plate Loads in the ES-2

n Conclusions

n Future Work


Why ESWhy ESWhy ESWhy ES----2?2?2?2?

n NHTSA is evaluating the ES-2 . . .

– . . . to Improve safety for the US Driving Population, and

– . . . for interim regulatory harmonization of a side impact dummy

Planned

• Six full scale tests with front and rear ES-2: two EU, two 214, & two side NCAP tests• Thirteen torso & pelvis biofidelity sled tests & limited repeatability

• Three 214 tests/IIHS barrier• Eight 201P pole comparison tests: ES-2 versus SIDH3• Component tests: back plate interaction, flat top• Sled tests: head/neck/shoulder biofidelity & kinematics

High mass impactor tests to evaluate ES-2 proposed rib designs: coated piston, ball bearing, & needle bearing

Second ES-2 Available

ESES--2 Research Testing2 Research TestingESESESES----2 Research Testing2 Research Testing2 Research Testing2 Research Testing3-5/00 7/00 5-7/01 8/018/00-4/01

• TBD- Eight 214/NCAP tests with current vehicles for fleet performance








n Conclusions

n Future Work


ESESESES----2 and Flat2 and Flat2 and Flat2 and Flat----TopTopTopTop

timech

est d

efle

ctio

n

n Flat-top is a period of constant rib deflection over time.

n Flat-top is merely evidence that the ribs and the spine are moving at the same velocity relative to ground.

– Flat-top is not necessarily evidence of rib binding.


“High Mass” Impactor“High Mass” Impactor“High Mass” Impactor“High Mass” ImpactorTestsTestsTestsTests

n Impactor: 907 kg at 5 m/s contacting the thorax and abdomen

n Test conditions: Impactor contacted the ES-2 at angles of 0, +10, +20, and -10 in the horizontal plane

n ES-2 rib modules designs:coated piston, ball and needle bearings


“High Mass” Impactor “High Mass” Impactor “High Mass” Impactor “High Mass” Impactor Tests Tests Tests Tests ---- ResultsResultsResultsResults

n No evidence of flat-top in ES-2 needle bearing rib modules

n Higher deflections in ES-2 compared to Eurosid-1

HighHighHighHigh----mass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum TestsRib Deflection, Minus Ten Degrees - Middle Rib Module

Time (MS)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Dis

plac

emen

t (M

M)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Eurosid-1 Coated PistonES-2 Needle Bearing

HighHighHighHigh----mass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum TestsRib Deflection, Zero Degrees - Middle Rib Module

Time (MS)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Dis

plac

emen

t (M

M)

-10

0

10

20

30

40


HighHighHighHigh----mass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum TestsRib Deflection, Ten Degrees - Middle Rib Module

Time (MS)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Dis

plac

emen

t (M

M)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


HighHighHighHigh----mass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum Testsmass Pendulum TestsRib Deflection, Twenty Degrees - Middle Rib Module

Time (MS)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Dis

plac

emen

t (M

M)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Eurosid-1 Coated PistonES-2 Needle Bearing


ESESESES----2 Phase I Full Scale 2 Phase I Full Scale 2 Phase I Full Scale 2 Phase I Full Scale TestsTestsTestsTests

VEHICLE DUMMY TEST CONFIGURATION

SPEED (km/h)

96 Taurus- 4dr* Eurosid-1 EU Side 48.396 Taurus- 4dr ES-2 EU Side 49.2

95 Metro- 3 dr* Eurosid-1 EU Side 50.396 Metro- 3 dr ES-2 EU Side 50.5

96 Taurus- 4dr ES-2 FMVSS 214 53.396 Taurus- 4dr ES-2 FMVSS 214 52.3

98 Chevy Cavalier-4dr

ES-2 US Side NCAP 61.6

2000 Grand Am- 2dr ES-2 US Side NCAP 62.1

* Baseline Tests in 1997


Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses EU Tests: ESEU Tests: ESEU Tests: ESEU Tests: ES----2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid----1111

n Deflection flat tops reduced but still present for ES-2n Higher deflection for ES-2

EU Taurus ES-2 vs Eurosid-1Driver Upper Rib Deflection

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

ES-2EUROSID-1

EU Metro ES-2 vs Eurosid-1Driver Middle Rib Deflection

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

ES-2EUROSID-1


Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses EU Tests: ESEU Tests: ESEU Tests: ESEU Tests: ES----2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid2 Versus Eurosid----1111

n Post-event oscillations in most rib deflections and minor oscillations near main event in a few deflections

EU Metro ES-2 vs Eurosid-1Driver Lower Rib Deflection

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

ES-2EUROSID-1

EU Metro ES-2 vs Eurosid-1Driver Upper Rib Deflection

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

ES-2EUROSID-1


Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses 214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES----2 2 2 2

n With one “exception” deflection flat tops not present

214 Taurus #1 with ES-2Driver Rib Deflections

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Upper RibMiddle RibLower Rib

Side NCAP Grand Am with ES-2Passenger Rib Deflections

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5



Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses Full Scale Test Rib Responses 214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES214/Side NCAP Tests: ES----2 2 2 2

n One rib deflection (of 24) exhibited flat top behavior … close to full dynamic range of rib module.

Side NCAP Cavalier with ES-2Driver Rib Deflections

Time (sec)

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20


ES-2 SN#001 Upper Rib Module Drop TestImpact Speed 4.75 m/s

Time (sec)

-0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Def

lect

ion

(m

m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

MAX = 54.89 mm








n Conclusions

n Future Work

Biofidelity Biofidelity Biofidelity Biofidelity –––– What is What is What is What is Important?Important?Important?Important?n First and foremost, a

dummy should interact with the vehicle environment in a human-like manner.

– Human-like force-area-time histories between occupant and vehicle.

n Secondly, those measures necessary to calculate injury criteria should be similar to the same measures on the human.

F(t),A(t)

IHRA Side Impact Torso and IHRA Side Impact Torso and IHRA Side Impact Torso and IHRA Side Impact Torso and Pelvis Sled Test Pelvis Sled Test Pelvis Sled Test Pelvis Sled Test RequirementsRequirementsRequirementsRequirements

n Shoulder to Pelvis evaluation

n Based upon 45 NHTSA sponsored cadaver tests

n Two door speeds - 6.7 and 8.9 m/s (15 and 20 mph)

n Two door stiffnesses -Padded and rigid

n Four door surface geometries

IHRA Side Impact Sled TestIHRA Side Impact Sled TestIHRA Side Impact Sled TestIHRA Side Impact Sled TestLoad Wall GeometryLoad Wall GeometryLoad Wall GeometryLoad Wall Geometry

F(t)x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

F(t)

F(t)

F(t)

IHRA Side Impact Sled IHRA Side Impact Sled IHRA Side Impact Sled IHRA Side Impact Sled RequirementsRequirementsRequirementsRequirements

n Door Forces at the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and legs

n Deflection of the upper and lower thorax, and mid abdomen.

n Acceleration – spine, pelvis and ribs

Force, Acceleration or Deflection Corridor and Mean

time

F(t)x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

Rating DummyRating DummyRating DummyRating Dummy BiofidelityBiofidelityBiofidelityBiofidelity ----DCV/CCV RatioDCV/CCV RatioDCV/CCV RatioDCV/CCV Ratio

Excellent - Dummy is as variant as the cadaver sample.

DCV/CCV = 1

Moderate - Dummy is between two and three times as variant as the cadaver sample.

2 < DCV/CCV <=3

Poor - Dummy is between n and n+1 times as variant as the cadaver sample.

N < DCV/CCV <= N+1

Good - Dummy is between one and two times as variant as the cadaver sample.

1 < DCV/CCV <=2

Excellent - Dummy is less variant than the cadaver sample.

0 <= DCV/CCV <1

Marcus et al 1986

Results Results Results Results ---- Door Force DCV/CCV Door Force DCV/CCV Door Force DCV/CCV Door Force DCV/CCV RatioRatioRatioRatio

00112233445566778899

1010

Thorax Abdomen Pelvis AverageDoor Force

DCV/CCV

ES-2ES-2SIDSID

Incr

easi

ng

Bio

fid

elit

y

Samaha et al 2001 ESV

excellentgoodmoderatepoor

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

UpperRib

LowerRib

UpperSpine

LowerSpine

Pelvis Average

Acceleration

DCV/CCV

ES-2ES-2SIDSID

DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio ––––AccelerationAccelerationAccelerationAcceleration

Incr

easi

ng

Bio

fid

elit

y


excellent

good

moderate

poor

DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio DCV/CCV Ratio –––– DeflectionDeflectionDeflectionDeflection

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Upper Lower AverageThorax Deflection

DCV/CCV

ES-2ES-2

Incr

easi

ng

Bio

fid

elit

y


excellent

good

moderate

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Rigid 8.9 m/s Padded 8.9m/s

Rigid 6.7 m/s Padded 6.7m/s

Test Condition

DCV/CCV

ES-2ES-2SIDSID

DCV/CCV Ratio vs. Test ConditionDCV/CCV Ratio vs. Test ConditionDCV/CCV Ratio vs. Test ConditionDCV/CCV Ratio vs. Test Condition

ES-2 Ribs bottomed out in this condition

Incr

easi

ng

Bio

fid

elit

y


Previous work Previous work Previous work Previous work ---- ISO ISO ISO ISO Biofidelity RatingsBiofidelity RatingsBiofidelity RatingsBiofidelity Ratings

2.783.22Overall

2.761.76Pelvis

4.383.23Abdomen

5.024.78Thorax

0.03.90Shoulder

2.553.70Neck

0.03.33Head

SIDEurosid-1

Note: Larger numbers indicate better biofidelity.








n Conclusions

n Future Work

Comparison of ESComparison of ESComparison of ESComparison of ES----2 and 2 and 2 and 2 and SID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 Instrumentation

UUUUUpper LoadsNeck

Shoulder

Head

UULoad/Rotation

UUUULower Loads

UUUU9 accel Array

SID/HIIIES-2Measurement

Comparison of ESComparison of ESComparison of ESComparison of ES----2 and 2 and 2 and 2 and SID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 InstrumentationSID/H3 Instrumentation

UUUUAcceleration

UUUUDeflectionThorax

UUForceAbdomen

Pelvis

UUForce

UUUUAcceleration

SID/HIIIES-2Measurement

ESESESES----2 Torso Injury 2 Torso Injury 2 Torso Injury 2 Torso Injury Assessment Capability Assessment Capability Assessment Capability Assessment Capability Compared to SIDCompared to SIDCompared to SIDCompared to SID

n Compare SID and ES-2 instrumentation output in flat wall and abdominal offset conditions

n Correlate instrumentation output with injuries in similar cadaver tests

F(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

F(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)


F(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)

•Cadaver Test B4218• AIS 4 Kidney Laceration• 5 fractured Ribs


•Cadaver Test B4268• AIS 3 Kidney Laceration• 7 fractured Ribs

F(t)

x(t)a(t)a(t)

a(t)


52 g71 gTTI (85 g)

Abdominal Force (2500 N)

ES-2 Chest Deflection (42 mm)

Pelvis Acceleration (120 g)

8585 N1402 N

31 mm52 mm

53 g67 g

SID

Abdominal Offset

Flat Wall

Kidney Laceration

NoneSoft Tissue

67Fractured Ribs

Cadaver Autopsy Results


n Conclusion - ES-2 abdominal load measurement capability detects injuries the SID misses.

ESESESES----2 Pelvis2 Pelvis2 Pelvis2 Pelvis

n ES-2 measures Pelvis Acceleration and Pubic Symphysis Load (PSL), while SID only measures acceleration

n PSL may be a better measure of the load which is directed into the hip joint, and thus may be a better predictor of serious pelvic injury.








n Conclusions

n Future Work

ESESESES----2 Back2 Back2 Back2 Back----plateplateplateplate

ESESESES----2 Back2 Back2 Back2 Back----plateplateplateplate

n Force Balance on ES-2 Spine

M

Neck Loads

Lumbar Loads

Rib +ShoulderLoads

Z

Y

X

M

Back PlateLoads

FullFullFullFull----Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test –––– Driver Driver Driver Driver Impulse AnalysisImpulse AnalysisImpulse AnalysisImpulse Analysis

-50.00

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

Metro Taurus Taurus #1 Taurus #2 Cavalier GrandAM

EU 214 NCAP

Y I

mp

uls

e (

Ne

wto

ns

x s

eco

nd

s)

Neck Back Plate Lumbar Spine Rib + Shoulder

FullFullFullFull----Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test Scale Vehicle Test ––––Passenger Impulse AnalysisPassenger Impulse AnalysisPassenger Impulse AnalysisPassenger Impulse Analysis

-50.00

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Metro Taurus Taurus #1 Taurus #2 Cavalier GrandAM

EU 214 NCAP

Y I

mp

uls

e (

Ne

wto

ns

x s

eco

nd

s) Neck Back Plate Lumbar Spine Rib + Shoulder








n Conclusions

n Future Work


ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

n The ES-2 thorax is less biofidelic than the SID while the ES-2 abdomen and pelvis biofidelity are roughly equivalent.

n ES-2 detects abdominal injuries that the SID misses.

n ES-2 has the potential to better detect serious pelvic injuries.

n More research is necessary to understand the biofidelity of the head/neck complex.

n ES-2 modifications appear to have addressed rib binding which is one mechanism of rib deflection flat top.

n Loads from the seat back through the ES-2 back plate transfer little momentum to the spine of the dummy.


Additional ESAdditional ESAdditional ESAdditional ES----2 Research2 Research2 Research2 Research

n Additional component/sled tests to provide a assessment of head/neck/shoulder biofidelity and kinematics (summer 01)

n Additional component test to ensure that the ES-2 ribs are not binding and that the dummy is repeatable (summer 01)

n Component tests to assess back plate interaction with the seat back (summer 01)

n Application of injury criteria for the ES-2 dummy (summer 01)


Thank you!

ES-2 Biofidelity and Injury Assessment Capability · NHTSA Side Impact Research Full Scale Test Rib...

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Transcript of ES-2 Biofidelity and Injury Assessment Capability · NHTSA Side Impact Research Full Scale Test Rib...