saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli

Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

lela miqiaSvili

erekle meoris samxedro

politika

meomris biblioTeka #15

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTxuTmete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda,

saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs,

rom brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaxtang goilaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

Mmefe erekle II

3

qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi erekle II-s gansakuTrebuli adgili

uWiravs. Mmis saxels ukavSirdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos aRorZinebisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi mopovebuli

araerTi brwyinvale gamarjveba. Eerekle II-is samxedro politikis warmateba

miT ufro mniSvnelovania, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mis gamefebas win

uZRoda qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli Znelbedobis xana: 1723 wlidan

dawyebuli, Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi osmalebi (Turqebi)

batonobdnen, 1735 wlidan ki `osmaloba~ aranakleb mZime `yizilbaSobam~

(iranelTa batonobam) Secvala, romelic 1747 wlamde grZeldeboda. aseT

viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, qveyanaSi sruli ganukiTxaoba sufevda. qveynisaTvis,

Sida aneqsiaze gacilebiT ufro didi ubedureba lekTa TareSi iyo. am

periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi ar darCenila arc erTi kuTxe, romelic lekebs ar

daerbiaT da gaeZarcvaT. amas mravali mizezi hqonda: lekTa SeiaraRebul

razmebs qarTveli feodalebi xSirad erTmaneTis dasarbevad iyenebdnen; garda

amisa, amboxebul qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad lekebs osmalebic

iyenebdnen, da bolos, upatronod darCenil qveyanaSi lekebi sakuTari

iniciativiTac laSqrobdnen _ Tavs esxmodnen mosaxleobas, Zarcvavdnen mas

da mihqondaT yvelaferi, rasac moixelTebdnen: tyveebi, saqoneli, iaraRi,

sakvebi da sxva. Bbunebrivia, yovelive amas meurneobis dacema,Ymosaxleobis

raodenobis katastrofulad Semcireba, xolo Sedegad zogierTi kuTxis

sruli gaukacrieleba mohyva. iran-osmaleTis mravalwliani metoqeobis

asparezad qceul saqarTvelos sruli ganadgureba emuqreboda. aseT

viTarebaSi, iranis taxts daeufla nadir-Sahi (yofili Tamaz-yuli-xani,

1736-1747 ww.) _ yizilbaSTa avSaris tomis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli. igi

1726 wlidan Sah-TamazTan msaxurobda da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda

iranis brZolas avRanelebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg, ramac mniSvnelovnad

imoqmeda misi avtoritetis amaRlebaze. 1732 w. man taxtidan Camoagdo Sah-

Tamaz II da misive mcirewlovani Svili abas III Sahad gamoacxada, TviTon ki

droebiT regentobas* dasjerda; garkveuli periodi man sakuTari poziciebis

gasamyareblad gamoiyena da 1736 w. iranis Sahis taxti daikava. 1737-1739

wlebSi ganxorcielebuli laSqrobebis Sedegad nadir-Sahma Seqmna

uzarmazari imperia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic iranis garda, provinciebisa

Tu vasaluri teritoriebis saxiT, Sevida somxeTi, Aazerbaijani,

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, daRestani, avRaneTi, belujistani*, xivisa* da

buxaris saxanoebi*.

Aamrigad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi osmaloba isev yizilbaSobiT

Seicvala, Tumca amiT qveyanaSi araferi Secvlila, piriqiT _ yizilbaSobas

Tan mohyva axali gadasaxadebi da darbevebi, ris sapasuxodac qarTl-kaxeTSi

kvlav ajanyebebi daiwyo. samwuxarod, ajanyebulTa SeuTanxmebeli

moqmedebebisa, da rac mTavaria _ damxmare Zalebis ararsebobis gamo, am

brZolas didi warmateba ar ewera: am droisaTvis iran-osmaleTs Soris

morigi zavi gaformda, Sesabamisad, ajanyebulTaTvis imTaviTve gamoricxuli

4

iyo osmaleTis mxardaWeris mopoveba da am gziT ukve mravaljer nacadi

politikis gatareba, romelic erTi mowinaaRmdegis meoris sapirispirod

gamoyenebas gulisxmobda da romelsac qarTvelebi saukuneTa manZilze

warmatebiT iyenebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, ajanyebulTa erTaderT imedad isev

ruseTi rCeboda; am mizniT saimperatoro karze qarTvelTa ramdenime

elCobac gaigzavna, magram arsebul viTarebaSi ruseTisagan daxmarebis

miRebas realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, radganac TurqeTTan omSi (1735-1739

ww.) Cabmul ruseTs, bunebrivia, xels ar aZlevda iranTan urTierTobis

garTuleba; amrigad, sakmaod Zlieri mtris pirispir qarTvelebi martoni

aRmoCndnen. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTveloSi gamwesebuli yizilbaSTa jaris

sardalma sefi-xanma ajanyebis meTaurebs patieba, SahTan Suamdgomloba da

xarkis Semcireba aRuTqva da am dapirebebis wyalobiT Sexvedraze daiTanxma,

Semdeg ki fici gatexa, yvelani Seipyro da ispaanSi nadir-SahTan gagzavna. am

datyvevebul qarTvelTa Soris iyo erekle II-is mama _ Teimuraz II.

Teimurazi qarTlis mefis erekle I-is (1688-1703 ww.), anu igive

nazarali-xanis vaJi iyo (erekle I aRizarda ruseTis samefo karze, sadac

TiTqmis oci weli mZevlad imyofeboda da cnobili iyo nikolozis

saxeliT). Teimurazi jer kaxeTis gamgebeli iyo (1709-1715 ww.), Semdeg ki

_ mefe (1733-1744 ww.); Tavis ZmasTan _ konstantine II-Tan (kaxeTis mefe

1722-1732 ww.) erTad igi aqtiurad ibrZoda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

gabatonebuli osmalebis winaaRmdeg da mniSvnelovani rolic Seasrula maTi

gandevnis saqmeSi; Tumca amis miuxedavad, nadir-Sahi mas karga xans mainc

eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da Teimurazs sakmaod didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda

misi ndobis mosapoveblad.

Teimurazis meuRle (erekles deda) Tamari cnobili qarTveli mefis _

vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamari qarTl-kaxeTis

gaerTianebis gegmis erT-erT iniciatorad moiazreboda: igi sakmaod Wkviani

politikosi da brwyinvale diplomati iyo; misi gavlena qveynis politikur

cxovrebaze cnobili iyo ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs

gareTac. rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi problemebis

mogvarebaSi dedoflis Rvawlis Sesaxeb kargad icoda nadir-Sahmac,

romelmac jer kidev 1735 wels, erevanSiYyofnisas, roca Teimurazi

TavisTan daibara da daatyveva, mas ubrZana, Tamar dedofalic iq xleboda.

gzaSi Teimurazma gaqceva moaxerxa da saswrafod TuSeTs Seafara Tavi,

riTac dedofalsac aarida tyveobis safrTxe; magram TavisTavad dedoflis

pirovnebiT nadir-Sahis aseTi daintereseba aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, Tu

raoden mniSvnelovani adgili eWira Tamars im periodis saqarTvelos

politikur cxovrebaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom 1736 wlidan, rodesac Teimurazi

nadir-Sahis moTxovniT iZulebiT gaemgzavra irans, kaxeTis gamgeblad Tamari

darCa. igi mtkiced da energiulad marTavda qveyanas da saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobebsac Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr anawilebda.

5

sefi-xanis mier datyvevebuli qarTvelebis iranSi Casvlisas nadir-Sahis

ganwyoba ukve sapirispirod iyo Secvlili, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda:

SahisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom verc gamahmadianebulma qarTvelebma da verc

maT dasaxmareblad gamwesebulma yizilbaSma sardlebma ver SeZles

saqarTveloSi iranis xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi da sasurveli reJimis

damyareba, qarTvelTa ajanyebebs bolo ar uCanda, sastik damsjel

RonisZiebebs ki aranairi Sedegi ar mohyolia. Aam garemoebebma Sahi aiZules,

daTmobaze wasuliyo: man Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba SesTavaza, amis

sanacvlod ki misi qal-vaJis _ ereklesa da qeTevanis iranSi gamoZaxeba

mosTxova. im droisaTvis erekle mxolod 15 wlis iyo (igi daibada 1720

w.), magram ukve aqtiurad monawileobda saxelmwifo saqmianobasa da

samxedro operaciebSi, rasac adasturebs erekles mematiane da misive

cxovrebis aRmwereli oman xerxeuliZe: `welsa 1735 movidnen lekni da

qisiyi moarbives. maSin iyo Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli wlisa 15,

romelman Semoiyara soflebidam jari, ewia mindorSi da Zlierad Semoebnen

lekni; garna TviT ese yrma, Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli, Sevida Sinagan

jarsa lekisasa da pirvelad aman mokla kaci da amis mxilvelTa kaxTa

erTpirad mimarTes yiviliT da wina wariqcies jari lekisa, dahyares tyveni

da saqoneli da moswyvitnes umravlesni; …... da friad mxiarul iqmnen kaxni,

ixiles ra simxne da mamacoba memkvidrisa misisa~ qarTul istoriul

wyaroebSi uamravi cnobaa Semonaxuli erekles mier brZolis wina xazze

gamoCenili umagaliTo gmirobis Taobaze: mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze,

xandazmul asakSic ki, ar yofila SemTxveva, rom erekle sakuTari meomrebis

mxardamxar ar CarTuliyo brZolaSi. Aamis TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo misi

mefobis miwuruls gamarTuli krwanisis brZolac, romlis Sesaxebac

mogvianebiT gveqneba saubari.

Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom erekles siyrmidanve, nebismieri politikuri

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas aseTive Seudrekeloba axasiaTebda. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, Teimurazis gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod, nadir-Sahma ereklesa da

qeTevanis iranSi Casvla moiTxova. Aamis Taobaze kaxeli didebulebi didxans

bWobdnen; veragi Sahis ndoba ar SeiZleboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli, rom

batoniSvilebis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg igi Tavisive sityvas ar gatexda,

aseT SemTxvevaSi ki kaxeTi mefisa da taxtis memkvidris gareSe rCeboda.

Aamitomac, usafrTxoebis mizniT, erekles urCevdnen, Tavi Seekavebina iranSi

wasvlisagan, magram man `didad uarhyo warusvleloba Tvisi da hsTqva:

mamaCemi iq unda hyvandesT da Cemis iq misvliT gamoutevebdnen

(gamouSvebdnen, l.m) da me amazed davbrkolde da ara warvide, es Cemgan

SeuZlo ariso.~ Aamrigad, 1737 wlis martSi batoniSvilebi irans Cavidnen.

Nnadir-Sahma qeTevan batoniSvili Tavis Zmiswuls _ ali-yuli-xans miaTxova

colad, Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba uboZa da saqarTveloSi gamouSva, erekle

ki TavisTan daitova da indoeTis laSqrobaSi Tan iaxla. sainteresoa, rom

mematianis cnobiT, am Sexvedrisas nadir-Sahs ereklesaTvis mahmadianur

6

sarwmunoebaze gadasvla SeuTavazebia, magram pasuxad uari miiRo: `Cemi

sikvdili SesaZlebel ars da sulisa (mokvla, l.m.) _ vervis ZaluZso da

arc me gavmahmadiandebio~ amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom Sah-

abasisagan gansxvavebiT, nadir-Sahi saqarTvelos mimarT mkacri

antiqristianuli politikis gatarebis momxre ar yofila: mravalwlovanma

gamocdilebam igi daarwmuna, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis batonobis

SenarCuneba Sahisadmi morCili qristiani mmarTvelis meSveobiT ufro

xelsayreli iyo, vidre gamahmadianebuli qarTveli xanebisa, romlebic

mosaxleobaSi naklebi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. niSandoblivia isic, rom am

droisaTvis religiuri momenti qarTvel mefeTa da kerZod _ Teimuraz II-is

sagareo politikaSi uTuod meorexarisxovani iyo. politikuri orientacia

saqarTvelos interesebis Sesabamisad icvleboda da Teimurazic, Tavisi

winamorbedi mefeebis msgavsad, cdilobda, rom arsebuli situaciiT

nakarnaxevi Zlieri mtrisadmi morCileba qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis

sasikeTod gamoeyenebina. amitomac iyo, rom politikuri viTarebidan

gamomdinare, Teimurazi periodulad nadir-Sahis opoziciur banakSic

yofila, misi erTgulebis damtkicebac xSirad ucdia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

misive Zalebic gamouyenebia sakuTari qveynis interesebisaTvis, xolo nadir-

Sahis damxobis Semdeg _ ruseTis imperiasTan momgebiani urTierTobis

damyarebisTvisac mcdeloba ar dauklia. iseT mtrul saxelmwifoTa

garemocvaSi, rogorSic imdroindeli saqarTvelo imyofeboda, albaT,

sxvagvari politika verc gaamarTlebda. Teimurazis moqmedebis sqema

konkretulad ase gamoiyureba: yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma

Teimurazma ruseTisagan ver miiRo daxmareba, amitomac igi nadir-Sahs

swored im momentSi Seurigda, roca es ukanaskneli iranis teritoriebis

Semokrebas amTavrebda da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT grandiozul

laSqrobas gegmavda. Teimurazma zustad gaTvala, rom iranis mbrZanebels

swored maSin sWirdeboda mxardaWera amierkavkasiaSi, sadac Tavisi reJimis

SenarCunebas mxolod yizilbaSTa saokupacio jarebiT ver uzrunvelyofda.

amitom iyo, rom Sahma kaxeTis mefe Teimurazs `qristianoba miuteva~ da

didi pativiT gamoistumra samSobloSi. Aam nabijiT nadir-Sahma erTi mxriv

scada, Seemsubuqebina Tavisive winamorbedTa codvebi qristianuli qarTl-

kaxeTis mimarT, meore mxriv, mas kargad esmoda, rom es gza misTvisac

momgebiani iyo, radganac religiuri Semwynarebloba im dros erT-erTi

Zlieri berketi iqneboda saimisod, rom irans aRekveTa qarTvel

politikosTa kavSiri qristianul ruseTTan. yovelive amis Sedegad ki

Teimurazma xarkisagan daixsna kaxeTi, xolo nadir-Sahma Teimurazis

meSveobiT daamSvida mRelvare qarTli, romelsac Sahis mier daniSnulma

yizilbaSma mmarTvelebma (e. w. `veqilebma~) Tavi ver gaarTves.

Nnadir-SahTan ereklem TiTqmis ornaxevari weli gaatara da miuxedavad

imisa, rom am xnis manZilze, igi mZevlis statusiT imyofeboda, axalgazrda

batoniSvilisaTvis es iyo SesaniSnavi skola, sadac igi gaiwafa aRmosavlur

7

diplomatiaSi, politikasa da samxedro strategiaSi. amasTanave, nadir-

SahTan erTad indoeTis laSqrobaSi monawileobisas man udidesi sabrZolo

gamocdilebac miiRo da Zlevamosili dampyroblis winaSec saTanadod

warmoaCina sakuTari niWi da unari. amasTan dakavSirebiT, erekles mematianis

TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia erTi gadmocema, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor

aRafrTovana Sahi erekles maxvilgonivrulma rCevam erT-erTi provinciis _

`sindeTis~ (sindis)* dapyrobisas. Aaq mas sazRvarTan aRmarTuli qvis sveti

daxvda, romelzec Semdegi warwera iyo amokveTili: `ukuniTi ukunisamde

wyeulimc iyos is, vinc am svets gadaabijebs~. am wyevlam crumorwmune

iraneli meomrebi daafrTxo da maT uari ganacxades gzis gagrZelebaze.

Nnadir-Sahma verc muqariT da verc gamxnevebiT ver SeZlo maTi daTanxmeba.

Aam dros erekles misTvis urCevia, rom aRniSnuli sveti daeSalaT da

spiloebis zurgze SemoedoT, spiloebi ki jars waruZRvebodnen. Amgvarad,

wyevla aravis daatydeboda Tavs, radganac arc erTi meomari mas ar

gadabijebda. aseT marjve rCevas Sahi aRtacebaSi mouyvania da madlierebis

niSnad TiTqos 20 aTasi oqroc uboZebia ereklesaTvis.

1739 w. 28 maiss nadir-Sahma qarTveli batoniSvili guluxvad

daasaCuqra da samSobloSi gamoistumra. xangrZlivi mgzavrobis Semdeg

erekle kaxeTSi dabrunda (1739 w. 13 seqtembers) da dauyovnebliv Caeba

qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. Aam droisaTvis kaxeTis samefo karze

dawyebuli iyo qveynis gaerTianebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romlis erT-erTi

sulisCamdgmeli Tamar dedofalic iyo.

aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis dasrulebis Semdeg, nadir-Sahma daRestnis

sabolood damorCileba ganizraxa. Ees masStaburi laSqroba 1741-1742

wlebSi ganxorcielda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom nadir-Sahi mTel

aRmosavleTSi uZlieres xelmwifed iTvleboda, daRestnel mTielTa

Seupovari winaaRmdegobis daZleva man ver SeZlo: lekebi miuval xeobebSi

Caiketnen da Zlieri partizanuli brZola wamoiwyes. Aamis gamo, nadir-Sahis

gegma daRestnis elviseburi dapyrobis Taobaze ver ganxorcielda, omi

gaWianurda, yizilbaSTa mravalaTasian laSqars ki sursaTi Semoaklda. Sahma

advilad ipova gamosavali da saWiro sursaTi amierkavkasiis qveynebisagan,

maT Soris _ qarTl-kaxeTisaganac moiTxova, ramac mosaxleobaSi sapasuxo

ajanyebebi gamoiwvia. jer kidev daRestnis laSqrobamde 1741 w. Sahma

qarTl-kaxeTSi Tavisi sagangebo moxele _ mumeizi (`aRmwereli~)

gamoagzavna, romlis miTiTebiTac TiTqmis yoveli goji miwa, pirutyvi,

xexili, vazi da ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli mosaxle aRweres da dabegres;

gadasaxadebi daaweses TiToeul Senobazec. im periodis kidev erTi qarTveli

mematianis _ papuna orbelianis cnobiT, aseTi mZime gadasaxadebis gadaxda

yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo da amis gamo `mravali suli aiyara, bevri adgili

umetesad aoxrda. Mmravali kaci venaxsa da baRebs Tavisi xeliT kafdis da

aoxrebdis~, xolo qarTlSi puri ise gaZvirda, rom mosaxleoba `balaxis

kurkas gaaxmobdian, dafqvidnen da imas sWamdnen~. Seqmnili mdgomareobis

8

gamo, qarTvelebi ganudgnen nadir-Sahs, mis mier daniSnulma gamgebelma

qarTlSi ajanyebis CaxSoba ver moaxerxa, amitom Tavisi warumateblobis

dasafaravad Teimurazs am ajanyebis monawileoba daabrala da SahTan

daasmina. rogorc oman xerxeuliZe gvamcnobs, ganrisxebulma Sahma ganizraxa

`ayra da mowyveta (daxocva) qarTl-kaxeTisa erisa~. Aaxali ganadgurebisagan

qveyana isev da isev dedofal Tamaris diplomatiurma xelovnebam ixsna,

romelic Teimurazma `waravlina vedrebad yaenisa winaSe,~ raTa misi

mrisxaneba daecxro. Ddedofali daRestanSi dabanakebul nadir-Sahs eaxla da

misTvis Cveuli brZnuli saubriT igi Teimurazis udanaSaulobaSi daarwmuna,

amave dros aRniSna Sahis mimarT erekles erTguli damokidebulebac.

Ddedoflis vizitma sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. nadir-Sahi molba, Tamaris

yvela Txovna daakmayofila da didi pativiTac gamoistumra. Tumca imis

gamo, rom Tamaris diplomatiiT moxiblulma Sahma kaxeTi gadasaxadebisagan

gaaTavisufla, mTeli simZime qarTlze gadavida, rac Tavis mxriv ajanyebis

axali talRis mizezi gaxda. amave dros, iranSi Seqmnilma sirTuleebma mis

tradiciul moqiSpeebs aqtiurobisaken ubiZges. TurqeTi, romelsac

aSfoTebda nadir-Sahis Zlevamosili laSqrobebis warmateba, ukve omisaTvis

emzadeboda; movlenaTa ganviTarebas yuradRebiT akvirdeboda ruseTic.

qarTlSi mzaddeboda didi SeTqmuleba, romelsac saTaveSi edga Wkviani da

Zlieri Tavadi _ givi amilaxvari. mas saamilaxvro* da qsnis saerisTavo*

eWira, aragvis erisTavi ki misi mokavSire da Tanamoazre iyo; amdenad,

qarTlis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawils givi amilaxvari akontrolebda.

Mman Teimurazsac SesTavaza ajanyebaSi monawileoba, magram ver daiTanxma

igi. rogorc Cans, Teimurazma im droisaTvis swori gadawyvetileba miiRo.

miuxedavad WeSmaritad keTilSobili ideisa, romelic dampyroblebisagan

qveynis gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda, givi amilaxvari iranelebTan

(yizilbaSebTan) brZolas Turqebis (osmalebis) daxmarebiT apirebda, magram

qarTvelebs jer kidev kargad axsovdaT `osmalobis~ simZime. Seqmnil

viTarebaSi nadir-Sahis interesebi Teimurazisa da Tamaris gegmebs emTxveoda

_ Sahi Teimurazs Tavis erTgul ymad miiCnevda, im dros rodesac osmaleTi

xels uwyobda qarTlis ajanyebas, Sahs aq haeriviT sWirdeboda Tavisi

erTguli momxre, Teimurazs ki qarTlis mefobaze kanonieri ufleba hqonda,

radgan misi meuRle Tamari qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aqedan

gamomdinare, kaxTa mefis mxardaWeras SahisaTvis gacilebiT didi

mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

Aim xanebSi nadir-Sahi sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

TurqeTTan wamowyebuli axali omis fonze (1743-1746 ww.) iranis Sida

provinciebSi ajanyebebi mZvinvarebda. TurqeTisave waqezebiT areuloba

daiwyo amierkavkasiis saxanoebSic, xolo daRestanSi warumatebelma

laSqrobam Sahs kidev ufro gaurTula saqme. aseT viTarebaSi qarTlSi

dawyebuli ajanyeba iseTi gavleniani feodalis meTaurobiT, rogoric iyo

givi amilaxvari, irans did saSiSroebas uqmnida. Nnadir-Sahma isic kargad

9

icoda, rom am ajanyebis CasaxSobad sakuTari Zalebis gamoyeneba misTvis

araxelsayreli iyo, radgan qarTvelTa TvalSi iranis Sahi, rogorc

dampyrobeli, mxolod undoblobasa da siZulvils iwvevda. amitom nadir-

SahisaTvis yvelaze kargi gamosavali iyo is, rom qarTvelTa ajanyeba isev

qarTvelebis xeliT CaexSo da am saqmeSi igi Teimurazze ukeTes

kandidaturas versad ipovida, radganac qristiani mefe mosaxleobaSi didi

mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahs unda ezruna, rom am

saqmeSi Teimurazsac saTanado daintereseba hqonoda da swored aq daemTxva

Sahis gegmebi Teimurazis miswrafebebs saqarTvelos (pirvel rigSi ki _

qarTl-kaxeTis) gaerTianebisaken.

Mmas Semdeg, rac Sahma kaxeTi xarkisagan gaaTavisufla, Teimurazis

politikis momxreTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo qsnisa da

aragvis xeobaSi da MmTlianad qarTlSic, ajanyebis monawile Tavadebs Soris

nel-nela gaCnda iranTan Serigebis survili. Ggarda amisa, gadasaxadebiTa da

ganuwyveteli omebiT ganawameb qarTlis mosaxleobas Tvalwin edga kaxeTi,

sadac arc gauTavebeli urTierTdarbevebi iyo, aRarc yizilbaSTa TareSi da

arc sayaeno xarki. Aaqedan gamomdinare, givi amilaxvrisaTvis Teimurazis

winaaRmdeg brZola gacilebiT ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo, vidre

yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg. Mmokle xanSi, nadir-Sahma kaxeTis mefes daumtkica

aragvis saerisTavo* da qsnis saerisTavoc aRuTqva. es amilaxvrisaTvis

Zlieri dartyma iyo, Tumca igi imeds mainc ar kargavda. 1743 wlisaTvis

iranSi saSineli SimSiloba daiwyo, xalxis ukmayofilebam bevr provinciaSi

ajanyebis saxe miiRo, amave dros SirvanSi gamoCnda iranis taxtis axali

pretendentic da yvelafer amas emateboda iran-osmaleTs Soris dawyebuli

omi. TurqeTis waqezebiT irans ganudga amierkavkasiis saxanoebis didi

nawili. aseT viTarebaSi givi amilaxvris laSqari, romelic zogierTi

cnobis Tanaxmad, 12 aTasi kacisagan Sedgeboda, nadir-SahisaTvis

mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgenda da savaraudod, aqedan gamomdinareobda

misi gadawyvetilebac TeimurazisaTvis aragvis xeobis gadacemis Sesaxeb. amis

Semdeg qsnis xeobis dakaveba did siZneles aRar warmoadgenda.

Tavdapirvelad Teimurazi ZmaTaSoris sisxlisRvras moerida da Seecada

`mravlis wyalobis dapirebiT~ Semoerigebina qsnisxevelni, magram es

mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. maSin man erekle kaxeTidan moixmo jariT,

ris Semdegac, rogorc papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs `Sevida kaxi batoni

Teimuraz, daimona xmliT qsnis xevi, dadga Sig~, amis Semdeg givi amilaxvris

winaaRmdeg brZola gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida. Mmis mflobelobaSi iyo

`sxvilos cixe, ori Wala, surami, kexvi, qcxinvali da qarTlis cixe qsanze,

kidev wiqori~ (wirqoli, l.m.). amasobaSi, amilaxvris momxreTa banakSi

ganxeTqileba gaCnda, amiT isargebles kaxelebma da misi uaxloesi

TanamebrZoli, misive biZaSvili revaz amilaxvari gadmoibires. unda iTqvas,

rom givi amilaxvris mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis pozicia TavisTavad

srulebiTac ar gulisxmobda iranelTa batonobasTan Seguebas; isini

10

realurad afasebdnen Seqmnil viTarebas da miiCnevdnen, rom im droisaTvis

iranis SahisaTvis mxardaWera TavianTi ZiriTadi miznis gansaxorcieleblad,

anu _ qveynis gasaerTianeblad gamoeyenebinaT. movlenaTa Semdgomma

ganviTarebam marTlac daadastura am gadawyvetilebis upiratesoba: qsnisa da

aragvis xeobebis dakargvis Semdeg, givi amilaxvari gamouval mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCnda da daxmarebisaTvis osmaleTs mimarTa, am nabijiT ki sakuTar Tavs

TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni, radganac qarTlis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli

gmiri, misive momxreTa TvalSi, ukve osmalTa momzred iqca. cnobili

qarTveli mecnieri Nniko berZeniSvili Aamis Sesaxeb werda: `qarTlis

sazogadoebis TvalSi, ajanyebas ideuri safuZveli gamoecala, radganac

brZolis dawyebisas amilaxvari qarTlSi osmalTa Semoyvanaze ar fiqrobda,

igi `qarTvelobis~ dasacavad ebrZoda `osmalobasac~ da `yizilbaSobasac~,

swored amitom gaerTianda mis garSemo qarTlelTa mniSvnelovani nawili.

Teimurazis mier warmoebulma politikam ki maT daanaxa, rom igi iseve

gaaTavisuflebda qarTls yizilbaSobisagan, rogorc gaaTavisufla kaxeTi im

dros, rodesac osmaleTis daxmarebis mizani mxolod da mxolod qarTlis

dapyroba iyo~.

Aamrigad, Teimurazma qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavoebidan gaaZeva givi

amilaxvris momxreebi. amis sapasuxod 1744 w. zamTarSi axalcixidan

osmalTa didi laSqari daiZra da suramSi dabanakebul amilaxvris jars

SeuerTda. qarTvelTa da TurqTa erTianma jarma (5 aTasamde kaci) aCabeTis

cixeSi gamagrebul erekles Seuties. Mmematianis cnobiT, erekles am dros

daaxloebiT eqvsasamde meomari Hhyavda (300 qarTveli da 300 leki), magram

miuxedavad amisa, iolad SeZlo gacilebiT mravalricxovani miwinaaRmdegis

damarcxeba. istoriuli wyaroebi am brZolas ase aRweren: `gamovidnen kaxni,

dauSines, rom Tofis xmisagan yurTa xma aRar iyo. sZlies kaxTa, gaaqcies

urumni, mihyvnen ukan kafiT (e.i. xovca-JletiT, l.m.) qcxinvalamdis…...… da

gamobrundnen gamarjvebulni. Mmas dRes rom genaxaT batoniSvili erekle,

amas bZanebdiT: Tuca lomi, egre ibrZviso! asakiTa iyo mcire, magram rasac

saqmes iqmoda, falavanis Sesadarisi iqneboda.~ Ddamarcxebuli amilaxvari

Tavisi jariT surams dabrunda da sul male, kars momdgari zamTris SiSiT,

axalcixeSi gadavida.

Aamave xanebSi, Teimurazma da ereklem kidev erTi didi samsaxuri

gauwies nadir-Sahs: TurqeTTan mimdinare omis fonze iranis SigniTac

gaaqtiurdnen Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni; amjerad, maT sababad gamoiyenes nadir-

Sahis mier iranis taxtis ukanonod miTviseba da wina planze wamoswies

taxtis `kanonieri memkvidre~, romelic Sah-Tamazis Svilad _ `Sah-zadad~

gamoacxades da misTvis mamiseuli taxtis dabrunebis moTxovna wamoayenes.

isedac rTul mdgomareobaSi myofi nadir-SahisaTvis es ukve gamanadgurebeli

dartyma iyo, amitomac man Tavis Svils _ nasrula-mirzas saswrafod

daavala taxtis maZieblis Sepyroba. Nnasrula-mirzam amboxebulebTan

brZolaSi gaimarjva, magram mTavari mizani ganuxorcielebeli darCa: Sah-

11

zadam daaxloebiT askaciani amalis TanxlebiT gaqceva moaxerxa. Ppapuna

orbelianis cnobiT, igi md. Qqsnis xeobisaken gaemarTa, sadac givi

amilaxvari eguleboda, magram iq mas Teimurazi da erekle daxvdnen

qarTvelTa jariT, Seipyres igi da ananuris cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. rogorc

ki es ambavi acnobes, madlierebis niSnad nadir-Sahma guluxvad daasaCuqra

qarTveli mefeebi da momavalSi kidev ufro didi wyaloba aRuTqva;

datyvevebuli Sah-zada ereklem piradad Cauyvana nasrula-mirzas, romelmac

Tavis mxriv didad dasaCuqrebuli gamoistumra da dapirda `magier jildos,

mswrafl moelodeo~.

Aamrigad, kaxeTis mflobeli mama-Svilis erTguleba da samsaxuri nadir-

Sahma am faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro metad daafasa da maTTvis qarTlis

gadacema ukve uaxloesi momavlis saqme iyo. am fonze yovlad uimedo gaxda

givi amilaxvris mdgomareoba, miT umetes, rom amave xanebSi, ukiduresad

gaxSirda qarTlis mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba kaxeTSi (zogierTi

cnobiT, marto saamilaxvro sami aTasamde komlma datova). amis miuxedavad,

TurqeTi brZolas ar wyvetda: 1744 w. axalcixeli usuf-faSas meTaurobiT

qarTlSi osmalTa didi jari Semovida: maT Tan mohqondaT didi raodenobiT

Tanxa, romelic daRestanSi unda CaetanaT lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad,

romlebsac givi amilaxvris mxareze unda ebrZolaT. amilaxvari osmalebs

suramSi Seegeba. Teimurazma mters gorTan gaumarTa brZola, magram

damarcxda, Tumca osmalebma goris cixis aReba ver gabedes da isev ruisSi

dabanakdnen. amis Semdeg givi amilaxvarma da usuf-faSam daRestnelTa

beladi malaCi 4 aTaskaciani jariT (2 aTasi leki da 2 aTasi Turqi)

daRestanSi gagzavnes da Tan gaatanes lekTa jaris dasaqiraveblad

gankuTvnili didZali Tanxa. Ees cnobili gaxda goris cixeSi dabanakebuli

TeimurazisaTvis, romelmac amis Taobaze saswrafod Seatyobina erekles.

ereklem naCqarevad Sekriba qarTvelTa da yizilbaSTa razmebi da aragvis

marcxena napirze, saguramosTan Causafrda mtris jars, romelic arsaidan

safrTxes ar moeloda da guldamSvidebiT Seudga adidebuli aragvis fonSi

gasvlas. am dros qarTvelebi safaridan gamovidnen da mters ekveTnen;

moulodneli SeteviT dabneulma lek-osmalTa meomrebma ukan daixies,

aragvis marjvena napirze sangrebi Sekres da Tofis sroliT igeriebdnen

mowinaaRmdeges. maSin erekle pirveli Sevarda adidebul aragvSi. amis

mxilvelni, misi TanamebrZolnic aRar SeuSindnen wyals da ukan mihyvnen

mefes: `iqmna brZola uZlieresi ... miuxda irakli Ze mefisa da daRistnis

beladi malaCi TviT mohkla~. niSandoblivia, rom malaCi mTel kavkasiaSi

saxelganTqmul da daumarcxebel mebrZolad iTvleboda da misma daRupvam

lek-osmalTa jarze Tavzardamcemad imoqmeda, mematianis sityvebiT

`sikvdilsa missa myis iZlivnen osmal-lekni~, qarTvelebma gaqceul mters

did manZilze sdies, mravali daxoces da tyved Caigdes, mopovebul nadavls

Soris iyo lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad gankuTvnili Tanxac. am marcxis

Semdeg usuf-faSa saswrafod aiyara da axalcixeSi gaiqca. erekles mier

12

mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjvebiT kmayofilma nadir-Sahma ki `moxarulma

warmouvlina mas cxeni oqrosa aRkazmulobiTa da xmali mZimed moWedili~.

am gamarjvebis Sedegi iyo isic, rom 1744 w. ivlisSi nadir-Sahma Teimurazs

qarTlis, xolo erekles _ kaxeTis mefoba uboZa. amrigad, qarTvelTa didi

xnis ocneba asrulda: qarTl-kaxeTSi mama-Svilis gamefeba qveynis

gaerTianebis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi warmateba iyo.

Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Sahma qarTvel mefeebs gasamrjelo gamouyo

iranis xazinidan, amave dros, kaxeTis msgavsad qarTlsac sagrZnoblad

Seumcira xarki. Aesoden didi warmatebis fonze, givi amilaxvris bedi ukve

gadawyvetili iyo: misma momxreebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT gadainacvles

Teimurazis banakSi; suramis cixeSi gamagrebuli amilaxvari xuTTviani alyis

Semdeg danebda. Nnadir-Sahis moTxovniT, datyvevebuli meamboxe iranSi

gagzavnes. Mmiuxedavad damarcxebisa, qarTlis ajanyebas mainc ar Cauvlia

uSedegod: ajanyebulTa medgarma winaaRmdegobam nadir-Sahi aiZula uari

eTqva Tavis pirvandel gegmaze, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos

`gayizilbaSebas~. Ggarda amisa, man qarTls daubruna jer kidev XVII

saukuneSi Sah-abasis mier CamorTmeuli mxareebi _ lore*, borCalo da

baidari.* Aamrigad, Teimuraz-erekles mier warmoebulma gonivrulma

politikam gaamarTla: qarTli Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdga, qarTvelTa

gamahmadianebis politika Sewyda da rac mTavaria, safuZveli Caeyara qarTl-

kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebas, es ki mTeli saqarTvelos

gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.

1745 w. Semodgomaze nadir-Sahma gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da amiT

iran-TurqeTis omic dasasruls miuaxlovda. brZolis velidan samSobloSi

dabrunebisas, nadir-Sahma Teimurazs qristianuli wesiT qarTlis mefed

kurTxevis neba darTo. Ees udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo, radgan

saukuneze meti xnis manZilze, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi qristiani mefe taxtze

ar asula. 1 oqtombers Teimuraz II-is mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali Zveli

qarTuli wesiT sveticxovlis taZarSi Sedga.

Mmopovebuli warmatebis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTi jer kidev iranis

vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

yizilbaSTa jarebic idga (maT Soris TbilisSic). marTalia, iran-osmaleTs

Soris zavi daido da amieridan oficialurad axalcixis safaSos mxridan

qarTls safrTxe aRar emuqreboda, magram xangrZlivi omebiTa da ajanyebebiT

Ronemixdil iranSic problemebma iCines Tavi. Zlevamosilebis miuxedavad,

imperiuli irani mainc aramyar samxedro-feodalur gaerTianebas

warmoadgenda.Aamgvari xelovnuri gaerTianeba ki, rogorc wesi, droTa

ganmavlobaSi dasaSlelad aris ganwiruli. osmaleTTan omis dasrulebis

Semdeg, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobis krizisi daiwyo, irani ajanyebebma moicva:

gauTavebelma omebma da am omebiT gamowveulma mudmivad mzardma

gadasaxadebma mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia; nadir-

Sahs ki ukve aRar Seswevda imis Zala, rom gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi

13

mieRo da es mRelvareba Caecxro, piriqiT, _ igi Tavis axloblebsac ki

veRar endoboda, radgan SiSobda, rom nebismier maTgans Sahis winaaRmdeg

SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba SeeZlo. Uubralo eWvis niadagze man sakuTari

Svilic ki ar daindo da usastikesad dasaja, xolo mas Semdeg, rac am

eWvis usafuZvlobaSi darwmunda, igive sasjeli gamoutana Tavis kariskacebs,

romelTac brali dasdo, rom win ar aRudgnen mis mier ufliswulis

usamarTlod dasjas.

aseT viTarebaSi, nadir-Sahis morigi gadawyvetileba axali gadasaxadebis

dawesebis Sesaxeb, bunebrivia, sabediswero aRmoCnda: 1747 wels Sahma

sakuTriv iransac da vasalur qveynebsac uzomod didi gadasaxadi dauwesa

(maT Soris mxolod qarTl-kaxeTs wilad xvda fuladi xarki 200 aTasi

Tumnis odenobiT). Aaman iranis mTel teritoriaze biZgi misca ajanyebaTa

axal talRas; es gadawyvetileba qarTvel mefeTaTvis sruliad moulodneli

iyo: bolo wuTamde Sahi maT `megobrulad~ eqceoda. Teimurazmac da

ereklemac kargad icodnen, rom mosaxleobisagan aseTi didi gadasaxadis

amoReba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom ajanyebisaTvis samzadiss Seudgnen:

xalxi mTebSi gaxiznes, meomrebi ki cixe-simagreebSi ganalages. somxeT-

azerbaijanis mmarTvelma xanebmac ereklesa da Teimurazs mimarTes TxovniT

_ `Cvenc Tqven ymasaviT gvimsaxureT, saca geprianebodes, Cvens jars iq

gaaxlebTo~.

rogorc ki qarTvel mefeTa daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb Seityo, nadir-

Sahma jari gaamzada saqarTvelos asaklebad, magram Semdeg TviTonve mixvda,

rom misi mxridan es gamousworebeli Secdoma iqneboda da gadawyvetileba

Secvala; papuna orbelianis gadmocemiT, Sahma jari `isev daabruna gzidan

imisTvis (e.i. imis gamo Ll.m.), rom bevrjer enaxa qarTvelTa xmali... axla

qarTli da kaxeTi oriv erTad gaerTebiT ganudgnen, ras daaklebda~. Sahis

ukandaxeva namdvilad ar yofila saqarTvelos mimarT misi `keTilganwyobis~

gamovlineba: mas marTlac mSvenivrad axsovda, TiToeuli meamboxe qarTveli

Tavadis damorCilebac ki ra Zvirad daujda iranis jarsa da xazinas,

Sesabamisad, isic kargad gaTvala, rom ukve gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis

damarcxeba gacilebiT ufro Zneli iqneboda; amitomac iyo, rom `Serigebis~

mizniT man gadasaxadis Tanxa meoTxedamde daiyvana da Teimurazs miswera:

`rogorc Sen gindodes, ise gaarigeo. Ees brZaneba ki gaagone xalxs Cemio;

isev qalaqSi Camodi da qveyanas mouareo~. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahi

erekles iranSi ibarebda, rogorc Cans, amiT igi qarTvelTa morCilebis

saimedo garantias moiTxovda. Teimurazi ver endo cbier Sahs, magram

imisaTvis, rom arc qveyana Caegdo safrTxeSi, arc taxtis memkvidre gaewira

mZevlobisaTvis, gadawyvita, TviTon wasuliyo iranSi; ra Tqma unda, am

SemTxvevaSi, Teimurazma sakuTari Tavi gawira, radgan aravin icoda, rogor

Caivlida misi viziti iranis mrisxane gamgebelTan. sabednierod, Teimurazi

jer kidev gzaSi iyo, rodesac nadir-Sahi SeTqmulebma mokles (1747 w.

ivnisSi). iranSi Casul Teimurazs Sahis taxtze sakuTari siZe _ qeTevanis

14

meuRle ali-yuli-xani daxvda, romelmac biZis daRupvisTanave Tavi iranis

Sahad gamoacxada da adil-Sahi (samarTliani Sahi) dairqva. Teimurazi siZem

didi pativiT miiRo, Tumca es ganpirobebuli iyo ara imdenad maTi naTesav-

moyvrobiT, ramdenadac _ arsebuli politikuri viTarebiT: iranis axalbeda

mmarTvels Zlieri mokavSireebis Tanadgoma sWirdeboda, radgan nadir-Sahis

daRupvis Semdeg, qveyana anarqiam moicva, feodalur dajgufebaTa Soris

gamwvavda brZola pirvelobisaTvis, jariskacebma qonebis dataceba da

qalaqebis Zarcva daiwyes (erT-erTi iranuli wyaros cnobiT, nadiris

mkvlelobidan 4 saaTis Semdeg misi uZvirfasesi samefo karvisagan aRaraferi

iyo darCenili, yvelaferi iqve daitaces). taxtis axal-axali pretendentebi

erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen. aseT viTarebaSi, adil-SahisaTvis didi

mniSvneloba hqonda Teimurazisa da erekles mxardaWeras; Tavis mxriv,

Teimurazic ar iyo amis winaaRmdegi, radgan imedovnebda, rom Sahis karze

yofnas qarTl-kaxeTSi erekles warmatebebisaTvis gamoiyenebda, magram adil-

Sahis mmarTveloba Zalze xanmokle aRmoCnda (mxolod 11 Tve), igi sakuTarma

Zmam daamxo, magram arc am ukanasknels dascalda didxans mefoba. Teimurazma

TiTqmis ori weli dahyo iranSi da am periodSi iq ramdenime mbrZanebeli

Seicvala, Tumca rogorc Wkvian da frTxil politikoss Seefereboda,

Teimurazi yvela maTganTan axerxebda saerTo enis gamonaxvas da saqarTvelos

sasikeTod saqmeebis mogvarebas.

Sahis taxtisaTvis gamarTul xangrZliv brZolaSi sabolood sami

uZlieresi sagvareulos warmomadgeneli gamoikveTa: azat-xan avRani, mahmad-

xan yajari da qerim-xan zendi. iranSi dawyebulma areulobam garkveuli

zegavlena moaxdina qarTl-kaxeTzec: SahTan gamgzavrebis win, Teimurazma

qarTlis gamgebloba ereklesTan erTad gamahmadianebul abdula-begsac

Caabara. Aabdula-begi (igive arCili) vaxtang VI-is Zmis _ ieses vaJi iyo

(sxvadasxva dros orjer gamahmadianebuli iese 1714-1716 ww. qarTlSi

mefobda da antiqarTuli politikis gatarebaSi iranel moxeleebsac ki

gadaaWarba. Ggaremoebis mixedviT, igi iranelebsac emsaxureboda da

Turqebsac). rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTlis taxtze Teimurazis uflebebi

(vaxtang VI-is qaliSvilis xaziT) arc ise myari iyo, radgan rogorc

vaxtangs, ise mis Zmas _ iesesac hyavdaT vaJiSvili memkvidreebi, rac

qarTlis politikur wreebze garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenda. rogorc Cans,

Teimurazma sruliad Segnebulad SeaCera arCevani abdula-begze, riTac am

ukanasknelis pativmoyvareobac daakmayofila da ereklesac mSvidi da

usafrTxo mmarTvelobis pirobebi Seuqmna. mematianis gadmocemiT `Teimurazma

abdula-begs ubZana: radgan mefe erekle mudam qarTlisaTvis ver moicliso,

qarTls mouareo da erTmaneTis nebiT da SekiTxviT oriv qveynebi mtrisagan

karga gaamagreTo da Cemda mosvlamdis mSvidobianad iyvneTo~; Mmagram

abdula-begma borotad isargebla qarTlSi Teimurazis aryofniT,

daukavSirda saqarTvelosadmi mtrulad ganwyobil Zalebs, maT Soris:

daRestnelebs, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo Tbilisis yizilbaSTa

15

garnizons, qarTlel TavadTa nawils, iranis taxtis erT-erT pretendents

(romelmac mas winaswar qarTlis `mefobac~ ki daumtkica). amis Semdeg, man

safuZvlianad gaamagra Tavisi sabatoniSvilo mamuli _ samSvildis cixe* da

erekles SeuTvala: `qarTli Cemiao, damanebe da Sen kaxeTs miepatroneo~.

Pereklem jer mSvidobiani gziT scada saqmis mogvareba, Tbileli

episkoposis aTanases SuamavlobiT abdula-begs molaparakeba SesTavaza da

sabatoniSvilo mamulis sarCod gadacema aRuTqva, magram abdula-begisagan

uari miiRo. maSin ereklem Zlieri laSqari Sekriba da abdula-begs Seutia.

niSandoblivia, rom qarTlis Tavadebis umravlesobam am brZolaSi erekles

mxare daiWira.

Tavisi mdebareobis wyalobiT, samSvildis cixe mTel qvemo qarTlSi

auRebel cixed iTvleboda, amitomac ereklem jarebi safarSi ganalaga da

cixes zarbaznebiT Seutia. ramdenimedRiani ormxrivi srolis Semdeg,

abdula-begi molaparakebaze daTanxmda da erekles piroba misca `manamdis

mefe Teimuraz iranis qveynidan mobZandebodes, Cven ornive myudroebiT

viyvneTo.~ Eereklem Tavisi momxre daRestneli beladebis meSveobiT

SeTanxmebas miaRwia cixeSi myof abdula-begis momxre lekTa razmebis

meTaurebTan da maT datoves samSvildis cixe. amis Semdeg, erekle Tavisi

jariT TbilisSi dabrunda.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mokle xanSi abdula-begma Tavisi piroba

daarRvia. azerbaijanSi iranis taxtis axali pretendenti gamoCnda _ adil-

Sahis yofili sardali amir-aslan-xani. Aabdula-begma dro ixelTa da

qarTlis mefobis mosapoveblad mas jariT daxmareba sTxova. Aamir-aslan

xanmac, Tavis mxriv, mas qarTlic `uwyaloba~ da 8 aTasi avRaneli meomaric

gamougzavna. amiT gulmocemulma abdula-begma erekles Tbilisis datoveba

mosTxova, magram qarTlel TavadTa umravlesoba amjeradac mefis gverdiT

dadga (abdula-begs mxolod sabaraTianos* jari miemxro) da ereklemac

pasuxad SeuTvala: `sanamdis suli midgas, Cemgan aqedan gasvla ar iqnebao~.

sagulisxmoa, rom TviT abdula-begis Zma _ anton kaTalikosi mTeli am

konfliqtis manZilze erekles erTgulad uWerda mxars. gadamwyveti brZola

sololakis mTis ferdobebze gaimarTa; Tavisi jaris erTi nawiliT erekle

wavkisis mxares dadga, qiziyelebi revaz orbelianis sardlobiT mewinaved

gauSva sabaraTianos jaris winaaRmdeg (romelsac abdula-begis Zma _ usein-

begi meTaurobda). Aam brZolas xatovnad aRwers papuna orbeliani: `Seiqna

omi ficxeli, rom Tofis xmisagan arRara ismoda da komlisagan (e.i.

kvamlisagan, l.m.) jari aRara Canda. Ppirvelsave misvlaze gaemarjvaT revaz

orbelians da qisiyelT, gaaqcives jari. Eese ra naxes, ... Seuties

qarTvelTa da kaxTa, dauwyes kafa, rom RvTis risxva dasces. Ggaiqca es

jari mTliv, xuTi da eqvsi TiTo kacma yizilbaSi egre iWires, miyvnen

iaRlujis* bolomde, darCaT karavi-mofeniloba Tu ram sxva. arasdros

qarTlSi amisTana gamarjveba ar momxdariyo da arc amrigad yizilbaST

qarTlSi damarcxebodaT (e.i. yizilbaSebi qarTlSi ase arasdros

16

damarcxebulan, l.m.). xanebs droSebi aq darCaT, wavidnen sircxvileulni...

abdula-beg mibZanda samSvildes, baraTianni, vinc gadarCnen, mividnen

birTviss*~. igive brZolis Sesaxeb, oman xerxeuliZe werda: `iZlivnen

mxedrobani sparsTa da baraTianTani esreT, romel erTi ipyrobda aTsa,

xolo erTma mebaReman Seipyro cxra yizilbaSi da ukun iqcnen

sircxvileulni~. Tbilisis mosaxleoba gamarjvebul mefes zeimiT Seegeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle Rirseulad moeqca damarcxebulebs. mematianis

cnobiT, man tyved Cavardnili yizilbaSebi `Tav-Tavis qveynebSi gaistumra da

amiT kidev ufro ganifina ambavi gamarjvebisa, an vinc baraTaSvili (e.i. am

sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, l.m.) cocxali moarTves, ganuteva mSvidobiT

da apativa cToma Tvisi, dajda nadimad, naxa lxini da gasca saboZvari~.

Aamis Semdeg, ereklem miiRo gadawyvetileba nariyalasa da metexis

cixeebSi mdgari yizilbaSTa jarebis gaZevebis Taobaze. qarTvelebma sangrebi

aages da cixeebi alyaSi moaqcies, brZolis samzadisSi aqtiurad

monawileobdnen ubralo moqalaqeebic. alyaSi moqceul yizilbaSebs abdula-

begi samSvildidan awvdida sursaTs, amis gamo ereklem 500 meomari gagzavna

da gzebi Seakvrevina. yizilbaSebi mainc ar nebdebodnen da cixeebidan

ganuwyvetliv yumbarebs uSendnen qalaqs, metexidan mefis sasaxlesac ki

esroles zarbaznidan. radganac qalaqis mxridan SeteviT nariyalas aReba

ver xerxdeboda, ereklem gadawyvita jer Taboris* koSkebi aeRo wavkisis

xevSi, raTa am gziT nariyalas mecixovne yizilbaSebisaTvis sursaTis

miRebis bolo gzac moespo. Mman goridan Camoatanina didi zarbazani da

aRmosavleTis (Sindisis) mxridan daumizna Taboris koSks. cixis mcvelebi

mixvdnen, rom ganwirulni iyvnen, radgan aseT did yumbarebs cixis Zveli

kedlebi ver gauZlebdnen, magram mainc gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen

qarTvelebs: `ar avad iyvnes myofni cixisani, arc Tofis srola gauwyvetiaT

da sanamdis cixeSi Sig ar Caucvivdnen, arc omisagan daswynardnen.~ meoTxe

yumbaram koSkis kedlebi dabzara, moieriSeni cixeSi Secvivdnen da

xelCarTuli omi gaimarTa. AbrZolisas gansakuTrebiT isaxela Tavi papuna

orbelianis ymam Saverda mRebriSvilma, romelic zed koSkze aiWra. Mis

gmirobas: `jari sul xedvida da uqebdnen mamacobasa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom

brZolis Semdeg mZimed daWrili Saverda mRebriSvili ereklem piradad

daajildova.

Taboris koSks ereklem axali galavani Semoavlo da Sig kaxTa razmebi

Caayena. TbilisSi mobrunebul mefes ambavi daaxvedres, rom avWalasa da

martyofs lekebi dascemian da didi raodenobiT msxvilfexa saqoneli da

SedarebiT mcirericxovani tyveebi gautaciaT. imis imediT, rom qarTvelTa

jarebi cixeebis aRebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, naZarcviT datvirTuli lekebi

guldamSvidebiT gaudgnen gzas; magram ereklem alya ar moSala da

mcirericxovani razmiT Siraqis bolos wamoewia maT, `axsena dambadebeli

RmerTi da pirvel TviTon Seutia da ubrZana jarsa: `vis uyvars RmerTi da

erTguli ars Cemi, gulsrulad Seebaso~. Mmefis mowodebiT gamxnevebuli

17

qarTvelebi xmaldaxmal ekveTnen mters, daamarcxes da mTeli nadavli

daatovebines. Ggaqceuli lekebi gzad daRestnidan momaval TanamemamuleTa

did razms Sexvdnen da daxmareba sTxoves, Tan Seagulianes, erekles Zalze

mcirericxovani jari hyavs, advilad davamarcxebT da nadavlsac

davibrunebTo; marTlac, gaerTianebuli lekTa jari gamTeniisas

moulodnelad daesxa Tavs qarTvelebs, magram miuxedavad amisa sastiki

marcxi iwvnies: `egeTi omi gardaixada im dRes mefe ereklem, rom pirveli

omi laRobad Caigdeboda. moarTves Tavi mravali da cxensa da iaraRs xom

ricxvi ara hqonda. rac saqoneli iyo, isev patronebs uboZa da egre

gamarjvebuli wabZanda qalaqsa Tbilisisasa.~ amis Semdeg, ereklem metexi da

nariyalac aiRo. Ees ori cixe didi xnis Semdeg pirvelad iqna

gaTavisuflebuli yizilbaSTa jarebisagan, ereklem isini qarTvel xalxs

daubruna da maT koSkebze kvlav saqarTvelos droSa afrialda. Aam

gamarjvebam abdula-begis winaaRmdegobac gatexa, ivlisis TveSi man

samSvildis cixis kari gaaRo da erekles patieba sTxova. ereklem `viTa

xelmwifobis wesia, Semcode kaci rom Sendobas moiTxovs, miuteveben. amanac

egre mowyalebis kari ganaRo da miuteva yvelas erTad cdoma Tvisi, didi

mowyaleba ixmara, Torem cixis TaTrebs es rogor Seendoboda: sionis

monasters zarbazans esrodnen da mefis sasaxle yunbariT aavses ... es yvela

apativa da Tavisis saqonliT gaSveba brZana, rom arc saqoneli waarTva; es

ufro didi mowyaleba iyo~. Mmitevebis niSnad, mefem abdula-begs

saufliswulo mamuli dautova, aseve Seundo baraTaSvilebsac. Aam

warmatebam qarTl-kaxeTis mosazRvre saxanoebzec saTanadod imoqmeda: `ra es

ambavi Seityves, SeSindnen didad da maSinve gamoegzavnna ganjis xansa da

erevnis xans feSqaSi mefis ereklesaTvis~

Aamrigad, saqarTvelos aRdgena-gaerTianebisaTvis brZola axal fazaSi

Sevida. Aaxalgazrda mefe, romelic am dros mxolod 28 wlisa iyo, ara

marto brwyinvaled flobda samxedro xelovnebas, aramed frTxili

politikosi da gamWriaxi saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. iranidan Teimurazis

dabrunebamde (1749 w. 20 aprili), ereklem moqnili politikis wyalobiT

SeZlo qveynisaTvis aeridebina is sagareo safrTxe, romelic mas nadir-Sahis

sikvdilis Semdeg iranSi Seqmnili urTulesi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare

emuqreboda. amasTanave, qveynis SigniT abdula-begTan sakmaod gaWianurebuli

konfliqtic man ara marto samxedro Zalis, aramed kargad gaTvlili

politikuri svlebis meSveobiTac moagvara: abdula-begis momxre TavadTagan

zogi Seiwynara, zogs Tanamdeboba CamoarTva da maT magivrad Tavisi

erTguli momxreebi daniSna. Aamave dros, erekle ar uaryofda kanonieri

Sahis uzenaesobas saqarTveloze. Amave dros, ebrZoda iranis taxtis

maZieblebs da amis sanacvlod mopovebul moqmedi Sahis madlierebasa da

keTilganwyobas qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis axal-axali SeRavaTebis misaRebad

iyenebda. aseTi politikis wyalobiT, ereklem niadagi moamzada aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis gabatonebisaTvis. istoriuli wyaroebiT

18

dasturdeba, rom erekles mimarT Sahis keTilganwyobas saTanadod afasebdnen

amierkavkasiis saxanoebic: `yvelas mefe ereklesTan hqondaT piri, xanebi ase

uTvlidnen: visic Sen xar, Cvenc imisi viqnebiTo~. Aamave dros, Sahis

taxtisaTvis ganuwyvetelma brZolebma iranSi sayovelTao areuloba

gamoiwvia, ris gamoc, iranis mbrZanebeli amierkavkasiis saxanoebisaTvis

veRar iclida, erTmaneTTan moqiSpe xanebic `daxmareba-mfarvelobisaTvis~

ukve qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs mimarTavdnen. Seqmnil viTarebas Teimurazi da

erekle amierkavkasiaSi TavianTi gavlenis gasafarToeblad iyenebdnen. Aase

magaliTad, 1749 w. Semodgomaze erevnis saxanos momTabare Turqmanuli

tomebi Seesivnen mahmad-xanis meTaurobiT. erevnis xanma daxmarebisaTvis

qarTvel mefeebs mimarTa, sanacvlod ki laSqrobis xarjebis gadaxda da

yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Aamave wells, qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba

naxiCevanis saxanomac* aRiara. Aam warmatebebma War-belaqneli* mmarTvelebic

aiZules, farisevluri piroba miecaT ereklesaTvis, daRestnelebs Cvens

teritoriaze aRar SemovuSvebT da `rac Tqveni brZaneba mogvivides, Tavs

vidvaTo~; Tumca qarTvelebma kargad icodnen, rom es piroba sando ar iyo,

rac SemdgomSi araerTxel dadasturda.

Aam droisaTvis azerbaijanel xanebs Soris dawinaurda yarabaRis

(SuSis)* mflobeli fana-xani, romelmac ieriSi miitana ganjisa da

naxiCevanis saxanoebze. Gganjis xanma erekles adrec mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis

da iseTive pirobebiT aRuTqva xarki da qveSevrdomoba, rogorc erevnis

xanma. fana-xani sakmaod seriozuli mowinaaRmdege iyo, ganjis aRebis

SemTxvevaSi ki igi kidev ufro gaZlierdeboda da ukve uSualod qarTl-

kaxeTs daemuqreboda, amitom qarTveli mefeebi garkveuli drois manZilze

emzadebodnen gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis. 1750 wlis TebervalSi qarTl-

kaxeTis erTiani laSqari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen agreTve: `imerni,

osni, erevnelni, lekni, romelnic monebdnen kax-batons~, fana-xanis

winaaRmdeg daiZra. Aam laSqrobas Soridan Tvals adevnebda Saqis* cbieri

xani aji-Celebi, romlisTvisac amierkavkasiis ori Zlieri lideris Setakeba

Zalze xelsayreli iyo: nebismieri maTgani, damarcxebis Semdeg, mis

mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebs gamoakldeboda.

Tavdapirvelad fana-xanma qarTvelTa erTian jarTan pirispir Sebmas Tavi

aarida, RamiT ganjis cixes alya moxsna da yarabaRSi gadavida. qarTvelebic

mis kvals gayvnen. Ffana-xani Tavisi jariT mTian adgilze, tyis piras

dabanakda da aqtiur brZolas kvlav Tavs aridebda. maSin ereklem

gadawyvita, Tavad gadasuliyo Setevaze, ZiriTadi Zalebi gaSlil mindorSi

datova da TviTon SedarebiT mcirericxovani, magram rCeuli razmiT

maRlobze ganlagebuli mtris poziciebs Seutia. Aam brZolais monawile

papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs: `brZana mefe ereklem: `vin aris erTguli

Cemi da aqvs guli mamacobisao, Jami es aris!~ TviTon, viTa lomi, egre

miesiva da jari, vinc iq iyvnes, vinRa dadgeboda, mefe ereklesTan Tavs

vinRa dazogevda... qarTvelni da kaxni ise gamamacebuliyvnes, rom erTi Cveni

19

kaci as yizilbaSs ar daerideboda... ra Seityo fana-xanma, mefe erekle am

mewinaves jarSi ureviao, maSinve gaiqca, es mewinave jari cotani iyvnes,

magram didad mamacad gaisarjnes, rom didis jaris msgavsi saqme eqnes~.

amasobaSi mindorSi dabanakebuli qarTvelTa saTadarigo jari Teimurazis

meTaurobiT daiZra da mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti ieriSi miitana, gaqceuli

yarabaRelebis devna da ganadgureba SuaRamemde gagrZelda. meore diliT

mefeebi Sevidnen fana-xanis sangarSi da iq didi raodenobiT iaraRi da

tyvia-wamali aRmoaCines. qarTvelTa jarma arezamde* miaRwia da didZali

nadavliTa da tyveebiT datvirTuli ukan gamobrunda. Gganjis xanma,

pirobisamebr, yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Ffana-xanze gamarjveba ara

mxolod samxedro, aramed politikuri TvalsazrisiTac uaRresad

mniSvnelovani iyo. Aamieridan qarTvelTa upiratesoba amierkavkasiaSi

TiTqmis upirobod aRiares. Aam warmatebis gamoZaxili iyo agreTve iranis

axali mbrZaneblis _ Sah-rohis gadawyvetilebac: man Teimurazs `iranisa da

azerbaijanis spasalaroba*~ uboZa, erekle ki mis moadgiled (naibad) daniSna.

Mmeore mxriv, aseTma warmatebam qarTvelebis metoqeTa gaRizianebac

gamoiwvia: qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebam pirvel rigSi War-belaqnis ubatono

Temebi SeaSfoTa, radgan kargad esmodaT, rom amieridan saqarTvelo

moiclida yvelaze mwvave problemis _ lekTa ganuwyveteli Semosevebis

aRsakveTad. saqarTveloSi lekTa TareSis sabolood aRsakveTad, upirveles

yovlisa aucilebeli iyo War-belaqnisa da kak-eniselis* dapyroba da

kvlavindeburad kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi maTi dabruneba. War-belaqani

daRestnidan saqarTvelosaken momaval mTavar gzaze mdebareobda da XVIII s.

damdegidan lekTa moTareSe razmebis erTgvar placdarmad iyo gadaqceuli.

Warel da daRestnel feodalebs mWidro urTierToba hqondaT osmaleTis

imperiasTan, romlis aSkara xelSewyobiTac igegmeboda lekTa marbieli

razmebis Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze. War-belaqnis dapyrobiT saqarTvelo

daRestnelebs MmTel amierkavkasiaSi mTavar samxedro bazas mouspobda. ra

Tqma unda, es kargad icodnen lekebmac da amitomac gadawyvites, nebismieri

gziT SeeCerebinaT qarTvelTa winsvla.

1750 w. saqarTvelosaken lekTa 7 aTasiani jari daiZra, gzad mas

Warelebic SeuerTdnen. Llekebma erTdroulad kaxeTsa da yazaxs* Seuties

da daarbies. qarTl-kaxeTis erTianma laSqarma ereklesa da Teimurazis

meTaurobiT mters gamosasvleli gzebi Seukra, amis Semdeg ki ivrisa da

alaznis SesarTavTan mdebare sof. danRisTan wamoewia da cxare brZolaSi

daamarcxa. Eerekle, Cveulebisamebr, mowinave xazze ibrZoda. Ggaqceuli

lekebis nawili Camoqceulma mTis ferdobma, nawili ki _ adidebulma

alazanma Seiwira. qarTvelebma didZali nadavli da tyveebi daibrunes.

danRisis brZolis Semdeg lekebi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg

farTomasStabian laSqrobas Tavs aridebdnen, Tumca `mtroba mainc ar

moiSales, ara dascxrebodnen avazakobasa~, maT mcirericxovan marbiel

razmebs ki WarSi Zveleburad umarTavdnen xels. Teimurazma da ereklem

20

darbazis sxdoma moiwvies da Warze galaSqreba daadgines. Aam brZolaSi

mokavSired maT ganjis xanic moiwvies. Aam wamowyebas TiTqos ueWveli

warmateba eloda, magram swored aq iCina Tavi Saqi-Sirvanis cbieri xanis _

aji-Celebis Ralatma: mTeli am xnis manZilze mas qarTvel mefeTa `erTgul

megobrad~ mohqonda Tavi, magram saidumlod maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

emzadeboda. Aamas Tavisi mizezi hqonda: Waris dapyrobiT qarTl-kaxeTis

Zlieri samefo uSualod umezobldeboda Saqi-Sirvanis saxanos; aji-Celebi

SiSobda, rom Waris Semdeg qarTvelTa mier Saqis dapyroba mxolod drois

sakiTxi iqneboda.

WarelebTan aji-Celebis saidumlo kavSiris Sesaxeb, qarTvelebma gvian

Seityves. 1751 w. TebervalSi mefeebi Warze salaSqrod daiZrnen, magram

moulodnelad gamoirkva, rom maT winaaRmdeg aji-Celebic ibrZoda, romlis

uSualo daxmarebiTac Warelebs ukve moeswroT usafrTxo adgilebSi

gaxizvna. qarTvelebma Wars Tavi anebes da Saqis xanTan Sesabmelad md. agri-

Caisken* gaemarTnen. aji-Celebs jaris erTi nawili Casafrebuli hyavda,

qarTvelebi am fands ver miuxvdnen, brZolis dros `gaqceuli~ mtris

siRrmeSi SeiWrnen, amasobaSi ki zurgidan Casafrebulma jarebma Seuties.

amas daerTo ganjis xanis Ralatic, romelic ubrZolvelad gaiqca, ramac

sabolood gadawyvita brZolis bedi; qarTvelebma mZime marcxi iwvnies,

mterma didi nadavli igdo xelT, mravali qarTveli meomari brZolaSi

daiRupa, kidev ufro meti ki alazanSi gamosvlisas daixrCo (gansakuTrebiT

_ qveiTi mebrZolebi). wina xazze mebrZoli erekle gansacdels gadaarCines

Tavadma papa beburiSvil-vaCnaZem da maCxaanelma glexma daTuna bostaSvilma

(am ukanasknelma mefes sakuTari cxeni dauTmo da ase aacila tyved

Cavardnis safrTxe). mkvlevarTa azriT, am marcxis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo,

rom Teimurazs amjerad alRom umtyuna da droulad ver ganWvrita Saqis

xanis pozicia. amave dros, didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom qarTvelebs

ori sardali hyavdaT _ Teimurazi da erekle. Teimurazi ufro Zlieri

diplomati iyo, erekle ki Zlieri mxedarTmTavari. saxelmwifos marTvisas

isini erTmaneTs avsebdnen, brZolis velze ki sardlad erekle sjobda.

rogorc Cans, amis gamo iyo, rom momdevno brZolebSi Teimurazma samxedro

xelmZRvaneloba erekles dauTmo.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, agri-Cais marcxma qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege

Zalebi gaaTamama, moTareSe lekTa razmebi mTel qarTl-kaxeTs moedvnen, aji-

Celebi zeimobda, magram es zeimi naadrevi gamodga: ereklem zedized

daamarcxa lekebi manavTan, martyofTan, saguramosTan da a. S. imave 1751 w.

samxreTis sazRvrebTan gamoCnda kidev erTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege _ iranis

taxtis pretendenti, Tavrizis* saxanos mflobeli azat-xani, romelic

miznad isaxavda mTeli amierkavkasiis dapyrobas. azat-xanma gadawyvita

esargebla agri-CaisTan damarcxebis gamo qarTvel mefeTa gavlenis

SesustebiT da Tavad gabatonebuliyo aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.

Tavdapirvelad man ieriSi miitana erevnis saxanoze da iq qarTveli mefeebis

21

mier cota xnis win gamoZevebuli mahmad-xani gagzavna Tavisi jariT.

erevnelebma daxmarebisaTvis qarTvelebs mimarTes. Teimurazma da ereklem

azat-xanis mxridan mosalodneli safrTxe saTanadod Seafases: Tuki mas

erevans dauTmobdnen, jeri qarTl-kaxeTze midgeboda. aji-CelebTan gancdili

marcxis fonze azat-xanTan nebismieri saxis ukandaxeva qarTl-kaxeTis

avtoritets sabolood dascemda. ereklem saswrafod Sekriba jari da

erevnisaken gaemarTa. mahmad-xani Tavisi jariT alyaSemortymul erevnis

cixesTan idga. rogorc ki erekles moaxloeba acnobes, maSinve moxsna alya

da ukan daixia. erevnis cixis garnizons ukve sursaTi aRar hqonda da

SimSilobda, cixis gareT ki mTeli mosaxleoba mtris SiSiT gaxiznuliyo.

papuna orbeliani aRniSnavs, rom mkis dro iyo, magram `ise mooxrebuli iyo

erevnis qveyana, rom mkis muSac aRar iSoveboda. erevnis cixisa da

eCmiaZinis* mets alags Senoba aRarsad iyo~. ereklem Tavisive meomrebs

aaRebina xorblis mosavali da erevnis cixeSi Seatanina. amis Semdeg,

sabrZolo poziciebi daikava maRlobze, sof. yirxbulaxTan. mahmad-xani

ereklesTan pirispir Sebmas ver bedavda da axlo-maxlo teritoriebs

arbevda; amasobaSi azat-xanma 18 aTasiani armia Sekriba, romelic Subosnebisa

da meTofeTa razmebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo win zamburak*-akidebuli

aqlemebi mouZRodnen. mematianis cnobiT, erekles mxolod 3 aTasi meomari

hyavda, amitom saxeldaxelod mowveul TaTbirze ubrZolvelad ukan

dabruneba urCies, magram man mtkice uari ganacxada: `icodeT, me azat-xanis

Seubmeli ar davsdgebi; amaRam rom gaviqceT, xval gzazed mogvewevian da

unamusod sikvdils namusianad sikvdili sjobso.~

gadamwyveti brZola yirxbulaxTan gaimarTa. Tavdapirvelad sakuTari

jaris simravliT gulmocemulma azat-xanma qarTvelebs mZlavrad Seutia da

ise Seaviwrova, rom gamarjvebaSi eWvic aRar epareboda; magram erekles

samxedro talantis wyalobiT, qarTvelebma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves:

kritikul momentSi, rodesac avRanelebma TiTqmis mTeli qarTveloba alyaSi

moimwyvdies, ereklem brZaneba gasca, sanam me ar visvri Tofs, Setevaze

nuravin gadaxvalTo. pirvelive miaxlovebaze mefem `TviTon Sestyorca Tofi

da erTi avRnis jaris ufrosi kaci Camoagdo~. misi sardlobiT qarTvelTa

jarma ise Zlierad Seutia avRanelTa centrs, rom erTi dartymiT moSala

igi. aman brZolis bedi kidec gadawyvita, avRanelTa mravalricxovani

laSqari erTbaSad gaiqca brZolis velidan, qarTvelebma 30 kilometrze

sdies gaqceulebs, bevri daxoces, ufro meti ki tyved Caigdes. TviTon

azat-xani Zlivs gadaurCa tyveobas. qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebiT, am

gamarjvebis Sedegad, erekles `darCa 24 zarbazani, 200 zambulaki Tavisis

asis aqlemiT da droSa mravali da oriaTas xuTasi karavi da tyvisa da

saqonlis ricxvi xom arc SeiZleboda~. yirxbulaxis brZolaSi ereklem

marTlac uZlieresi mowinaaRmdege daamarcxa, rasac yovelgvari gadaWarbebis

gareSe aRniSnavs mematiane: `azat-xani aseTi kaci iyo, rom sayeenod

emzadeboda da am didebiT dadioda~. am gamarjvebas ara marto

22

amierkavkasiaSi, iranSic ki didi rezonansi hqonda: agris marcxis Semdeg,

gandgomili vasaluri saxanoebi isev qarTl-kaxeTis morCilebis gzas

daadgnen. azerbaijanelma xanebma qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli~ kavSiri

SesTavazes. specialistebis azriT, yirxbulaxis brZolas XVIII s. saomari

epizodebis istoriaSi erT-erTi sapatio adgili uWiravs. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa oman xerxeuliZis mier moyvanili magaliTi,

romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom im mcirericxovani jariT, romelic

erekles gankargulebaSi iyo, azat-xanis mravalricxovan da saukeTesod

aRWurvil armiaze gamarjvebis mopoveba marTlac saswaulis tolfasia:

erekles erT-erT mahmadian TanamebrZols _ alaverdi-xans, romelmac

brZolis dawyebamde ixila, Tu rogor mxurvaled loculobda jvris winaSe

erekle da masTan erTad mTeli qarTvelTa jari, uTqvams: `Tu am jvars

raime Zala Seswevs, dRes gamoCndebao~. gamarjvebis Semdeg ki man aRiara:

`ese saqme kacobrivis Zalisagan SeuZlebeli iyo, magram am jvaris Zalam

hyo!~

am gamarjvebis Semdeg, erekles upirvelesi amocana iyo aji-Celebis mier

Camoyalibebuli antiqarTuli koaliciis daSla. aji-Celebi sarwmunoebrivi

mtrobis gaRvivebiT cdilobda ganxeTqileba gamoewvia qarTvel mefeebsa da

maT mahmadian vasalebs Soris. aseT viTarebaSi, Teimurazma da ereklem aji-

Celebis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba gadawyvites da `megobari~ xanebic (ganjis,

erevnis, yarabaRis da a. S.) Tan iaxles. 1752 wels mokavSireTa

gaerTianebuli jarebi ganjasTan Seikribnen da iqidan apirebdnen SaqSi

SeWras, magram moulodnelad gamJRavnda, rom xanebs faruli kavSiri

hqondaT aji-CelebTan da brZolis dros qarTvelTaTvis unda eRalataT.

Teimurazis brZanebiT xanebi Seipyres, aseT viTarebaSi ki brZolis dawyebas

ukve azri aRar hqonda. mefeebma jari ukan gamoabrunes, magram aji-Celebma

mravalricxovani laSqriT maT gza gadauketa da aiZula, brZolaSi

Cabmuliyvnen. ganjis omSi, romelic 1752 wlis 12 aprils gaimarTa,

qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. garda imisa, rom didi zarali naxes (maT

Soris msxverplis saxiTac), TviTon mefeebic Zlivs gadaurCnen datyvevebas.

ra Tqma unda, am marcxma seriozulad gaarTula qarTl-kaxeTis

mdgomareoba; azat-xanma dro ixelTa da erevnis saxano daimorCila (erevnis

moRalate xani Tavad eaxla mas da morCileba aRuTqva), daRestnelTa

razmebi ki mTel qarTl-kaxeTSi daTareSobdnen. am kritikuli situaciidan

qveyana isev Teimurazisa da erekles energiulma moqmedebam ixsna. maT

moaxerxes revanSisaTvis aucilebeli Zalebis mobilizeba: jaris

dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis Sesagroveblad samefo xazinidan oqrosa da

vercxlis iaraRi gamoitanes da zarafxanas gadasces fulis mosaWrelad, am

fuliT ki Crdilo kavaksiidan 4 aTaskaciani razmi iqiraves. TiTqmis sami

Tvis manZilze gaWianurebuli molaparakebebiT mowinaaRmdegis sifxizle

moadunes da amasobaSi brZolisaTvis samzadisi daamTavres. 1752 w. 1

seqtembers Tulqi-TafasTan* brZolaSi qarTvelebma mTlianad gaanadgures

23

Saqis xanis laSqari da sakadrisad dasajes moRalate xanebi. am gamarjvebis

Semdeg azat-xanmac Sewyvita brZola da qarTvelebs zavi SesTavaza. es zavi

saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad xelsayreli iyo: amierkavkasiaSi aRdga ereklesa

da Teimurazis politikuri avtoriteti da sabolood dasamarda aji-

Celebis gegma mahmadianuri saxanoebis qristianul qarTl-kaxeTTan

dapirispirebis Taobaze. radikalurad Seicvala ganjis, Sirvanis, erevnisa da

a. S. saxanoebis damokidebulebac, saidanac qarTl-kaxeTisaken erTbaSad

daiZrnen mdidruli saCuqrebiT datvirTuli `mSvidobisa da megobrobis~

elCebi.

amgvari gamarjvebebis wyalobiT, XVIII s. 50-iani wlebidan axlo

aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi erTiorad gaizarda erekle II-is avtoriteti.

1754 w. daibeWda frangi komersantis _ peisonelis wigni, romelmac evropas

gaacno erekle, rogorc epoqis gamoCenili sardali da saxelmwifo moRvawe.

misi saxeli imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom cnobili germaneli mwerlis g.

lesingis erT-erTi nawarmoebis gmirebi _ germaneli mxedrebi, romelnic

samSoblodan saxelis mosaxveWad miemgzavrebodnen, ocnebobdnen, raTa `misi

umaRlesobis, princ erekles mTavarsardlobiT erTi-orjer mainc

gaelaSqraT Turqebis winaaRmdeg.~

am warmatebebis miuxedavad, qarTvelTa mTavari problema _ lekebis

TareSi kvlavac gadauWreli rCeboda. lekianobis gansakuTrebiT Zlieri

Semoteva iyo 1754-1760 wlebSi; marto 1755 wlis ganmavlobaSi lekebma

wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebis garda, sami didi laSqroba moawyves qarTlsa da

kaxeTSi. maT Soris umZimesi iyo 1754 da 1755 wlebis laSqrobebi xunZaxis*

mflobelis _ nursal-begis meTaurobiT.

1754 w. agvistoSi nursal-begma Tavisi mravalricxovani razmiT daarbia

aragvis xeoba da mWadijvris cixes miadga. ereklem da Teimurazma mas

droulad miuswres da ukuagdes; magram male man kidev ufro didi _ 20

aTaskaciani laSqari Sekriba (mas SeuerTdnen Warelebi da Saqi-Sirvanelebi)

da alya Semoartya yvarlis cixes; amasTanave, erTi marbieli razmi qarTlSi

gagzavna, meore ki _ qiziySi.

yvarlis cixe kaxeTis umTavres simagred iTvleboda, amitom mis dacvas

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, erekles Crdilo

kavkasiidan Sepirebuli maSveli jari ar mouvida, sakuTari Zalebi ki alyis

gasarRvevad ar hyofnida. yvarlis alya TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZelda.

amasobaSi cixis garnizons sursaTi da tyvia-wamali Semoaklda; cixis dacva

ufro da ufro gaWirda, radganac lekebma galavnis garSemo iseTi maRali

safrebi aages, rom `Tofs Sig cixeSi Caisrodnen~. qarTvelTa

mcirericxovani jariT mtris damarcxeba pirispir brZolaSi SeuZlebeli

iyo, am SemTxvevaSi maT mxolod strategiuli xerxis gamoyeneba Tu

uSvelidaT. erekles mxedarTmTavrulma niWma amjeradac ixsna qarTveloba:

man gadawyvita cixeSi maSveli razmi Seegzavna, romelic mecixovneebs tyvia-

wamalsa da sursaTis marags miawvdida; magram daRestnelTa mWidro alyis

24

garRveva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli Canda. ereklem mouwoda moxaliseebs da am

gmirobis sanacvlod aRuTqva: Tavadsa da aznaurs _ Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba

da mamulebi, xolo glexs _ batonymobisagan gaTavisufleba, ori sakomlo

miwa da fuladi jildo. mefis mowodebas orasamde meomari gamoexmaura (maT

Soris aTamde Tavadaznauri, erTi xucesi, asocdaaTi qiziyeli glexi da

sxva). isini RamiT daiZrnen cixisaken, alazani gadalaxes da lekTa

`yaraulTan~ xelCarTuli brZoliT SeaRwies cixeSi. mecixovneebi

gamxnevdnen, Tofiswamlis maragi Seivses da ise Zlierad Seuties moalyeebs,

rom maTi safrebic ki gadawves. nursal-begisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom cixes

swrafad da iolad veRar aiRebda. amasobaSi erekle Tavisi gegmis momdevno

etapze gadavida: `aarCiva kacni gulovanni da karg-cxenosanni qisiyelni da

gausiva Wars.~ amis gamo nursal-begs Wareli TanamebrZolebi ganudgnen _

`Cven aq ubralod erT cixeze viRalebiTo da Cvens saxlebs kaxi batoni

aoxrebso.~ erekles samxedro fandma gaWra _ Warelebma gadawyvites

yvarlis alya mietovebinaT da TavianTi saxlebisaTvis miexedaT. am niadagze

didi uTanxmoebac mouvidaT nursal-begTan, bolos erTmaneTs daerivnen da

am Setakebisas bevri daixoca. Warelebs kakis sulTanmac mibaZa _

qarTvelebi mis samflobelosac emuqrebodnen. amis Semxedvare aji-Celebis

Svilmac Saqs miaSura da moalyeTa erTi mxare mTlianad moirRva. cixis

aRebis nacvlad, nursal-begs ukve Tavdacvaze unda ezruna, igi mixvda, rom

omi wagebuli hqonda da Yyvarlis cixes Semoecala; Tumca am marcxis

Semdegac ar moisvena da mcire razmebiT partizanuli omi gaaCaRa. qarTl-

kaxeTis rbeva-TareSi manamde gagrZelda, sanam qarTvelebma Seupovari

brZoliT sabolood ar gandevnes marbieli lekebi. nursal-begis

grandiozuli laSqrobis samarcxvino dasasruli xalxur poeziaSic aisaxa.

marTalia, qarTl-kaxeTi did safrTxes gadaurCa, magram lekianoba

kvlavac grZeldeboda da mZarcvelTa wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebi qveyanas

welSi wyvetda. erekle qarTvelTa razmebiT lamis sofel-sofel dasdevda

daRestnel yaCaRebs da sadac waaswrebda, iq anadgurebda, magram

daRestnidan axal-axali razmebi gadmodiodnen; mefe Tu qarTlSi iyo, isini

kaxeTs daecemodnen da _ piriqiT. ase gagrZelda ramdenime wlis manZilze.

qveyana aoxrda, mematianis cnobiT 1757 wlisaTvis `daicala sabaraTaSvilo,

orbelianT mamuli, zogni avidnen zemo qarTlSi, aRarsad darCa Senoba im

mxares... iyo cema lekTagan maradis da oxreba saqarTvelosa Sina~.

lekianobis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolisaTvis aucilebeli iyo fuladi

saxsrebi da regularuli jari, ris saSualebac, gamudmebuli brZolebiT

dasustebul qarTl-kaxeTs, ar gaaCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTvelma

mefeebma gadawyvites am problemis mosagvareblad qveynis gareT moeZebnaT

mokavSire; aseTad maT erTmorwmune ruseTi esaxebodaT. amave dros, am

mimarTulebiT saswrafod unda mieRoT zomebi, radgan iranis Sahis

taxtisaTvis brZola dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. am droisaTvis, upiratesoba

moipova zendebis dinastiis warmomadgenelma qerim-xanma, romelmac 1752 w.

25

Sahis taxti daikava da dedaqalaqad Sirazi airCia; marTalia, misi

Zalaufleba jer kidev ar vrceldeboda iranis mTel teritoriaze, magram

es mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo. XVIII s. 60-iani wlebisaTvis, man yvela

mowinaaRmdege CamoiSora da iranis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, Tumca

Sahis titulze uari Tqva da qveyanas veqilis* (regentis) statusiT

marTavda (1763-1779 ww.). Teimurazi da erekle grZnobdnen, rom male iranis

axali mbrZanebeli saqarTvelosTvisac moiclida da mis damoukidebel

arsebobas ar Seegueboda.

1760 w. aprilSi, Teimuraz II saTanado amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. es

elCoba miznad isaxavda ruseTisagan lekianobasTan sabrZolvelad jaris, an

Tundac mis dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis miRebas; amis sanacvlod ki,

Teimurazi imperators sTavazobda iranSi laSqrobis SemTxvevaSi

mokavSireobas da iq ruseTisaTvis misaRebi kandidaturis gamefebaSi

mxardaWeras. samwuxarod, elCoba uSedegod damTavrda: ruseTi am dros

prusiisa da inglisis winaaRmdeg e.w. `Svidwlian omSi~ (1756-1763 ww.) iyo

Cabmuli da im xanad es winadadeba misTvis xelsayreli ar iyo; Tumca

dokumenturi wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom saimperatoro karze Teimurazis

gegma detalurad ganixiles da samomavlod, Sesaferisi saerTaSoriso

situaciis pirobebSi misaRebadac miiCnies. pasuxis molodinSi Teimuraz II

mTeli 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi daayovnes. 1761 w. 25 dekembers ruseTis

dedofali elisabedi gardaicvala da qarTvelTa elCobas daxmarebaze

sabolood uari ganucxades. rogorc Cans, TeimurazisaTvis es mZime dartyma

iyo: 1762 w. 8 ianvars igi uecrad gardaicvala. siSoris gamo misi cxedris

saqarTveloSi Camosveneba ver moxerxda da igi astraxanis* miZinebis taZarSi

Tavisive simamris _ vaxtang VI-is gverdiT dakrZales.

garda imisa, rom elCoba uSedego aRmoCnda, man erekles sxva problemac

Seuqmna. kerZod, seriozulad gaurTulda urTierToba iranTan. qerim-xanma

erekle TavisTan daibara da elCobasTan dakavSirebiT axsna-ganmarteba

moiTxova. ereklem lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola moimizeza da iranSi wasvlas

Tavi aarida, samagierod iq uxvi saCuqrebiT datvirTuli elCoba gagzavna,

Tan qerim-xanTan werilic aaxla, romelSic Tavs imarTlebda, rom

Teimurazis ruseTs wasvla masTan SeuTanxmeblad moxda. ra Tqma unda, aseTi

pasuxiT, iranis mbrZanebels igi Tavis erTgulebaSi ver daarwmunebda,

amitomac, meti damajereblobisaTvis, mas gaugzavna iranis taxtis erT-erTi

pretendenti _ azat-xani, romelic jer kidev 1760 wlidan hyavda

datyvevebuli. im xanad. qerim-xansac ar awyobda amierkavkasiaSi axali

problemis gamwvaveba, amitomac, am etapze, erekles pasuxiT dakmayofilda;

ufro metic, qarTvelTa delegacia Sahma didi pativiT gamoistumra, qarTl-

kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba scno da, Sesabamisad, aRiara erekles

uflebebi ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebze.

erekle II-s gaZlierebis kvaldakval, qveynis SigniTac gaaqtiurdnen misi

mowinaaRmdege qarTleli Tavadebi, maT kvlav wamoswies qarTlis taxtze

26

`kaxi bagrationebis~ uflebamosilebis sakiTxi, miT ufro, rom ruseTSi

egulebodaT `namdvili memkvidre~ _ vaxtang VI-is SviliSvili aleqsandre

baqaris-Ze. Aamjerad, Tavadebma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da mefisa da misi

ojaxis mkvleloba dagegmes. SeTqmulebis sulisCamdgmeli gaxda vaxtang VI-

is ukanono Svili paata batoniSvili. igi jer kidev 1724 w. mamasTan erTad

wavida ruseTSi da im droisaTvis kargi ganaTlebac miiRo, Seiswavla

samxedro xelovneba, maT Soris _ saartilerio saqme da zarbaznebis

Camosxma (samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, mas qvemexebis damzadebis saqme

auwyvia). 1752 w. paata batoniSvilma ruseTi unebarTvod datova da

saqarTveloSi gamoipara. Teimurazma da ereklem naTesavi didi pativiT

miiRes da daabinaves; Tumca Zalian male, ereklem igi RalatSi amxila da

erTxans patimrobaSic hyavda. Sewyalebis Semdeg, paata imereTSi gaiqca da

iqidan agrZelebda erekles winaaRmdeg brZolas. sainteresoa, rom zogierTi

wyaros cnobiT, igi rusuli orientaciis mowinaaRmdege iyo. amas adasturebs

misi erT-erTi werilic (Tavisi Zmisadmi), sadac igi ruseTs moixseniebs

rogorc `matyuara da samarTlebriv normaTa uarmyofel saxelmwifos, sadac

kaci kacad ar aris miCneuli~. paata batoniSvili qerim-xansac eaxla

daxmarebis saTxovnelad, magram uari miiRo. uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, igi

kvlav qarTlSi dabrunda da SeTqmulebas Caudga saTaveSi. SeTqmulTa

TavSeyris adgili iyo paata batoniSvilis sadgomi _ e. w. `markozaSvilis

darbazi~. 1765 wels, roca ukve mzad iyvnen gamosvlisaTvis, isini

samSvildelma glexma daTuna feiqarma gasca (misi coli erekles

qaliSvilis ZiZa iyo da sasaxleSi cxovrobda, daTuna feiqars davalebuli

hqonda, colis daxmarebiT SeTqmulebi sasaxleSi SeeSva). ereklem yvelani

Seipyro da sajarod gaasamarTla: saqme darbazma ganixila, damnaSaveebs

qoneba CamoarTves da Sesabamisi simkacriT dasajes (paata batoniSvils Tavi

mohkveTes). amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa kidev erTi epizodi: vaxtang

VI-is memkvidreebs oficialurad ekrZalebodaT ruseTis datoveba. saeWvo

damTxveviT, ruseTidan swored am dros _ 1764 wels gamouSves aleqsandre

baqaris-Ze, romelic 1765 wels ukve mozdokSi iyo, magram am droisaTvis

SeTqmulebi ukve gasamarTlebulni iyvnen da qarTlis taxtis maZiebelma

xelsayrel moments ver Camouswro. samecniero literaturaSi, dokumenturi

masalis safuZvelze, dadasturebulia, rom ruseTis mTavroba, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, aseTi pretendentebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebas ar

Takilobda da e. w. `ormagi standartiT~ moqmedebda.

SeTqmulebis aRmofxvris Semdeg erekles winaSe kvlav gadaudebel

amocanad rCeboda iranTan diplomatiuri gzebiT mopovebuli warmatebebis

SenarCuneba da lekTa sakiTxis sabolood gadaWra. garda amisa,

angariSgasawevi iyo TurqeTis poziciac, romlis imJamindeli

`keTilganwyoba~ sulac ar niSnavda, rom qveyana momavalSic samudamod

iqneboda dazRveuli Turquli agresiisagan. amave dros, Savi zRvis

sruteebsa da balkaneTSi TurqeTis gabatonebis Sedegad saqarTvelo

27

dasavleTisagan (evropisagan) izolirebuli iyo, imereTis samefo da misgan

faqtiurad damoukidebeli guriisa da samegrelos samTavroebi ki TurqeTis

gavlenis qveS iyvnen. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi nawili (yofili

samcxe-saaTabago*) jer kidev XVI saukuneSi miitaca TurqeTma da iq

axalcixis Turquli safaSo Camoayaliba, romelic saqarTveloSi TurqeTis

agresiis umTavres bazad iqca. aseT pirobebSi qveynis usafrTxoebis

dasacavad mcdeloba ar daukliaT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos

mesveurebs: 1758 w. Teimurazma, ereklem da imereTis mefem solomon I-ma

(1752-1784 ww.) gorSi Sexvedrisas megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis

xelSekruleba gaaformes; magram mahmadianur saxelmwifoTa rkalSi

moqceuli qveynisaTvis es sakmarisi ar iyo. am situaciidan erTaderTi

gamosavali iyo orientacia Zlier mokavSireze, romelic TurqeTisa da

iranis mxridan agresiis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mfarvelobas

gauwevda da, ufro metic _ adreve dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSic

daexmareboda.

saamisod xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 ww.

omis dawyebis win. ruseTis didi xnis ocneba iyo Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis

mopoveba. amisaTvis is mxolod Sesaferis moments ucdida da saWiro sababs

eZebda. saimperatoro karze mSvenivrad icodnen, rom TurqeTTan

dapirispirebisas evropa mxars ar dauWerda ruseTs, amitom isini uaRresad

did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen TurqeTis uRelqveS myofi qristiani xalxebis

ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas, romelic amjerad moxerxebulad gamoiyenes

TavianTi namdvili zraxvebis SesaniRbad: ruseTis mTavrobam mowodebiT

mimarTa balkanel da kavkasiel qristianebs, rom igi `iZulebulia~ TurqeTs

SeebrZolos `qristianuli sarwmunoebis dasacavad~. am gziT ruseTi gegmavda

TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis meSveobiT omSi Caeba balkaneTisa da kavkasiis

qristiani xalxebi da amiT TurqeTis Zalebi or frontze sabrZolvelad

daeqsaqsa. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTi mxardaWerisaken mouwodebda yirimisa da

kavkasiis mahmadianebs.

omis dawyebis win, ruseTSi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom imereTis mefe

solomon I am konfliqtSi aucileblad CaerTveboda, magram erekle II-is

daTanxmeba saeWvod miaCndaT, vinaidan imereTisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoze TurqeTis gavlena ar vrceldeboda. Saqme is aris, rom am

SemTxvevaSi, erekles sakuTari motivi hqonda: ruseTis daxmarebiT igi

TurqeTis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis SemoerTebas, War-belaqnis

dapyrobas da lekianobis sabolood aRkveTas gegmavda. amave dros, man isic

icoda, rom im xanad, irani osmaleTis dasustebisa da amis xarjze qarTl-

kaxeTis gaZlierebis winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda. Amitom, erekle omSi

monawileobaze daTanxmda, mxolod im pirobiT, rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi

damxmare jars gamogzavnida.

1769 w. 21 maiss solomoni da erekle erTmaneTs TbilisSi Sexvdnen da

erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. ruseTis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba

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imereTSi 400 kaciani razmisa da zarbaznebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, razmis

xelmZRvanelad ki general-maiori, grafi totlebeni daniSna. warmoSobiT

germaneli totlebeni sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda saqsoniis*, holandiis,

prusiisa* da ruseTis armiebSi. `Svidwliani omis~ dros is ruseTis armiaSi

korpusis meTauri iyo da RalatSi mxilebuli (faruli mimowera hqonda

fridrix II-Tan da mas samxedro saidumloebebs acnobebda) dasajes;

mogvianebiT, ekaterine II-m igi Seiwyala da armiaSic aRadgina. aseTi saeWvo

warsulis mqone pirovnebis daniSvniT, ruseTma didi Secdoma dauSva _

Ralatisadmi totlebenis midrekilebam ruseT-TurqeTis mimdinare omSic

araerTxel iCina Tavi.

1769 w. agvistoSi rusuli razmi totlebenis meTaurobiT

saqarTveloSi Semovida. ereklem igi sagangebo pativiT miiRo da Sexvedrisas

Tavisi sabrZolo gegmac gaacno. 26 seqtembers totlebeni Tavisi razmiT

imereTSi Cavida da winaswar SeTanxmebuli gegmis mixedviT, solomon I-Tan

erTad alya Semoartya Sorapnis cixes,* sadac 23 kaciani Turquli

garnizoni iyo gamagrebuli. mokle xanSi solomons dasavleTis mxridan

dadianisa da Turqebis SemoWris Sesaxeb acnobes da igi iZulebuli gaxda,

maTTan sabrZolvelad wasuliyo. 23 kaciani garnizonis winaaRmdeg brZola

ruseTis armiis general-maiors TiTqos ar unda gasWirveboda, magram

moulodnelad, 4 dRis Semdeg, totlebenma alya moxsna da imereTidan

qarTlSi, kerZod _ cxinvalSi wamovida. aq igi Seudga axalcixeze

laSqrobis samzadiss, romlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad ereklem

wamoayena ruseTidan damatebiTi jaris Semoyvana. totlebenma am

mimarTulebiT marTlac awarmova saTanado instanciebTan mimowera da 1770

w. 3 TebervlisaTvis saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris raodenoba 1228 kacamde

gaizarda, xolo amave wlis 16 marts mozdokisaken* daiZra tomskis polki,

romelic saqarTveloSi mxolod ivnisis TveSi Semovida.

1770 w. 17 marts erekle 7 aTasiani jariT da 3 zarbazniT suramSi

Cavida, sadac mas totlebeni daxvda 1200 kaciT. rusTa da qarTvelTa

erTiani jari qviSxeTisaken gaemarTa. 14 aprils mokavSireebi sadgerSi iyvnen

da swored aq iCina Tavi pirvelma uTanxmoebam: totlebenma mefes SesTavaza

erTiani jarisa da zarbaznebis nawili sadgeris* cixeSi daetovebinaT.

bunebrivia, erekle amaze ar daTanxmda, magram generalma TviTneburad Tavisi

gaitana. amis Sesaxeb, erekle erT-erT rus meTaurs swerda: `davuSale,

magram Cemi rCeva ar miiRo; rac karavi hqonda, da 6 zarbazani da

naxevramdis jari, romelic am xanad oriv saWiro iyo, Cems Seutyobrad

daegdo sadgerSi; awyurs rom mivediT, oris karvis meti ara hqonda-ra.~ 17

aprils mokavSireebi awyurs miadgnen. dokumenturi masalis mixedviT,

awyurTan totlebeni eqvsasamde jariskaciT da 8 mcireyalibiani qvemexiT

mivida. Amjerad, man daiJina awyuris cixis aReba, erekles ki miaCnda, rom

gza unda gaegrZelebinaT da safaSos teritoriis siRrmeSi SeWriliyvnen,

raTa cixis garnizonisaTvis zurgidan damxmare Zalebisa da sursaTis

29

miRebis saSualeba moespoT. totlebenma aqac Tavisi gaitana da male

gamoirkva, rom misi gegma strategiulad uvargisi iyo: arsebuli ZalebiT

man ver moaxerxa awyuris cixis srul alyaSi moqceva da axalcixidan misken

momavali gzis gadaketva. amiT isargebla axalcixis faSam da 18 aprils

cixeSi 2 aTasiani razmi Seiyvana, 19 aprils ki totlebenma moulodnelad

miatova brZolis veli da awyuridan wamovida. qveynis interesebidan

gamomdinare, ereklem amjeradac didi moTmineba da TavSekaveba gamoiCina, `me

mivel da Rrafs (e.i. graf totlebens, l.m.) didad vevedre, _ swerda igi

ruseTis vice-kancler golicins, _ da Cemi Tavi viTarca erTi misisa

kamandisa oficeri, egreT kamandaSi vaZlive, da mravals vevedre

gamobrunebas mterzed...~ magram mefis Txovna totlebenma yurad ar iRo.

rusebis wasvlas qarTvelTa jarSi uwesrigoba mohyolia, mteri ki ukve

winaswar zeimobda gamarjvebas. ereklem didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa jarSi

disciplinis aRdgena, amis Semdeg alyis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da

qarTvelebma poziciebi datoves. mogvianebiT, erT-erT werilSi erekle

amtkicebda, rom totlebeni Tavidanve cdilobda am laSqrobis CaSlas, mas

qviSxeTSive etyobodao, rom `didad ezareboda mterze wamosvla~. am

mosazrebas oficialuri dokumentebic adastureben: jer kidev 6 aprilis

patakiT totlebeni samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas iTxovda da werda:

`umorCilesad gTxovT, aqedan Cqara wamiyvanoT, Cems magivrad Cemi razmi sxva

generals CaabaroT... Zala ar myofnis.~

awyuridan erekle qarTvelTa jariT aspinZis mimarTulebiT wavida.

axalcixis faSam mTeli Zalebi mis winaaRmdeg daZra, Tan axalqalaqisa da

xerTvisis cixeebidan 1500 meomari gamoiyvana qarTvelTaTvis aspinZisaken

mimavali gzis gadasaketad. marTalia, qarTvelebma isini sastikad daamarcxes,

magram amasobaSi, faSam aspinZasTan 4 aTasian korpuss mouyara Tavi

(Turqebis cnobiT es korpusi 8 aTasiani iyo). aspinZis brZola 1770 wlis

20 aprils gaimarTa da erekles samxedro niWis wyalobiT qarTvelebma

kidev erTi brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. mtris jari ricxobrivad didad

aRemateboda erekles Zalebs (mas mxolod 3 aTasi meomari hyavda), amitom

man brZolis wina RamiT ramdenime meomari gagzavna, romlebmac mtkvarze

gadasasvleli xidis burjebi daazianes, riTac mters ukandaxevis, maSveli

Zalebis daxmarebisa da manevrirebis saSualeba mouspo. qarTvelTa jari

ereklem sam nawilad ganalaga: marjvena flangze sardali daviT orbeliani

daayena, marcxenaze _ Tavisi vaJi giorgi batoniSvili, xolo centrs

TviTon xelmZRvanelobda. Ppirvelad Setevaze erekle gadavida da

elviseburi moqmedebiT TurqTa da lekTa gaerTianebul Zalebs didi zarali

miayena; mterma uwesrigod daiwyo ukandaxeva da miawyda xids, magram

dazianebuli xidi Caingra da osmalTa jaris didi nawilic adidebul

mtkvarSi daixrCo. qarTvelTa laSqarSi mcire zaralis fonze mtris

danakargebi masStaburi iyo: tyveTa CvenebiT, mTeli korpusidan mxolod 13

kaci dabrunebula axalcixeSi; daiRupa maTi mTavarsardali, ramdenime faSa

30

da lekTa meTaurebi, maT Soris _ yvelaze sisxlismsmeli winamZRoli

malaCi (koxta-beladi), romelic erekles Tavis xeliT mouklavs.

aspinZis brZola qarTveli xalxis istorias SemorCa, rogorc kargad

dagegmili, gabeduli, rTuli da brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli samxedro

operacia. Tumca, samwuxarod, totlebenis Ralatis gamo es gamarjveba

ereklem saTanadod veRar gamoiyena, misi ZiriTadi mizani _ samcxe-javaxeTis

dakaveba, _ ganuxorcielebeli darCa. totlebenis mimarT qarTvelTa

ganwyobis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos anton kaTalikosis sityvebi misive

werilidan graf n. paninisadmi: `generali, romelic Tavisi ficis

sawinaaRmdegod iqceva, generali, romelmac yovelgvari aucileblobis

gareSe miatova brZolis veli, _ did zians ayenebs saqarTvelos. es

garemoebebi aferxebs Cems Zmas, mefe erekles, romelic mtris winaaRmdeg

ibrZvis da (aspinZis) sisxlismRvreli Setakebis Semdeg brwyinvale

gamarjvebas aRwevs, da mas mtris winaaRmdeg Semdgomi brZolebisagan akavebs,

radgan rusi generali TviTon garbis da rusul jars nebas ar aZlevs,

mteri ukuagdos; malavs artilerias, raTa igi mtris winaaRmdeg veravin

gamoiyenos, amis Sedegad ki misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis samsaxuric ar

sruldeba.~

amrigad, aspinZis brwyinvale gamarjvebas ar mohyolia Sesabamisi

politikuri warmateba, ufro metic, erekles axali sazrunavi gauCnda.

kerZod, totlebenis xelyofisagan sakuTari samefo taxtis dacva gauxda

saWiro. man Tavidanve ganWvrita, rom totlebenis saswrafod qarTlSi

dabruneba kargs arafers moaswavebda. marTlac, rusma generalma zogierTi

opozicioneri qarTleli Tavadis daxmarebiT, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis

mowyoba ganizraxa. am mizniT, man daiwyo qarTlis cixe-qalaqebis dakaveba da

mosaxleobas aiZulebda, ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze daeficaT. amave

dros, igi erkles Sesaxeb agzavnida yalb informacias peterburgSi da

mizansac miaRwia: saimperatoro kari erekles sawinaaRmdegod ganawyo da

Sedegad mis mier mopovebuli marTlac brwyinvale gamarjveba iq sakmaod

civad miiRes, imperatricam mosalodneli wyalobis nacvlad, erekles

pasuxic ki ar aRirsa; Tumca, saTanado ganxilvis safuZvelze, ruseTSi

gadawyvites, rom Tavisi saqcieliT, totlebeni saqarTveloSi `ruseTs

ufro sircxvils uxveWda, vidre saxels~ da mis nacvlad sardlad

generali a. suxotini daniSnes. amave dros, am ukanasknels aukrZales

regularuli samxedro operaciebis Catareba da miTiTeba misces, rom

Turqebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa ZalebiT mxolod `diversiebi~ moewyo. amiT

generals agrZnobines, rom mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTeba am

etapze ar warmoadgenda ruseTis mizans. ruseTSi aseve ar daugmiaT

totlebenis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, piriqiT _ suxotins ganumartes, rom

Tuki totlebenis avanturistuli wamowyeba (imperatoris erTgulebaze

qarTvelTa iZulebiT daficeba) xels Seuwyobda TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

qarTvelebis mobilizebas, aseTi ram kvlavac gaegrZelebina. instruqciis

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erT-erTi punqtiT, suxotins foTis xelSi Cagdebasac avalebdnen. amrigad,

avanturisti totlebenis gadayenebas ereklesaTvis praqtikulad ar

moutania raime SeRavaTi, radgan ruseTis politika saqarTvelos mimarT

kvlav ucvleli darCa. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom totlebenis

piradi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis miuxedavad, misi moqmedeba ruseTis samefo

karis mier winaswar sanqcirebuli iyo.

1771 w. maisSi suxotini saqarTveloSi Camovida da ereklesa da

solomonTan TaTbiris dros winadadeba wamoayena zafxulSi foTze

elaSqraT. man ar gaiTvaliswina erekles rCeva, rom zafxulis klimatur

pirobebSi, kolxeTis WaobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda jaris warmatebuli

moqmedeba. suxotini ar icnobda adgilobriv pirobebs da jiutad icavda

mTavrobis instruqcias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, totlebenis uxeiro

moxsenebebs eyrdnoboda. garda amisa, igi agrZelebda Tavisi winamorbedis

moqmedebis kurss, ar endoboda qarTvel mefeebs, ukavSirdeboda maT

moRalate Tavadebs da a. S. Sedegad foTis cixis alyis dros, zafxulis

sicxis gamo, jari umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. cieb-cxelebiT daavadda

ori aTasamde jariskaci, maT Soris TviTon generalic. oqtomberSi

suxotinma foTis alya moxsna, xolo dekemberSi ruseTis xelisuflebam

gadawyvetileba miiRo saqarTvelodan jaris gayvanis Taobaze. 1772 w. maisSi,

rusTa jarma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi datova. omis pirobebSi mokavSire

jaris mier mitovebuli erekle da solomoni didi gansacdelis winaSe

aRmoCndnen; gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo erekles mdgomareoba, romelmac met-

naklebad mogvarebuli saSinao da sagareo urTierTobebi, riskis qveS

daayena. ruseTis gamo, man xelaxla gadaimtera mezobeli mahmadianuri

saxelmwifoebi.

amrigad, qarTveli mefeebi isev sakuTari Tavis imedad darCnen da

kritikuli viTarebidan gamosavlis Ziebas Seudgnen. 1773 w. ereklem da

solomonma aRadgines urTierTkavSiris xelSekruleba. amave wlis

oqtomberSi, gaerTianebuli jariT javaxeTze gailaSqres da alya

Semoartyes axalqalaqis cixes, magram misi aReba veRar SeZles: solomon II-

is mZime avadmyofobis gamo imerTa jari ukan gabrunda. ereklem alya moxsna,

Tavis jars artaanisa* da axalcixis mxare daarbevina da nadavliT

datvirTuli dabrunda qalaqSi. amasobaSi Turqebis waqezebiT, rusTa jaris

wasvliT gamxnevebulma mTielebmac dro ixelTes. rodesac erekle

axalqalaqTan idga, kaxeTs Warelebi daesxnen, amas mohyva xunZaxis

mflobelis _ nursal-begis (igive mucalis) Tavdasxma qiziyze, romelic

qiziyelebma, revaz andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, warmatebiT moigeries da

brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. amave xanebSi lekebi cxinvalSi SeiWrnen da

didZali nadavli da tyveebi Caigdes xelSi, Warelebma ki isev daarbies

qiziyi. erekle maT mcirericxovani razmiT daedevna da `Zlierad daamarcxa~.

mematianis sityviT, `eseviTarni gamarjvebani mefisa iraklisani uricxvni

arian.~ drodadro, mefis brZanebiT qarTvelebi Tavadac gadadiodnen Setevaze

32

da `arbevdnen axalcixisa qveynebs.~ axalcixis cbieri mmarTveli suleiman-

faSa ki amiT sargeblobda: qarTvelTa mier miyenebul zarals sulTanTan

azviadebda, amave dros _ lekebisagan saqarTvelodan motacebuli nadavlis

wilsac iRebda. amis gamo, sulTanma qerim-xans SesCivla: `Sen agiSvia erTi

lomi, romel ars saqarTvelos mefe erekle, romelic aoxrebs maradis

samflobelosa Cemsao da amis gamo ixarjvis Cemgan ara-mciredi xazinao~ da

sTxovda mas, zemoqmedeba moexdina erekleze, raTa am ukanasknels Seewyvita

Tavdasxmebi. aRfrTovanebulma qerim-xanma Turme vezirebs mimarTa: `SexedeT

mefe erekles, xonTqari daaCoqa da CemTan aCivlebso~; amiT nasiamovnebma,

erekles gamougzavna Zvirfasad Semkuli xmali da `cxeni, oqrosa da

minanqris iaraRiT Sekazmuli.~ amis Semdeg, TurqeTsa qarTl-kaxeTs Soris

zavi damyarda da omamdeli urTierTobebi aRdga.

amasobaSi, ruseT-TurqeTis omi dasasruls miuaxlovda; 1774 w. 10

ivliss quCuk-kainarjSi* maT Soris gaformda zavi, romlis 23-e punqtic

saqarTvelos Seexeboda: damarcxebuli TurqeTi samudamod xels iRebda

imereTis samefos dapyrobaze, misgan xarkis moTxovnaze da imerTa mefis

mflobelobaSi myof yvela cixe-simagreze. dokumentSi naklebad iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli qarTl-kaxeTis interesebi: am omSi CarTvam erekles

uamravi mteri SesZina, Sedegad ki verc mitacebuli teritoriebi daibruna

da verc ruseTis mkafiod gamoxatuli mfarveloba miiRo. erTaderTi, rac

mis sasargeblod gadawyda, iyo is, rom TurqeTi omSi monawile qarTvelobis

mimarT SurisZiebaze uars acxadebda (Tumca lekebis meSveobiT, mas

yovelTvis SeeZlo qarTvelebisaTvis samagiero miezRo).

amrigad, omis Semdeg, ereklem ase Tu ise moaxerxa urTierTobis

dabalanseba iranTanac da TurqeTTanac; amis miuxedavad, lekTa TareSs bolo

ar uCanda, aqedan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis winaSe mwvaved dadga mudmivi

jaris Seqmnis problema: saxeldaxelod Sekrebili feodaluri laSqari

lekebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ar iyo efeqturi. 1773 wlis miwuruls

ereklem darbazs gansaxilvelad warudgina `ganCineba morige jaris Sesaxeb~,

romelic 1774 wlidan ukve ZalaSi Sevida. am kanonis safuZvelze aRweres

qarTl-kaxeTis brZolisunariani mamakaci mosaxleoba. yoveli zrdasruli

mamakaci valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTi Tvis manZilze Tavisi xarjiTa da

SeiaraRebiT emsaxura morige jarSi. es iyo sayovelTao samxedro begara,

sadac gawvevas eqvemdebareboda sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli,

maT Soris samefo ojaxis wevrebic. gamonaklisi daiSveboda mxolod

qveynisaTvis saWiro profesiis adamianTaTvis (vaWrebi, mewisqvileebi,

mwyemsebi da sxva), romelTac SeeZloT salaSqrod gaeSvaT magieri kaci,

anu `badali~. radganac laSqarSi `morige~ Tavisi xarjiT midioda, ereklem

qarTl-kaxeTis glexoba sursaTis gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla. siis

mixedviT, xalxis gamocxadebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo mebatone an soflis

romelime moxele. mebatone aseve valdebuli iyo saWiro sursaTiTa da

iaraRiT moemaragebina `morigeSi~ gamoZaxebuli glexi, Tuki am ukanasknels

33

saamisod sakuTari saxsrebi ar hqonda. `morigeSi~ dagvianebis an

argamocxadebisaTvis, saTanado sasjeli iyo dawesebuli: glexebisaTvis

gawkepvla, Tavad-aznaurTaTvis _ sapatimro. morige laSqari iyofoda

samxedro erTeulebad, romlebsac mefis mier daniSnuli moxele edga

saTaveSi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi radikaluri samxedro reformis gatareba iseT

tradiciul wodebriv-ierarqiul qveyanaSi, rogoric imdroindeli

saqarTvelo iyo, advili ar iqneboda; gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo igi

msxvili feodalebisaTvis, amitom, maT wasaxaliseblad erekle Tavisi

vaJebiTurT pirveli Caewera morige jarSi.

regularuli jaris upiratesoba Tavidanve aSkara iyo: mefes mudmiv

mzadyofnaSi hyavda 5 aTasiani laSqari, romelmac erTbaSad aamaRla qveynis

Tavdacvisunarianoba; rac yvelaze mTavaria, sabolood iqna aRkveTili lekTa

TareSi: `esreT SiSneul iyvnen lekni, rom verRara ikadres gamosvla da

esreT damSvidda qarTli, rom diacni Tvinier mamakacisa vidodian.~ morige

jars saTaveSi edga erekle II-is vaJi levan batoniSvili. es iyo uaRresad

niWieri da energiuli pirovneba, romelic Tavis droze, ruseTSi elCad

yofnisas, dainteresda iqauri samxedro-saorganizacio saqmiT da bevri ram

Seiswavla. oriode weliwadSi levan batoniSvilma qarTl-kaxeTis

teritoria TiTqmis sruliad gawminda moTareSeE lekebisagan. aRsaniSnavia

isic, rom ereklem, rogorc niWierma sardalma, isic gaiTvaliswina, rom

regularuli jaris Seqmna am etapze sakmarisi ar iyo qveynis winaSe

arsebuli mwvave problemebis gadasawyvetad; saWiro oyo am jaris evropul

yaidaze mowyoba da, rac mTavaria, _ im droisaTvis maRali donis

cecxlsasroli iaraRiT misi aRWurva. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo samTamadno

mrewvelobis ganviTareba, rasac ereklem jer kidev 60-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi Cauyara safuZveli: 1763 w. man axtalisa da alaverdis

sabadoebSi daiwyo vercxlisa da spilenZis madnis amoReba-damuSaveba. 1768

wlisaTvis erekles ukve hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRis Camomsxmeli qarxana.

erT-erTi ucxoeli mogzauri ioseb de laporti aRniSnavda: `TbilisSi

akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, Tofiswamals~. istoriulma wyaroebma

Semogvinaxes im pirTa vinaobac, vinc 70-ian wlebSi uSualod emsaxureboda

saartilerio saqmes, maT Soris iyvnen rogorc adgilobrivi, ise

sazRvargareTidan mowveuli specialistebi: giorgi Tarxani, ioseb getingi,

paata andronikaSvili, gabriel maiori, ioseb baxutaSvili, Tevdore

petriaSvili, stefane meliqovi, giorgi TumaniSvili da sxva.

artileriis saamqros, anu arsenals im dros Tofxana ewodeboda. masSi

momuSave sxvadasxva xelosnebs erekle didi pativiT epyroboda; mis mier

gacemuli uamravi sabuTi mowmobs, rom aqaur muSakebs pirad

TavisuflebasTan erTad, didi SeRavaTebic eZleodaT (saxelmwifo

begarisagan gaTavisufleba, mzardi anazRaureba da sxva). samxedro wodebis

aRmniSvneli saxelebi, mcire gamonaklisis garda, erekles ruseTidan

gadmouRia (rusebma Tavis mxriv, isini evropidan Semoitanes). es wodebebia:

34

TofCibaSi, polkovniki, maiori, kapitani, poruCiki, aficeri, serJanti,

underaficeri, kaprali, TofCi. TofxanaSi yvelaze did moxeled da sapatio

pirad iTvleboda TofCibaSi, anu Tofxanis gamgebeli, romelic saartilerio

saqmes maTaurobda. TofCibaSisa da misi moadgilis (naibis) uSualo

nebarTviT gaicemoda iaraRi, maTi xelmZRvanelobiT asxamdnen zarbaznebs,

amasTanave, isini amzadebdnen saartilerio saqmis specialistebs da

msrolelebs (mezarbazneebs). garda fuladi anazRaurebisa, Tofxanis

xelosnebi sakvebiTac _ e. w. ulufiTac maragdebodnen.

XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi, erekles 12 adgilobrivi warmoebis zarbazani

hqonda. garda amisa, artileriisaTvis saWiro tyvia-wamali da asafeTqebeli

masala agreTve TbilisSi mzaddeboda. Tavidan es dargi kerZo pirTa xelSi

iyo _ qalaqeli xelosnebi amzadebdnen da TviTonve hyiddnen tyvia-wamals;

Sesabamisi brZanebiT, ereklem Tofiswamlisa da gvarjilis damzadeba-gayidvis

ufleba erT pirovnebas _ moqalaqe TayuaSvils gadasca, romelic

valdebuli iyo mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTa daekmayofilebina. am gziT

ereklem am dargis monopolia xelSi aiRo da mokle xanSi saTanado Sedegic

saxeze iyo: 1796 wlisaTvis Tofiswamalze da gvarjilaze saxelmwifo

dakveTac Sesrulebula da imdeni Warbi produqciac uwarmoebiaT, rom

TayuaSvils mefisagan kerZo gayidvebis uflebac miuRia. Tofiswamlis

qarxana avlabris cixis axlos mdebareobda.

saartilerio iaraRis danergvasTan erTad, erekles SeumuSavebia axali

sabrZolo taqtikac; amis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnian is saarqivo

dokumentebi, romlebic Seicaven mefis pirdapir miTiTebebs brZolis win an

misi msvlelobisas: `Tu isini gamovidnen... Tqven mindorze Sebmas ecadeniT,

kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis miSvelebas daexseniT; Tqven erTianad

Tqvenis ZaliT, RvTiT, miaweqiT da zarbaznebi win miiZRvaneT, cxenianic rom

daaqveiToT da ise mixvideT, zarbaznebic win miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs

daacadoT. Cveni goneba amas umjobesad xedavs, rom RvTiT, am gziT SeebaT...

Tqven rom ar auCqardeT, daacadoT, isini Tqvenze moiyvanoT da Tqven ki

imaTze ar mixvideT, _ ase sjobs, rom isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da,

RvTiT, Tqven im daRaluls erTianad SeebaT: isini aqeT-iqidan mogetanebian,

Tqven zarbaznis srolis mets nuras iqT; isini amaSi daiRalvian, masukan

erTianad miaweviT da, RvTiT, Tan gaitanT~. amrigad, brZolis dros erekle

pirvel rigSi sazarbazne cecxlis gaxsnas brZanebs, Semdeg ki

demoralizebuli mtris jars Tavisi dasvenebuli ZalebiT erTianad utevs.

garda amisa, siaxle iyo agreTve zarbaznebis ganlageba qveiTi jarebis win

da ara maT ukan (rogorc es adre iyo miRebuli). rogorc Cans, sakuTari

sabrZolo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, erekle amjobinebda brZolis

dawyebas sazarbazne SeteviT, romelic mtris jarSi elvisebur

destabilizacias iwvevda.

`morige~ jaris wyalobiT qarTl-kaxeTSi damyarebuli mSvidobiani

cxovreba didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1781 w. levan batoniSvilis uecarma

35

sikvdilma ara marto am samxedro formirebas, aramed mTel saqarTvelos

gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena. oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT, am tragedias

saqarTvelos mtrebSic ki gulwrfeli sinanulis grZnoba gamouwvevia;

`moukvda erekles saxelovani da mravals brZolazed didad mxned

gamoCenili Svili Tvisi levan. esma ra ese faSasa axalcixisasa, sTqva:

xnierebisa Jamsa mefesa erekles mxari moeSalao, rom amisTana vaJkaci Svili

moukvdao, romelic saqarTvelos oTxkuTxe farda iyovo da axla qarTls

farda aexada pirsao.~ `morige~ jari levan batoniSvilis daRupvisTanave ar

gauqmebula, magram moRalate Tavadebis wyalobiT, mokle xanSi, misi marTvis

saTaveSi angarebiani moxeleebi moeqcnen, romlebmac es SesaniSnavi wamowyeba

sakuTari Semosavlis wyarod gadaaqcies (magaliTad, qrTamis meSveobiT, esa

Tu is Tavadi, Tavisi ymebiTurT advilad axerxebda `morigeobidan~ Tavis

daRwevas), danarCeni batoniSvilebi ki naklebad zrunavdnen mis

SenarCunebaze. marTalia, `morige~ jari brZanebiT arasodes gauqmebula,

magram droTa ganmavlobaSi igi TandaTanobiT Semcirda da bolos mTlianad

daiSala.

XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi azerbaijanel xanebs Soris erekles saxifaTo

konkurenti gamouCnda yuba-darubandis* mflobelis _ faTali-xanis saxiT,

romelic azerbaijanis saxanoebis garTianebisaTvis ibrZoda. faTali-xani

amierkavkasiis regionSi erekles pirvelobas ecileboda da am mizniT

mahmadianuri saxanoebisa da lekebis gaerTianebas cdilobda qristiani

qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. erekles qveSevrdom erevnisa da

ganjis saxanoebs ki daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebda. ereklem droulad

miiRo sapasuxo zomebi: 1778 w. man erevneli husein-ali-xanis gandgomis

Sesaxeb Seityo da Tavisi jariT erevnisken wavida. huseinma mosaxleoba

daxizna da TviTon cixeSi Caiketa, Tumca maleve danebda erekles da 40

aTasi maneTi xarkic gadauxada.

1779 w. 19 marts iranSi qerim-xani gardaicvala da Sesabamisad,

amierkavkasiaSic daiZaba mdgomareoba. ereklesa da faTali-xans Soris

urTierToba gamwvavda. am ukanasknelis mcdelobiT, erevnisa da ganjis xanebi

isev ganudgnen erekles. Samagierod ereklem kavSiri Sekra yarabaRel ibreim-

xanTan. erToblivi ZalebiT, maT ganja daipyres da adgilobrivi xani

gaaZeves. amieridan, ereklesa da ibreim-xanis mier daniSnuli moxeleebi

ganjas saziarod marTavdnen. amasobaSi erevnis xanic ajanyda da xarkis

gadaxdaze uari ganacxada. 1779 w. 29 agvistos ereklem 8 aTasiani jariT

erevnis cixes alya Semoartya; mogvianebiT, mas ibreim-xanis mier

gamogzavnili ganja-yarabaRis jaric SeuerTda. mwvave brZolebis Semdeg,

erevnis xani danebda da patieba iTxova, magram erekle moRalate xanis

Semorigebas aRar apirebda da erevnis saxanos sabolood dapyroba

gadawyvita. swored am dros, mas Seatyobines, rom ruseTidan saeWvod

`gamoSvebuli~ qarTlis taxtis pretendenti aleqsandre batoniSvili

(vaxtang VI-is Zis _ baqaris vaJi), romelic aqamde iranSi imyofeboda,

36

imereTSi Cavida. am dros, moRalate TavadTa mcdelobiT, ereklesa da

solomons Soris urTierToba garTulebuli iyo da erekles mowinaaRmdegeni

amiT sargeblobdnen. mefis erTgulma pirebma erekles SeuTvales: `moeSvele

qarTls, Tu ara saqarTvelo airivao.~ ereklem saswrafod qarTls miaSura

da energiuli RonisZiebebiT gandgomili Tavadebis morigi SeTqmuleba

aRkveTa.

miuxedavad amisa, mdgomareoba kvlav daZabuli iyo: aleqsandre

batoniSvili brZolas ar wyvetda, imerTa mefis garda mas aSkarad mxarSi

edga ruseTi, romelic qarTl-kaxeTTan urTierTobisas araerTxel

mimarTavda e. w. ormagi standartis politikas; garda imisa, rom cbierad

manipulirebda qarTlis taxtis maZieblebiT, ruseTis xelisufleba

`megobruli mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis~ Sesaxeb carieli dapirebebis

fonze qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis sazianod moqmedebda. amis TvalsaCino

nimuSia rusebis mier miRebuli zomebi erekles axali wamowyebis winaaRmdeg,

romelic iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobisagan daclili qarTl-kaxeTis zogierT

kuTxeSi Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa Casaxlebas. ruseTis mier

ganxorcielebulma kolonizaciam Cerqezebisa da yabardoelebis gaafTrebuli

winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia. primitiuli SeiaraRebis miuxedavad, isini gmirulad

ibrZodnen kazakTa axalSenebisa da ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. Tavis mxriv,

ruseTi maT gaugonari sisastikiT uswordeboda. 1778 w. erekle gamoexmaura

yabardoelebis Txovnas da maT suram-qviSxeTis midamoebSi dasaxlebas

Sehpirda, magram ruseTma orjer CaSala es SeTanxmeba. Pirvelad, rusma

samxedroebma erekles wargzavnilebi daapatimres, yabardoelebi ki sastikad

dasajes. meored, 1780 wels, moaxalSeneTa 800 komli mozdokidan ukan

gaabrunes, cota xanSi ki aseve moeqcnen yabardoelTa kidev 500 komls.

erekles mier maT gadmosayvanad darialisken gagzavnili samxedro razmi

ukan gamobrunda. ruseTi amasac ar dasjerda da Crdilo kavkasielebs

qarTvelTa laSqarSi qiriT samsaxuric aukrZala. amrigad, erTmorwmune

`mfarveli~ ruseTis wyalobiT, ereklem dakarga is erTaderTi damxmare

Zala, romlis meSveobiTac aqamde warmatebiT umklavdeboda sxavadasxva

juris mtrebs.

erekles dasustebisaken iyo mimarTuli ruseTis sxva nabijebic da es

arc iyo gasakviri: imperiuli gegma, romelic Sav zRvaze gabatonebas

gulisxmobda, ver dauSvebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis xelisuflebis

gaZlierebas, rasac momavalSi saqarTvelos gamTlianeba mohyveboda. amitomac,

ruseTi Segnebulad cdilobda daesustebina erekle ara marto samxedro-

politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. am mizans emsaxureboda

ruseTis mier faTali-xanis daufaravi mxardaWera, Sesaferis momentSi

aleqsandre batoniSvilis ruseTidan gamoSveba, Crdilo kavkasiidan damxmare

Zalis dablokva da a. S. ruseTis xelisufleba ukve daufaravad cdilobda

SeezRuda erekle, romlis damoukidebeli politikac mas aRar awyobda.

qarTl-kaxeTs igi amierkavkasiaSi sakuTari gabatonebis erT-erT saSualebad

37

aRiqvamda da am miznis misaRwevad, ukan araferze ixevda. amis

damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom rodesac 1776 w. qarTlSi, feodalTa

erTma jgufma zaal orbelianis meTaurobiT, mefis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba

moawyo, aRmoCnda, rom masSi ruseTis agenti, vinme bakuninic monawileobda.

amrigad, XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi ruseTis diplomatia ukve yvelanair

saSualebas iyenebda, raTa erekle Tavis qveSevrdomobaze daeTanxmebina. am

mizniT iyenebda igi faTali-xansac da aleqsandre batoniSvilsac. 1781 w. am

ukanasknelma imereTi datova da Crdilo kavkasiis gavliT faTali-xanTan

Cavida. amieridan erekles ori dauZinebeli mteri erTad Seikra da mas

seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. am kavSiris winaaRmdeg realuri daxmareba

mxolod ruseTis xelisuflebas SeeZlo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, ereklem yvela

gza mosinja, maT Soris _ TurqeTTan kavSiri, evropis saxelmwifoTa

meTaurebTan urTierTobis damyareba da samxedro daxmarebis Taobaze maTTan

mimowera da a. S., magram misi yvela mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. aseT

pirobebSi igi iZulebuli gaxda ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebaze

daTanxmebuliyo. ra Tqma unda, man kargad icoda, rom am sami agresiuli

saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos damoukideblobas arc erTi ar Seegueboda,

magram meore mxriv, im etapze qveyana aucilebeli sasicocxlo arCevanis

winaSe idga. erTmorwmune ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT erekle

imedovnebda, rom saqarTvelos daicavda mahmadianuri iran-TurqeTis

agresiisagan; garda amisa, ruseTis daxmarebiT daibrunebda mitacebul

teritoriebs da saqarTvelos gaaerTianebda, da bolos, igive ruseTis

meSveobiT, aRadgenda evropis qveynebTan urTierTobas. ruseTis saimperatoro

karze 1782 w. 21 dekembers gagzavnil dokumentSi man mkafiod Camoayaliba

Tavisi moTxovnebi da winadadebebi. 1783 w. 24 ivliss Crdilo kavkasiaSi

mdebare georgievskis cixe-simagreSi Sedga xelSekrulebis anu `megobrobiTi

traqtatis~ xelmoweris procedura (SemdgomSi mas `georgievskis

traqtatis~ saxeliT moixsenieben). am dokumentis ZaliT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas aRiarebda da uars acxadebda nebismieri sxva

saxelmwifos vasalobaze. sanacvlod, ruseTis xelisufleba `saukunod~

aRiarebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze ereklesa da misi STamomavlebis

uflebas. taxtze asvlisas qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs ruseTis imperatorisagan

unda mieRoT samefo regaliebi* (gvirgvini, sigeli da droSa ruseTis

imperiis gerbiT, romelSic qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gerbi iyo Caxatuli) da

mis erTgulebaze daeficaT. qarTveli mefeebi uars ambobdnen damoukidebel

sagareo politikaze da am sakiTxSi ruseTis imperatoris TanxmobiT unda

emoqmedaT. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi pirobas debda, rom saqarTvelos

daexmareboda dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSi. imperatori qarTl-

kaxeTis mefes saukuno mfarvelobas aRuTqvamda da pirobas debda, rom

saqarTvelos mters Tavis mtrad igulebda. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis

dasacavad ruseTi aq mudmivad iyoliebda qveiTTa jaris 2 batalions 4

38

zarbazniT, xolo saomari situaciis SemTxvevaSi, valdebuli iyo damatebiTi

samxedro Zala gamoegzavna.

umTavresi mizezi, romelmac erekle II-is mier am gadawyvetilebis

miReba ganapiroba, iyo iseTi sagareo-politikuri orientaciis arCeva,

romelic qveyanas mSvidobas moutanda da uzrunvelyofda mis ganviTarebas

evropuli gziT. aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle guldasmiT ecnoboda traqtatis

pirobebs. ruseTis warmomadgenlebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa es aqti

droulad gaformebuliyo, Tumca TviTon sulac ar Cqarobdnen erekles

mTavari moTxovnis Sesrulebas, romelic kavkasiidan aleqsandre

batoniSvilis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom es

ukanaskneli faTali-xanma ruseTs mxolod `georgievskis traqtatis~

xelmoweris Semdeg _ 1783 w. noemberSi gadasca.

amrigad, 1783 w. traqtatis wyalobiT ruseTma uomrad gadalaxa

kavkasioni da amierkavkasiaSi Zalze moxerxebuli placdarmi miiRo. amave

wlis 2 noembers rusTa jaris 2 batalioni TbilisSi Semovida. am

yvelaferma saqarTvelos mezobeli mahmadianuri samyaros SeSfoTeba

gamoiwvia. amieridan ruseTi uSualod daupirispirda TurqeTs, romelmac

Sesabamisi reagireba moaxdina: am SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanul saxanoebze

zemoqmedebisaTvis mas garkveuli upiratesoba hqonda sarwmunoebrivi

siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT. swored am faqtoris gamoyenebiT, TurqeTma Riad

mouwoda azerbaijanel da daRestnel xanebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

erTiani brZolisaken. qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe uaresdeboda.

rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqmes ver Sveloda, gansacdelis winaSe mdgari

erekle damatebiTi jaris gamogzavnas iTxovda, magram “mfarveli” mxolod

gamamxnevebeli sityvebiTa da dapirebebiT pasuxobda da xelsayrel moments

eloda winaswar dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad. aSkara iyo, rom

saqarTvelos `gaerTianebisa da gaTavisuflebis~ miseuli gegma sinamdvileSi

mxolod imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebas gulisxmobda: es iyo ruseTis

brZola saqarTvelos `mSvidobiani~ miTvisebisaTvis.

yovelive amis Sedegad, erekles aqamde misi erTguli xanebic ki

aumxedrdnen _ ganudga SuSis (yarabaRis) xani, romelmac ganjidan gamoaZeva

erekles warmomadgeneli, xarkis gadaxdaze uari Tqva erevnis xanma da a. S.

am yvelafris moTave iyo axalcixis faSa suleimani, romelmac Tavisi

teritoria kvlav lekebis placdarmad aqcia; `lekianoba~ kidev ufro

uaresi formiT ganaxlda: amjerad erekle traqtatis pirobebiT iyo

SeboWili, mas ar hqonda ufleba SeWriliyo im saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi,

romelTanac ruseTs zavi hqonda gaformebuli, axalcixis safaSo ki

TurqeTs ekuTvnoda. erekle daJinebiT moiTxovda ruseTisagan saTanado

zomebis miRebas, magram Sedegi ar Canda.

1784-1785 wlebSi qarTvelTa jarma 2 rusul batalionTan erTad

ramdenime SeteviTi operacia ganaxorciela. met-naklebi warmatebis

miuxedavad, am brZolebSi didi iyo qarTvelTa msxverpli. 1784 w.

39

mokavSireebma War-belaqans Seuties da sof. muRanlosTan* 5 saaTian

brZolaSi gaimarjves. lekebma aq 200, xolo qarTvelebma da rusebma

mxolod 40 meomari dakarges. 1785 w. ereklem Tavisi gavlenis aRdgenis

mizniT, ganjis saxanoze gailaSqra. mis winaaRmdeg gamovida faTali-xani,

romelmac piroba wamoayena, rom ganjas im SemTxvevaSi daTmobda, Tu erekle

mas ziarad dauTmobda yarabaRis saxanos. amaze erekle ar daTanxmda, magram

iZulebuli gaxda, ganjis alya moexsna da jarebi yarabaRis saxanosaTvis

mieSvelebina. sabolood, man mainc moaxerxa ganjis damorCileba, magram

dapirispireba mainc grZeldeboda, ruseTi ki mxolod diplomatiuri

`svlebiT~ ifargleboda.

1785 w. martSi axalcixidan lek-osmalTa erTiani laSqari daiZra da

Tbilisidan 25 km-ze sof. durnuks daesxa; 20 kaci mokles da 200

daatyveves. amis Semdeg sof. tabaxmelas daecnen, magram ereklem SeZlo maTi

damarcxeba. imave wlis aprilSi axalcixis faSam kvlav gamoistumra `1500

leki da 500 TaTari qarTlis wasaxdenad.~ 600-mde tyviTa da didi

nadavliT datvirTul mters rusebma da qarTvelebma suramTan gza Seukres

da sastikad daamarcxes. amave wlis maisSi lek-osmalTa jarebma kidev erTi

marcxi iwvnies. miuxedavad epizoduri warmatebebisa, qarTl-kaxeTi veRar

audioda gamudmebul brZolebSi gaRebul msxverpls, saSiSroeba ki ufro da

ufro matulobda; 1785 w. seqtemberSi daRestnidan 20 000 kaciani rCeuli

jariT omar-xani daiZra da alazani gadmolaxa. ereklem dazvervis

saSualebiT adreve Seityo, rom omar-xani jars agrovebda da winaswari

zomebic miiRo: Tbilisi gaamagra, mosaxleoba daxizna, rusTa jari qiziySi

gagzavna, TviTon ki jaris nawiliTurT Telavs dadga, magram cbierma xanma

xma gaavrcela, rom faTali-xanis winaaRmdeg agrovebda jars, `ficiT

mogvatyuao~, _ werda mogvianebiT erekle. axalcixidan lek-osmalTa

mosalodneli Tavdasxmis gamo, erekle moerida qarTlidan jarebis daZvras,

raTa qveyana ormxrivi dartymis qveS ar aRmoCeniliyo. mefe siRnaRSi Cavida

jaris Sesakrebad, magram mosavlis aRebis dro iyo da xalxis mobilizebis

procesi gaWianurda. amasobaSi omar-xanma ioric gadmolaxa da cru manevriT

mowinaaRmdeges moaCvena, TiTqos Tbilisisken modioda. roca rus-qarTvelTa

erTiani jari Tbilisisken daiZra, omar-xanma gezi Seicvala, mtkvari

gadalaxa da borCaloSi* SeiWra. xarebSebmuli artileriis gamo

mokavSireebs swrafad svla uWirdaT da roca md. algeTs miadgnen

marneulTan, aRmoCnda, rom lekebs erTi dRis savalze gaeswroT. amasobaSi

omar-xani axtalaSi avida, naRmiT aafeTqa iqauri cixe, romelsac

mcirericxovani garnizoni icavda da miwasTan gaaswora axtalis vercxlis

sabadoebi. xelCarTul brZolaSi axtalis damcvelebma samasamde leki

mokles, magram gacilebiT mravalricxovani mtris damarcxeba yovlad

SeuZlebeli iyo. omar-xanma 800-mde tyve gaitaca da axalcixeSi gadavida.

axtalis sabadoebis ganadgurebiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

aunazRaurebeli zarali miadga; marTalia, mogvianebiT maTi aRdgena

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moxerxda, magram madnis warmoeba Zvelebur simZlavres veRar daubrunda.

garda imisa, rom saxelmwifom 100 aTasamde maneTis zarali ganicada, erekle

iZulebuli gaxda, rom omar-xanisaTvis yovelwliuri jamagiris (5 000

maneTis odenobiT) daniSvniT eyida mSvidoba. am marcxis Semdeg, ereklem

Tavis mimarTvaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas garkveuli pasuxismgebloba

daakisra: Seaxsena ra mis mier nakisri valdebulebebi, xazi gausva imasac,

rom `qveyana arasodes aseT gansacdelSi ar Cavardnila,~ rac mas ruseTTan

dakavSirebis gamo moevlina. ruseTis mTavroba ki am yvelafers kvlav

dapirebebiT pasuxobda.

sagulisxmoa, rom ruseTSi Tavisi despanisadmi gagzavnil erT-erT

werilSi (1786 w. agvisto) erekle isev cdilobda saimperatoro karisaTvis

Seexsenebina pasuxismgebloba yovelive imaze, rac saqarTveloSi xdeboda:

`nurc aTqmevinebT visme amasa, rom didis eketerines xelmwifobaSi ruseTis

SeerTebis mizeziT mouSveleblobiT daiqca saqarTvelo... ra vqna, me bevris

imedi mqonda Tqvenisgan da kidec maqvs. maS visTan mivideT da vis

gamoucxadoT Cveni tkivili: osmaleTTan mivide _ mimiSveben? yizilbaSebTan

mivide _ Semiwynareben? daRistnelebTan mivide _ mimiReben? maS visi sasoeba

mqondes, Tu ara ruseTis didebulis xelmwifisa... vis unda mivmarTo da vis

unda vawyino Tavi?~ erekles mier SemdgomSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebidan

gamomdinare, sruliad naTeli xdeba, rom mefis TiTqosda sasowarkveTili

toni mxolod diplomatiuri etiketisaTvis iyo gamiznuli, sinamdvileSi ki,

ruseTs SefarviT mianiSnebda, rom misi `mfarvelobis~ wyalobiT, qarTl-

kaxeTis mdgomareoba gacilebiT gauaresda. sakuTari Tavis imedad darCenil

erekles ki danebeba arc ufiqria da damoukideblad ganagrZo moqmedeba: man

molaparakeba gamarTa axalcixis faSasTan da 1786 w. 12 seqtembers masTan

samSvidobo xelSekrulebac gaaforma. Amieridan, mxareebi wyvetdnen

dapirispirebas; erekle pirobas debda, rom Tavis samefoSi ukve arsebuli

rusis jaris garda mets aRar Semoiyvanda, axalcixis faSa ki, sulTnis

jarebs qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebidan moaSorebda da lekTa moTareSe razmebs

aRar Seikedlebda. amrigad, ereklem qveynis samxreTi sazRvrebis

usafrTxoebas miaRwia da axla ukve SeeZlo danarCeni problemebis

mogvarebaze efiqra. pirvel rigSi mas urCi qveSevrdomebi unda daebrunebina

da amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi Cveuli gavlena aRedgina.

ereklem icoda, rom axalcixis safaSosTan damyarebuli mSvidobiani

urTierToba droebiTi iyo da didxans ver gastanda, amitom mas swrafad da

gonivrulad unda emoqmeda. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi ukve iyo

informacia ruseT-TurqeTis mosalodneli omis (1787-1791 ww.) Sesaxeb.

TurqeTis xelisuflebam Tavisi momxre xanebis meSveobiT gaaZliera

kontroli amierkavkasiis regionze, qarTl-kaxeTTan misi `megobruli~

urTierToba ki Seqmnili viTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi da misi bolomde ndoba

ar SeiZleboda. es kidec daadastura movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam: oman

xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT, axtalis darbevis Semdeg, omar-xanma axalcixeSi

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gamoizamTra, 1786 wlis zamTris dasawyisSi, ereklesTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg

axalcixis faSam igi gamoistumra. omar-xani qarTls moerida da erevnis

qedis gavliT yarabaRSi Cavida; aq mas SuSis xani miegeba, `miiyvana didi

pativiT da yarabaRSi daayena jariTa TvisiTa~. rogorc ki amis Sesaxeb

Seityo, 1787 w. zafxulSi, erekle rusTa da qarTvelTa erTiani jariT

moRalate ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis dasasjelad gaemarTa. mematianis

gadmocemiT, mas agreTve `omar-xanis Seyra da brZola surda, magram is mefe

erekles eSiSvoda, sul erideboda da ise cdilobda siarulsa, rom mefis

jari arsad Semeyaroso~. rusebTan erTad, ereklem ganjis saxanoze

gailaSqra, yarabaRelebi ki iulon batoniSvilma daamarcxa qarTvelTa

jariT. samxedro operaciis damTavrebamde, jer kidev ganjaSi yofnisas,

rusTa jaris meTaurs imperatoris brZaneba mouvida saqarTvelos saswrafod

datovebis Taobaze. erekle bevrs ecada, aTiode dRiT mainc SeeCerebina

rusebi, magram verafers gaxda. rusuli jaris wasvlis Semdeg, ereklemac

Sewyvita laSqroba (mogvianebiT man mainc daimorCila ganja).

ruseTis xelisuflebam jaris gayvana imiT axsna, rom TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg omSi amierkavaksiis frontis CarTvas ar apirebda, radganac dRis

wesrigSi mxolod yirimis sakiTxi idga. marTlac, es omi 1791 w. dasrulda

da zavic ise daido, rom saqarTvelos arc erTi punqti ar Sexebia.

Sesabamisad, axalcixis safaSos SemoerTebis sakiTxic, romelic

ereklesaTvis mTavari argumenti iyo traqtatis gaformebisas, kvlav

gadaido da es moxda maSin, rodesac omis msvlelobisas, ereklem

araerTgzis Seaxsena `mfarvels~ mis mier nakisri valdebulebani,

mitacebuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis Taobaze. isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom am omis dros, axalcixis safaSosTan miRweuli `megobruli

SeTanxmeba~ mainc dairRva: ufro meti agresiulobiT ganaxlda axalcixidan

gadmosul lekTa Tavdasxmebi, `iyo xdomva* lekTagan axalcixiT da

ryvnidian qarTlsa~; Tumca amjerad, traqtatis Tanaxmad, erekles SeeZlo

ruseTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi mtrisaTvis samagiero miezRo. 1789

wels misma SviliSvilma _ daviTma 1000 kaciani razmiT daarbia yarsi* da

sastikad daamarcxa TurqTa mdevari razmebi. amave wels lekebi saguramos

daesxnen Tavs, mefis Ze iuloni maT ivris napirebTan daxvda da mTeli

nadavli waarTva. amave wels lekTa da osmalTa erTianma jarma rusTavi

daarbia; ereklem maT daviT batoniSvili daadevna, romelmac javaxeTamde

misdia mters da naalafari daayrevina, Tavdamsxmelebma amjeradac axalcixes

Seafares Tavi.

aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos axali, gacilebiT mrisxane Zala

daemuqra iranis mbrZaneblis _ aRa-mahmad-xan yajaris saxiT.

qerim-xan zendis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1779 w.), Sahis taxtisaTvis

dawyebulma mravalwlianma brZolam mTeli irani moicva; erTmaneTs daerivnen

zendebis sagvareulos wevrebic. sabolood, am dapirispirebaSi ori ZiriTadi

mowinaaRmdege gamoikveTa: luTf-ali-xan zendi da aRa-mahmad-xan yajari.

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1792 wlisTvis am ukanasknelma mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti gamarjveba

moipova, xolo 1794 w. Tavisi Zalaufleba ukve iranis mTel teritoriaze

gaavrcela. saqarTveloSi kargad icodnen, rom Sinaomebis dasrulebisTanave,

iranis axali Sahi kvlav wamoayenebda pretenziebs amierkavkasiaze; amitom

iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTidan zedized igzavneboda moxsenebiTi baraTebi

peterburgSi.

pirvel xanebSi, sanam mTel irans daimorCilebda, aRa-mahmad-xani

erekles megobrobas eficeboda; magaliTad, jer kidev 1786 w. dekemberSi, man

Tavadi ciciSvilis piriT, erekles sityvierd SemouTvala: `me TqvenTan didi

dostobisa da megobrobis mondome var; msurs, rom me da Sen Sua siyvaruli

da megobroba iyos... da adribeJanis (samxreT azerbaijani, l.m.) alagebi,

romelic Tqveni mxare-provinciebi iyos, TqvenTvis miiReviT samkvidrod,

rogorc erevani giWiravT~. iraneli politikosebis cbiereba da veragoba

kargad iyo cnobili da am sityvebs saqarTveloSi, aramcTu politikosi,

ubralo mokvdavic ki ar daijerebda. miT ufro, rom azerbaijanis saxanoebi,

romlebsac cbieri yajari ase guluxvad uTmobda erekles, 1786 wlisaTvis

arc mas emorCilebodnen da arc mis mowinaaRmdege zendebs.

ruseTis daxmarebis molodinSi, qarTl-kaxeTis xelisufleba Tavis

mxriv aqtiurobda: agenturis warmatebuli muSaobis wyalobiT, samefo kari

detalurad iyo informirebuli iranSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, am

informacias ki organizebulad awvdidnen ruseTis mTavrobas. garda amisa,

erekle piradad ekaterine II-s ugzavnida moxsenebiT baraTebs. aRa-mahmad-

xanis Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba jer kidev 1786 w. arsebobda: wlis dasawyisSi

Tavisi laSqriT igi samxreT azerbaijanisaken daiZra da aqauri xanebi

TavisTan daibara morCilebis pirobis dasadebad. YyarabaRisa da erevnis

xanebis garda, mas yvelani usityvod eaxlnen. aRa-mahmad-xanma maT mZevlebi

gamoarTva, yovelwliuri xarki Seawera da erTi wlis gadasaxadi winaswar

gamoarTva. amis Taobaze erekle ruseTSi myof Tavis warmomadgenels swerda:

`Cemi azriT, misi aseTi moqmedeba miznad unda isaxavdes Cvens winaaRmdeg

gamolaSqrebas~. Tumca aRa-mahmad-xans am droisaTvis jer iranSic ar

hqonda poziciebi saTanadod gamyarebuli. zendebis memkvidreTa sabolood

dasamarcxeblad, mas kidev TiTqmis oTxi weli dasWirda. meore mxriv,

azerbaijaneli xanebis usityvo kapitulaciis miuxedavad, man yvelaze ukeT

icoda, rom arc erTi maTgani saimedo vasali ar iqneboda; amitomac iyo,

rom maTgan laSqrobaSi jariT daxmareba ar mouTxovia, mxolod xarks

arTmevda da amiT sakuTar xazinas avsebda. qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis Zveli

gavlenis aRdgenamde ki jer sakuTriv iranis saxelmwifos aRdgena iyo

saWiro, es ki did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, aRa-

mahmad-xani saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda da es

gadawyvetileba mxolod mTeli rigi winaswari zomebis Semdeg miiRo.

1793 w. ereklem isev acnoba ruseTs iranidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmis

saSiSroebis Taobaze da moiTxova imperatorisagan, diplomatiur doneze

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mainc Careuliyo. peterburgSi myof Tavis vaJs _ mirian batoniSvils, igi

weriliT atyobinebda: `xmebi gavrcelda, rom (aRa-mahmad-xani, l.m.)

Teiranidan Sirazisaken miemarTeba luTf-ali-xanis winaaRmdeg, magram

radganac igi cbieria, am xmebs SeiZleba ganzrax avrcelebs Cveni Tvalis

asaxvevad da sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa azerbaijanis gziT Cvens sawinaaRmdegod

emzadebodes. sparselebis cbiereba da muxanaToba sakmaod cnobilia da

rogorc winaTac gwerdi, ecade, rom umaRlesma karma agrZnobinos aRa-mahmad-

xans, rom Tavi daanebos Cvens winaaRmdeg borot wamowyebas. amisTvis saWiro

iqneba naboZebi zarbaznebis ori wili gamogvigzavnos. ecade, ramdenadac

SegiZlia, am ukanasknelisaTvis (e. i. zarbaznebis gamogzavnisaTvis, l.m.)

Suamdgomlobas da Tu wyaloba iqneba, me Sevecdebi kavkasiis xazidan TviTon

gadmovitano aqamde. Tu Sen am Cems or saTxovars sisruleSi moiyvan, did

samsaxurs gauwev Sens samSoblos da Sens saxlsac~. ruseTis mier didi

xniT adre `nawyalobevi~ zarbaznebis TbilisSi gadmogzavnas uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto qarTuli artileriis dasaxmareblad. es aqti

mTel mahmadianur samyaros, iranis CaTvliT, marTlac agrZnobinebda, rom

ruseTi saqarTvelos realurad mfarvelobda. 1786 wlidan moyolebuli,

peterburgSi myofi saqarTvelos yvela warmomadgeneli muxlmodrekiT

evedreboda ruseTs am naCuqari zarbaznebis saqarTveloSi gadmogzavnas. 1793

w. mirian batoniSvilma imarjva da piradad ekaterine II-s warudgina

moxsenebiTi baraTi; amave wlis 30 maiss saqarTvelos sakiTxi ruseTis

samxedro sabWos sxdomaze sagangebod ganuxilavT, ereklesa da mirianis

moxsenebiTi baraTebic waukiTxavT da kavkasiis xazis ufros general

gudoviCisaTvis miundviaT agresiis SeCerebis sakiTxi. amave dros, gudoviCis

mimarT SemuSavebuli samoqmedo instruqcia metad orazrovnad

gamoiyureboda: mas evaleboda, aRa-mahmad-xani araTu saqarTveloSi, aramed

azerbaijanSic ki ar SeeSva. saTanado zomebi gudoviCs adgilze Seqmnili

viTarebis Sesabamisad unda mieRo, xolo Tu saqme mainc omamde mividoda,

maSin rogor unda emoqmeda, amis Taobaze instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami.

sabWos dadgenilebaSi pirdapir iyo naTqvami, rom gudoviCs evaleboda ar

Seelaxa TurqeTis interesebi, aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daerazma

azerbaijanuli saxanoebi da SesaZleblobis farglebSi daxmareboda maT,

Tumca `did xarjebsa da davidarabas~ unda morideboda. zarbaznebic

TbilisSi gadaegzavna, `Tuki isini marTlac pirobisamebr qarTvel mefes

unda gadascemoda~. mkvlevari i. cincaZe amis Sesaxeb marTebulad SeniSnavda:

rogorc Cans, ruseTis diplomatia darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTidan

miRebuli muqara da amierkavkasiis xanebis erTi nawilis darazmva agresor

yajars saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis xaliss daukargavda da ruseTis generalic

`didi xarjebisa da davidarabis gareSe~ dasaxul amocanas Seasrulebda.

aqedan mxolod erTi ram aris naTeli _ qarTvelma diplomatebma

peterburgSi droulad miawodes amomwuravi informacia regionSi arsebuli

safrTxis Sesaxeb da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ruseTis xelisufleba aiZules, rom

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es sakiTxi sagangebo sxdomaze ganexila. magram imisaTvis, rom gudoviCs

efeqturad emoqmeda, marto samxedro sabWos orazrovani da bundovani

gadawyvetileba ar iyo sakmarisi: ruseTSi moqmedi avtoritaruli reJimis

pirobebSi gudoviCma mSvenivrad icoda, rom omis SemTxvevaSic ki,

saqarTveloSi jarebis an zarbaznebis gadmosagzavnad piradad eketerine II-is

uzenaesi brZaneba iyo saWiro. am yvelafris Sedegi is iyo, rom es

`bedkruli~ zarbaznebi aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxmis Semdegac ki ar

gadmougzavniaT ereklesaTvis.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi, rodesac ruseTidan daxmarebis imedi ar Canda,

qarTvelma politikosebma tradiciul xerxs mimarTes _ iran-TurqeTis

maradiuli dapirispirebis gamoyeneba scades da TurqeTs daxmareba sTxoves.

aseve moiqcnen erekles vasalebi _ erevnisa da yarabaRis xanebic, magram

amjerad amas Sedegi ar mohyolia. erekles da mis mrCevlebs arc

saerTaSoriso politikuri situacia gamorCeniaT mxedvelobidan, rac imaze

metyvelebs, rom amierkavkasiis problemebs saerTaSoriso viTarebis

Sesabamisad ganixilavdnen; albaT, amiT unda aixsnas erekles interesi

safrangeTisa da zogadad _ evropaSi mimdinare procesebisadmi. 1793 w.

aprilSi igi peterburgSi mirian batoniSvils avalebda: `macnobe

SesaZleblobis farglebSi, safrangaTisa da sxva evropis saxelmwifoebis

ambebi, agreTve ruseT-TurqeTis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb.~

sagareo urTierTobebis mogvarebasTan erTad, erekle qveynis Sida

problemebsac ar iviwyebda, mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mas imereTis

daxmarebis imedic hqonda. solomon I-s vaJi ar hyavda, amitom man taxtis

memkvidred Tavisi Zmiswuli daviT arCilis Ze daasaxela, romlis dedac

(elene) erekles asuli iyo. 1789 wels 17 wlis daviTi solomon II-is

saxeliT avida taxtze (1789-1810 ww.). igi erekle II-is karze gaizarda da

agrZelebda ereklesa da solomon I-is kurss, rac saqarTvelos

gaerTianebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. 1790 w. dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mflobelebs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis

Tanaxmadac solomon II, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma qarTl-kaxeTis

samefosTan samxedro kavSiri gaaformes saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erTiani

ZalebiT gamosvlis Sesaxeb.

aseT viTarebaSi 1795 wlisaTvis erekles jer kidev ar miuRia

ruseTidan realuri daxmareba; general gudoviCis aqtiuroba mxolod imaSi

gamoixateboda, rom man Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT zogierTi daRestneli da

azerbaijaneli xani miimxro, magram aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebasTan erTad,

maTi erTguleba ufro da ufro saeWvo iyo. erekles erTaderT mokavSired

rCeboda yarabaRis xani (romelsac, Tavis droze, aRa-mahmad-xanma masTan

gamoucxadeblobisaTvis sikvdili miusaja), magram misi Zlierebis safuZveli

mxolod miuval kldeze agebuli SuSis cixe iyo, romelic marTalia

mozrdil garnizons itevda, magram mravalricxovani mtris winaaRmdeg

generaluri brZolisaTvis es ar iyo sakmarisi. garda amisa, SuSis (anu

45

yarabaRis) saxanoSi ZiriTadad somxebi cxovrobdnen, romlebic ibreim-xanis

mimarT didi erTgulebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram am SemTxvevaSi iranis

winaaRmdeg erekles uWerdnen mxars, radgan misi imedi hqondaT; Tumca

Semdeg, maTma nawilma mainc uRalata mefes da Tbilisze Tavdasxmisas aRa-

mahmad-xanis banakSi armoCnda. arsebiTi daxmareba yarabaRis xans mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo, Tuki aRa-mahmad-xani mcirericxovani jariT wamovidoda

da SuSis cixis aRebamde ver gabedavda Tbilisze Tavdasxmas, magram iranis

Sahi saTanadod iyo momzadebuli: misi mTavari mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi

ruseTis prestiJis dacema, amas ki pirvel rigSi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

myofi saqarTvelos ganadgurebiT moaxerxebda.

sagangebod unda iTqvas, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro dazverva

SesaniSnavad muSaobda, aRa-mahmad-xanis yoveli nabiji umokles droSi

TbilisisaTvis cnobili iyo. erekles mzveravebma aRa-mahmadis mier

xelmowerili saidumlo baraTi da misive xeliT dawerili Tbilisze

Tavdasxmis gegmac ki Caigdes xelSi. es yvelaferi ereklem gudoviCs

gaugzavna. 1795w. ivlisSi qarTl-kaxeTis elCi garsevan WavWavaZe ukve

ultimatumis saxiT moaxsenebda ruseTis sagareo uwyebis xelmZRvanels:

`aRa-mahmad-xani saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad emzadeba. Cemi

Tanamdebobisamebr me umdablesad gTxovT gvauwyoT: inebebs Tu ara ruseTis

umaRlesi kari traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebisa da mfarvelobis

aRmoCenas. vTxov Tqvens brwyinvalebas swrafad momceT pasuxi. Cven axla

ukiduresad gvWirdeba amis codna~. miuxedavad amisa, gudoviCisaTvis

gankuTvnili reskripti* (ekaterine II-is xelmoweriT) mxolod 1795 w. 4

seqtembrisTvis gamzadda, gudoviCma ki igi 1795 w. 1 oqtombers miiRo,

roca aRa-mahmad-xans Tbilisi ukve darbeuli hqonda.

ruseTis mier jaris gamogzavnis sakiTxiT aranakleb iyo

dainteresebuli aRa-mahmad-xanic, romelmac diplomatiuri fandiT moaxerxa

gudoviCis motyueba: 1795 w. ivnisSi man Tavisi `elCebis~ saxiT ori

SeniRbuli mzveravi ruseTisaken gaagzavna. dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, Sahis

wargzavnilebi kavkasiis xazze (yizlarSi*) gudoviCTan gamocxaddnen da

peterburgSi gamgzavrebis neba iTxoves, magram aRmoCnda, rom maT ar hqondaT

saTanado rwmunebis sigelebi. gudoviCma isini peterburgSi ar gauSva, magram

yizlarSi darCenisa da Semdgom sakuTari survilisamebr ukan dabrunebis

neba misca. amiT man sabediswero Secdoma dauSva _ sinamdvileSi `elCebi~

peterburgSi wasvlas arc apirebdnen, maT kavkasiis xazze ruseTis samxedro

nawilebis ganlageba dazveres da daadgines, rom gudoviCi saqarTveloSi

jaris gagzavnas ar apirebda, rac saswrafod acnobes aRa-mahmad-xans,

romelsac ruseTis jarTan pirispir Sebma ar awyobda. zedmetad

Tavdajerebul gudoviCs ki azradac ar mosvlia, rom aRa-mahmad-xani arc ise

uvici iyo, rom ucxo saxelmwifoSi elCebis gagzavnis procedura ar

scodnoda.

46

1795 w. ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aRa-mahmad-xanma omis samzadisi

daamTavra. 4 agvistos misma jarma md. araqsi gadmolaxa da sami

mimarTulebiT daiZra: jaris ZiriTadi nawili piradad misi meTaurobiT

SuSis cixes miadga, xolo danarCeni ori ganayofi _ erevnisa da baqo-

Sirvanisaken wavida. erekles mokavSireebma erevnisa da SuSis xanebma cixeebi

gaamagres, mosaxleoba daxiznes da saomrad moemzadnen. AaRa-mahmad-xanma

SuSis cixe alyaSi moaqcia da iqidan erekles ultimatumi gaugzavna,

romliTac misgan moiTxovda ruseTis mfarvelobaze samudamod uaris Tqmas,

sparseTis vasalobas da xarks. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTl-kaxeTze

TavdasxmiT emuqreboda. ereklem mas pasuxic ar gasca.

aRa-mahmad-xanma icoda, rom SuSis cixes mokle xanSi ver aiRebda, mas

adreve hqonda dagegmili jaris nawilis cixesTan datoveba da saqarTveloze

gamolaSqreba. Tavidan igi ar Cqarobda, radgan yizlaridan Tavisi `elCebis~

pasuxs eloda. rogorc ki misTvis esoden saWiro informacia miiRo (4

seqtembers), 20 aTasiani laSqriT Tbilisisaken daiZra. mas ganjisa da Saqis

xanebic SeuerTdnen TavianTi jarebiT; garda amisa, mis mxareze gadavidnen

agreTve YyarabaReli somexi meliqebi* _ mejlumi da habovi. istoriuli

wyaroebis cnobiT, aRa-mahmadma TbilisTan daaxloebiT 30-35 aTasi meomris

mobilizeba SeZlo.

Tbilisis dasacavad imereTidan solomon II Camovida 2 aTaskaciani

razmiT. masTan erTad, mefe erevnis dasaxmareblad gaemarTa, magram jer

kidev gzaSi myofs ibreim-xanisagan mniSvnelovani informacia mouvida:

ibreim-xanis mzveravebs xelSi CauvardaT aRa-mahmad-xanisa da omar-xanis

piradi werilebi. werilSi iranis Sahi miTiTebas aZlevda erevanSi myof

Tavis sardals, rom jari cixeSi ganelagebina da TavdacviTi strategiiT

emoqmeda, xolo rogorc ki erekle gamoCndeboda damxmare jariT, umal

misTvis ecnobebina, TviTon ki ar Cabmuliyo qarTvelebTan brZolaSi. am

Canafiqris mixedviT, erekle ormagi dartymis qveS aRmoCndeboda _ mas

cixidanac Semoutevdnen da zurgidanac aRa-mahmad-xani gaanadgurebda. amis

gamo, erekle iZulebuli gaxda, saswrafod ukan dabrunebuliyo.

mefisaTvis aseve usiamovno informacias Seicavda omar-xanis werilic,

romelSic igi aRniSnavda, rom kaxeTze apirebda Tavdasxmas. amis gamo,

erekle iZulebuli gaxda, kaxeTidan jarebis TbilisSi gadmoyvanaze uari

eTqva: giorgi batoniSvili 4 aTasi meomriT siRnaRSi darCa omar-xanis

mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom omar-xanis werili piradad aRa-mahmad-xanma SeTxza

da ganzrax Caugdo igi xelSi erekles. am gziT, kaxeTis jari adgilze

daabanda da erekles mniSvnelovani Zala gamoacala. iranelTa laSqris erT-

erTi meTauri, warmoSobiT somexi iakob bebuTovic adasturebs, rom

iranelebi gansakuTrebiT ufrTxodnen kaxel meomrebs. advili SesaZlebelia,

rom werili marTlac yalbi iyo, radgan 1795 w. seqtemberSi lekebi kaxeTs

namdvilad ar dasxmian.

47

samwuxarod, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, erekles Tbilisis dasacavad

mxolod 5 aTasamde meomari darCa. mefe da misi sardloba ar moelodnen,

rom aRa-mahmad-xani seqtemberSi SuSis cixes auReblad datovebda da

Tbilisze ise wamovidoda; yizlaridan pasuxis miRebisTanave ki, iranis

mbrZanebeli 4 seqtembers saswrafod daiZra Tbilisisaken da rekordulad

mokle droSi _ 8 seqtembers qalaqis misadgomebTan iaRlujis maRlobebze

gamoCnda. es siswrafe imanac ganapiroba, rom iranelTa laSqris umetesobas

cxenosani meomrebi Seadgendnen.

erevnis gzidan mobrunebuli qarTveli mefeebi soRanluRSi* idgnen.

erekle aqedan xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis TavdacviT RonisZiebebs, amave dros

iranelTa laSqris moZraobasac adevnebda Tvalyurs. aRa-mahmad-xanis mowinave

jaris winsvla 7 seqtembers md. xramis napirebTan mdgarma qarTvelTa

razmma SeaCera, maTgan 50 mebrZoli gmirulad daiRupa. 8 seqtembers mtris

poziciebis dasazverad mefem 12 kaciani jgufi gagzavna gorjasp

naTaliSvilis meTaurobiT. isini iaRlujamde mosul mters SeeCexnen da

uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupnen; gadarCa mxolod naTaliSvili, romelic

mokluli mtris cxenze amxedrda da erekles mtris poziciebis Sesaxeb

droulad acnoba.

aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebisas, qarTvelma mefeebma soRanluRi datoves

da TbilisSi Sevidnen. imave Rames daiwyo Tbilisidan mosaxleobis

gaxizvnac. soRanluRi aRa-mahmad-xanma daikava da iq dabanakda. ereklem

gadawyvita mravalricxovani mtris laSqari mtkvris xeobis viwroebSi

Seetyuebina da misTvis gza Tbilisis gamagrebul misadgomebTan gadaeketa. 5

aTasamde qarTveli 35 aTasi iranelis winaaRmdeg _ ZalTa aseTi Sefardebis

drosac ki, 75 wlis erekle mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Cveuli

SemarTebiT idga.

10 seqtembers iranelTa laSqris ZiriTadi SenaerTebi saomrad daewyvnen

da krwanisis mindors moadgnen. erekle II qarTvelTa jariT seidabadis*

bolos dadga. man mTeli Zalebi 5 nawilad gayo: marjvena frTas misi

SviliSvili daviT batoniSvili sardlobda, romelic 6 zarbazniT

sololakisa da tabaxmelis mxridan Tbilisze misasvlel gzebs icavda.

marcxena frTa ioane muxranbatons ebara, centrsa da mTlianad fronts

mefe xelmZRvanelobda. centris ukan erekles gankargulebiT ori razmi

ganlagda _ mefis Zis vaxtang batoniSvilisa da oTar amilaxvris

meTaurobiT. es iyo e. w. rezervi, romelsac mefe brZolis msvlelobisas

Seqmnili viTarebis mixedviT miaSvelebda romelime frTas. imereTis jari

zurab wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT brZolis velis centrSi, mefis

xelmarjvniv idga. calke iyo gamoyofili mewinave razmi, _ `mxedrobani

rCeulni~, mefis SviliSvilis _ ioane batoniSvilis meTaurobiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis brZolisunarianma nawilma sagangebo

razmi Seadgina mefis karis msaxiobisa da musikosis _ maCabelas meTaurobiT,

48

romelmac brZolisas arnaxuli simamace gamoiCina: maCabela dairiT xelSi

mxiaruli simReriT (`SadianiT~) miuZRoda TanamebrZolebs.

aRa-mahmad-xanma Tavisi laSqari sam nawilad gayo; centrs TviTon

meTaurobda, marcxena da marjvena flangebze ki Tavisi sardlebi gaamwesa.

qarTvelebma ostaturad gamoiyenes Tbilisis misadgomebis bunebrivi

reliefi da mravalricxovani mteri iseT pirobebSi aiZules ebrZola, sadac

farTo frontis gaSla ar SeiZleboda. amis gamo, iranelebs mcire razmebad

mouwiaT brZola da maRlobze Casafrebulma qarTvelma meTofeebma mters

didi zarali miayenes. iranelTa mowinave razmi (3 000 kaci) Setevaze

gadmosvlis Semdeg, tabaxmelasa da Sindisis xevebSi gamoCnda. maT qarTvel

artileristTa mcirericxovani razmi Seeba. artileristebs daviT

batoniSvilis mxedroba wamoeSvela da xelCarTul brZolaSi mteri

damarcxda: iranelTa mowinave jaris didi nawili ganadgurda,

gadarCenilebma ki Sahs am marcxis Sesaxeb amcnes. 10 seqtembris marcxma aRa-

mahmad-xani kidev ufro gaaborota, miT umetes, rom moRalateebisa Tu

sakuTari mzveravebis wyalobiT man Seityo, rom erekles mcirericxovani

jari hyavda. meore dRes, 11 seqtembers, dilis 7 saaTze, man mTeli Tavisi

ZalebiT Seutia qarTvelebs. iranelebi didi msxverplis fasad miiwevdnen

mtkvris viwro xeobaSi; iranelTa armiis oficeri i. bebuTovi werda:

`vecadeT da ver SevZeliT miaxloeba imaTs (qarTvelebis) sangarzed da

Cvenganni mgoni as-asobiT daecnen~-o. qarTvelebma ramdenjerme ukuagdes

mteri, sapasuxo kontrieriSebiTac didi ziani miayenes. iranelebma ver

SeZles frontis centraluri ubnis garRveva, sadac mxcovani erekle II

piradad meTaurobda qarTvelTa jars. misi reaqcia mtris yovel

gadaadgilebaze elviseburi, zusti da Seucdomeli iyo, magram mtris

simravles mainc gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. erekles ukve ukanaskneli

rezervebi Sehyavda omSi.

radgan centrSi Seteva warumatebeli aRmoCnda, iranelTa sardlobam

gadawyvita qarTvelTaTvis zurgidan moevlo da ukandasaxevi gza moeWra. am

mizniT, ramdenime aseuli cxenosani Sindisis mimarTulebiT daiZra. es iyo

krwanisis omis yvelaze sabediswero momenti; xeobaSi Camowolilma burusma

qarTvelTa zurgisaken mimavali mtris jari dafara, burusi mxolod maSin

gaifanta, roca iranelebi qarTvelTa marcxena flangs miadgnen. marTalia,

ereklem droulad amoicno mtris manevri da solomon II-Tan Sikrikic

gagzavna, raTa daxmarebodaT, magram es Sikriki iranel mzveravebs mouklavT.

zurgidan mtris Setevam, qarTvelTa winaaRmdegoba gatexa, daviT

batoniSvilis isedac SeTxelebulma razmma veRar gauZlo da qarTvelTa

marjvena frTa moiSala. erekles razmic ukan ixevda meoTxe _ ukanaskneli

sangrisaken. Tavganwirul brZolebSi zedized ixocebodnen artileristi

gabriel maiori, msaxiobi maCabela Tavisi dasiT, saxelovani samasi aragveli

da sxva mravali qarTveli. erekles jaris udidesi nawili mters Seakvda,

magram TiTqmis samjer meti zaralis fasad _ iranelebma krwanisSi 13 aTasi

49

meomari dakarges. ukanasknel sangarSi gamagrebuli erekle rCeul

meomrebTan erTad bolo wuTamde ebrZoda yizilbaSebs: `Tumca-Ra iyo friad

moxucebul, magram brZolasa mas Sina yofaqceva misi iyo mravalTa

WabukTagan sanatrel~. male centris dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan mteri

ukve zurgidan utevda da alyaSi aqcevda, magram erekle mainc ar tovebda

brZolis vels; rom ara ioane batoniSvilisa da misi razmis Tavganwirva,

mefes sikvdili an tyveoba ar ascdeboda. TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT,

erekle `iZulebiT wamoiyvanes~. avlabris xidisken mimaval mefes 150-ode

meomari SemorCa, maTgan TiTqmis yvela daWrili iyo. man qalaqisken moixeda

da dainaxa, rogor gadadiodnen iranelebi Tavisive TanamebrZolTa gvamebze

da Zarcvis JiniT anTebulni miiwevdnen qalaqisaken. brZolis survili isev

moeZala mefes da cxeni Semoabruna, magram `maSinve ivane muxranbatonma

mefis iraklis cxens xeli utaca, gamoatriala, erTis mxriTac batoniSvili

vaxtang (igive almasxan) mivarda, meores mxriT batoniSvili ioane, ukan

cxensac qiziyis mouravma maTraxi daukra da saCqarod gaarbenines

gulmokluli sacodavi erekle~. xids gaRma, kldeze gamosaxuli jvris win

mefe CamoqveiTda, daiCoqa da qristianobisTvis wamebuli abos neSts

Seavedra `qristes jvarisaTvis jvarcmuli eri~. mefe mTiuleTSi gaxiznes.

11 seqtembris RamiT mTeli Tbilisi cecxlis alSi gaexvia, quCebSi isev

mimdinareobda xelCarTuli brZolebi, yajaris velurma urdoebma Tbilisi

daarbies, gaZarcves eklesiebi da sasaxleebi, daangries stamba, cecxls

misces wignsacavebi, da mosaxleoba (15 aTasamde) tyved waiyvanes. mefis

sasaxlidan xazinasTan erTad gaitaces ruseTidan miRebuli saCuqrebi _

samefo gvirgvini, kverTxi, droSa.

TbilisTan brZolebma qarTls saSualeba misca mosaxleoba da saqoneli

usafrTxo adgilebSi gaexizna. Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg, qarTlis soflebSi

saTareSod gasulma mterma veRaraferi ixeira, ufro metic: rodesac aRa-

mahmad-xanma erekles gaxizvnis adgili Seityo, Tavis sardali _ qalb-ali-

xani 8 aTasiani jariT gaagzavna mis Sesapyrobad. qalb-ali-xanma sifrTxilis

mizniT es jari orad gahyo: erTi nawili gorisken gagzavna dazvervaze, raTa

qarTvelTa Casafrebul razmebs misTvis zurgidan ar moevloT, mTiuleTSi

mimavali iranelTa meore nawili Jinvalamde mivida, magram mosaxleoba aqac

daxiznuli daxvda. am dros, JinvalSi SamSadilus mmarTveli ali-sulTani _

erekles erTguli megobari, xiznad iyo 200 cxenosniTa da saqonliT.

SamSadiluelebi xevsureTidan Tbilisisaken momaval 300 mebrZols Sexvdnen,

romlebmac arc ki icodnen Tbilisis dacemis Sesaxeb. ali-sulTani

xevsurebs meTaurad aurCeviaT, maT 500 kaciani saxeldaxelod Seyrili

razmiT 4 000 iranels Seuties da sastikad daamarcxes. iranelebma

moklulebi da daWrilebi iqve miatoves da TbilisSi gamoiqcnen,

gamarjvebulebi ki datyvevebuli sparselebiT ereklesTan gamocxaddnen da

jildoc miiRes.

50

rogorc Cans, am marcxma aRa-mahmad-xans afiqrebina, rom erekles jer

kidev sakmao Zalebi SerCa axali Setevis wamosawyebad. dokumenturi

wyaroebi adastureben, rom misi SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar iyo: mTiuleTSi

gaxiznuli mefe marTlac axal jarebs uyrida Tavs. amis gamo iyo, rom

gamarjvebulma aRa-mahmad-xanma damarcxebul erekles pirvelma TviTon

SesTavaza zavi.

1795 w. 14 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi, romlis adresati

gudoviCia, erekle aRar malavda, rom ruseTTan dadebuli erTgulebis

ficis gamo daatyda saqarTvelos es ubedureba da kategoriulad moiTxova

ruseTidan jaris dauyovnebliv gamogzavna. imave wlis dekemberSi, rogorc

iqna, rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqarTveloSi Semovida. Seqmnil

viTarebaSi, ruseTma CaTvala, rom misTvis xelsayreli iyo saqarTvelos

darbevis gamo aRa-mahmad-xanis `dasjis sababiT~ iranis winaaRmdeg laSqroba

wamoewyo; sinamdvileSi ki ruseTis xelisufleba iranSi Tavis savaWro-

ekonomikur interesebs icavda.

1796 w. aprilSi daiwyo ruseTis laSqroba amierkavkasiaSi. rusulma

jarebma valerian zubovis meTaurobiT daikaves darubandi da Crdilo

azerbaijanis ramdenime qalaqi. aman sagrZnoblad gaamyara erekles poziciebi.

ekaterine II Riad acxadebda, rom igi dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos

gaZlierebiT, magram yvelaferi uecrad Seicvala. 1796 w. 6 noembers

ekaterine II gardaicvala da axalma imperatorma pavle I-ma iranSi

laSqrobis gegma gaauqma. 1796 w. 6 dekembers zubovma amierkavkasiidan

jarebis gayvanis brZaneba miiRo. es saqme ramdenime xniT Seferxda zamTris

pirobebis gamo. saqarTveloSi 1795 w. Semoyvanili 2 batalionis gayvanas

ruseTi TiTqos arc apirebda, magram amasobaSi aRa-mahmad-xanma erekles ukve

orjer gamougzavna ultimatumi da urCobis SemTxvevaSi kvlav TavdasxmiT

emuqreboda.

1797 w. gazafxulze ruseTis jaris didma nawilma amierkavkasia datova.

amiT gulmocemulma aRa-mahmad-xanma ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi md. araqsi

gadmolaxa da mosaxleobisagan ukve daclil SuSaSi Sevida. aqedan igi

saqarTveloze apirebda wamosvlas, magram sabednierod, 6 ivniss igi

SeTqmulebma mokles. qarTuli da iranuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom misi

erT-erTi mkvleli iyo misive piradi msaxuri, warmoSobiT qarTveli `sadey,

saxelad gurji~, qarTuli gadmocemiT _ igive mcxeTeli andria, romelsac

bedis ukuRmarTobam Sahis msaxuroba arguna.

amieridan erekles kvlav SeeZlo efiqra qarTl-kaxeTis aRorZinebaze.

igi daJinebiT iTxovda ruseTis mTavrobisagan kuTvnili daxmarebis miRebas

(jarisa da fuladi sesxis saxiT), amave dros ukve meramdened Seaxsena

peterburgel `mfarvelebs~, rom jer kidev 80-ian wlebSi ekaterines mier

naCuqari zarbaznebi qarTvelebs isev ar miuRiaT; es Txovna erekles elCma

1797 w. dekemberSi kidev erTxel aRZra maT winaSe, magram isev uSedegod.

51

ruseTTan urTierTobis mTeli istoria mxolod imaze miuTiTebda, rom

`erTmorwmune~ imperia mxolod sakuTari interesebis TvalsazrisiT

ganixilavda saqarTvelos daxmarebas, rac sabolood, saqarTvelos sruli

dapyrobiT unda dagvirgvinebuliyo. aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

marTlac umZimesi xana daudga: 1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi gardaicvala

erekle II.

gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sicocxlis bolos krwanisis

tragediis miuxedavad, erekle II qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi, da rac

mTavaria – mis mexsierebaSi, _ uRrmesi kvali datova. Tavisi sicocxlis

umetesi nawili am meomarma mefem brZolebSi galia da xSirad ubralo

jariskacis xvedrs Tanabrad iziarebda. xalxma mas saalerso saxeli `patara

kaxi~ uwoda da amiTac gamoxata mis mimarT aRfrTovaneba, rom taniT

patara, magram brZoliTa da RvawliT didma xelmwifem qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos amierkavkasiaSi Zveli didebis xana aRudgina. Tavisi moRvaweobiT,

man evropis qveynebSic moixveWa saxeli, rac umizezod da usafuZvlod

namdvilad ar xdeboda. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa somxuri erovnuli moZraobis

moRvawis ioseb eminis (1726-1809 ww.), sityvebi werilidan ereklesadmi:

`Seni saxeli indoeTSi gavigone, magram mxolod inglisSi gavige Seni

gamarjvebebis ambavi~. Tavis naSromSi ki, igi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs

erekles: `is Zlieria suliTac da sxeuliTac. masTan saubari iseve

sasiamovno da Wkuis saswavlebeli iyo, rogorc ganswavlul inglisel

jentlmenTan saubaria. is moklebulia yovelive ampartavnobas, Zaladobasa

da qedmaRlobas, esoden Cveulebrivs sxva azieli xelmwifeebisaTvis. is

didad gonebamaxvilia da arasodes ar trabaxobs~.

albaT, prusiis Zlevamosil mefes fridrix II-sac (1740-1786 ww.)

hqonda seriozuli safuZveli aseTi gamonaTqvamisaTvis: `evropaSi me var da

aziaSi _ saqarTvelos mefe erekle~-o.

52

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

aragvis saerisTavo _ samxedro-administraciuli olqi feodalur

saqarTveloSi, moicavda aragvis xeobasa da md. Tergis saTaveebs.

erisTavTa rezidencia iyo duSeTi da sioni, mTavari cixe _ ananuri,

sagvareulo monasteri _ bodorna.

arezi//araqsi _ md. amierkavkasiaSi, saTaves iRebs TurqeTSi.

artaani _ istoriuli mxare da cixe-qalaqi samxreT saqarTveloSi,

mtkvris zemo dinebaze. 1921 w. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

dapyrobis Semdeg TurqeTma moaxdina misi okupacia da ruseT-TurqeTis

xelSekrulebis ZaliT SeierTa.

astraxani _ qalaqi md. volgis deltaSi (ruseTis federacia).

baidari _ (Zv. `wyalTaSua~), istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, md.

qciis napirze, axl. marneulis raionSi. XVII s-Si iranis Sahebma aq

etapobrivad Camoasaxles momTabare Turqmanuli tomebi, romlebic cal-

calke soflebad saxldebodnen da qarTveli mefebis ymebad iTvlebodnen.

belujistani _ mxare aziaSi, iranis mTianeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT

nawilSi.

birTvisi _ cixe istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. algeTis xeobaSi (axl.

TeTri wyaros raionSi).

borCalo _ istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, ZiriTadad moicavda axl.

marneulis teritorias; saxelwodeba modis md. debedas xeobaSi XVII s-

dan Camosaxlebuli Turqmanuli tomis _ borCalusagan.

buxaris saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, buxaris olqSi.

ganCineba _ kanoni, wesdeba.

eCmiaZini _ somxuri samonastro kompleqsi erevnidan 20 km-ze.

veqili _ (arab. vaqil) rwmunebuli, meurve, mzrunveli.

zamburaki _ (spars. didi Tofi), aqlemebze asakidebeli patara qvemexi,

falkoneti.

Tabori _ feodaluri xanis cixe-simagre Tbilisis Zvel ubanSi, Taboris

qedis bolos, axl. botanikuri baRis Tavze. cixisagan dRes nangrevebia

SemorCenili. cixe icavda samxreT-aRmosavleTidan TbilisSi Semomaval

gzas.

Tavrizis saxano _ mdebareobda CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze.

Tulqi-Tafa _ veli yazaxis saxanos sazRvarTan (axl. Azerbaijanis

teritoria).

iaRluji _ qedi qvemo qarTlSi, md. mtkvris marjvena napirze,

soRanluRis vakesa da md. algeTis qvemo dinebas Soris.

kak-eniseli (kaki//kaxi) _ saqarTvelos istoriuli provinciis _

hereTis mniSvnelovani nawili, axl. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.

53

lore (lore-taSiri) _ Sua saukuneebis cixe-qalaqi da istoriuli

mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qvemo qarTlis ganapira olqi (axl.

somxeTis teritoria).

md. agri-Cai (agris-wyali) _ alaznis Senakadi, axl. azerbaijanis

sazRvrebSi.

meliqi _ (arab. maliq _ mflobeli, gamgebeli, mefe) _ XVIII s.

amierkavkasiaSi aRniSnavda feodalTa tituls da Tanamdebobas.

mozdoki _ qalaqi Crdilo oseTis teritoriaze.

muRanlo _ marneulis raionis soflebis _ didi muRanlosa da qiraC-

muRanlos Zveli saxelwodeba.

naxiCevnis (naxWevnis) saxano _ Seiqmna XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi, nadir-

Sahis imperiis daSlis Semdeg (dR. azerbaijanis teritoria).

prusia _ germanuli saxelmwifo centralur evropaSi. gauqmda II

msoflio omis Semdeg.

regaliebi _ mefis xelisuflebis amsaxveli nivTebi (gvirgvini, taxti

da a. S.) zogadad _ warCinebis niSani (mag.: ordeni da sxva).

regenti _ monarqiul qveynebSi saxelmwifos droebiTi mmarTveli (mag.:

mefis mcirewlovanebis gamo).

reskripti _ mefis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumenti (miweriloba)

qveSevrdomisadmi.

saamilaxvro (saamilaxoro) _ politikur-administraciuli erTeuli

(saTavado md. lexurasa da liaxvs Soris), romelsac marTavda mefis

mier daniSnuli moxele _ amilaxvari. XV s-dan saqarTvelos samefo-

samTavroebad daSlis Semdeg amilaxvarma dakarga samoxeleo Sinaarsi da

gvarsaxelad iqca. qarTlSi amilaxvris gvari miiRo samcxe-saaTabagodan

Camosaxlebulma zevdginiZeTa feodalurma saxlma. qarTlis amilaxvrebi

iyvnen didebuli Tavadebi da zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardlebi, maT

safeodalos ki saamilaxvro ewodeboda.

sabaraTiano _ XV s-is saTavado feodalur saqarTveloSi.

teritoriuli sazRvrebi _ gaCianidan Tbilisis samxreTiT _ loremde,

rezidencia _ samSvilde.

sadgeri _ sofeli borjomis raionSi.

samSvildis cixe _ uZvelesi istoriuli cixe-qalaqi aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, axl. TeTriwyaros raionis sof. samSvildis maxloblad

(qvemo qarTli). dRes SemorCenilia nangrevebis saxiT.

samcxe-saaTabago _ feodaluri samTavro samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi; axl. axalcixis, aspinZis, adigenis raionebisa da

TurqeTis momijnave teritoria.

saqsonia _ istoriuli olqi germaniaSi.

seidabadi _ Zveli ubani Tbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,

krwanisi velsa da Taboris mTas Soris.

54

sindi (sindeTi) _ provincia pakistanis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,

qvemo indis auzSi; dedaqalaqi _ karaCi.

soRanluRi _ istoriuli sofeli Tbilisis SemogarenSi, axland.

foniWala (Turq. saxelwodebaa da niSnavs `saxaxveTs~; qarTulad erqva

`gziskari~ da `yuryuTa~).

spasalari _ (spars. sefah-salar _ sardali), samxedro moxele Zvel

saqarTveloSi, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis mxedarTmTavari, romelic

yovel kuTxes Tavisi hyavda.

qsnis saerisTavo _ samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli feodalur

saqarTveloSi. moicavda md. qsnisa da mis dasavleTiT mdebare xeobebs,

maT Soris _ patara liaxvis xeobasac. XVII s-dan misi centri iyo

axalgori.

quCuk-kainarji _ sofeli md. dunais napirze, sadac 1774 w. 10-21

ivliss gaformda sazavo xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris.

yazaxi _ mxare istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. aRstafis qvemo welze

(axl. azerbaijanis teritoria).

yarabaRis (SuSis) saxano _ feodaluri epoqis saxano azerbaijanSi,

1747 w. daaarsa fana-xanma, mdebareobda md. araqsisa da mtkvris Sua.

yarsi _ qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi.

yizlari _ qalaqi daRestanSi, md. Tergis delta.

yuba-darubandis saxano _ XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi Seqmnili yubis

feodaluri saxano Crdilo-aRmosavleT azerbaijanSi, marTavda faTali-

xani. 1759 w. faTali-xanma SeierTa darubandis saxanoc (samxreT

daRestanSi).

Saqis saxano _ feodaluri saxano azerbaijanis CrdiloeT nawilSi,

Seiqmna aji-Celebis TaosnobiT.

Sorapnis cixe _ antikuri da Sua saukuneebis epoqis cixe-simagre

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, md. yvirilasa da Zirulas SesarTavSi

(zestafonis r-ni); moRweulia nangrevebis saxiT.

War-belaqnis saxano _ XVIII s. dasawyisSi daRestneli feodalebis mier

aRmosavleT kaxeTis (istoriuli kak-eniselis) teritoriaze Seqmnili

politikuri erTeuli, igive saingilo; dR. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.

moicavs belaqnis, zaqaTalis da kaxis raionebs.

xdomva _ Tavdasxma.

xivis saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, xorezmis olqSi.

xunZaxi _ teritoria dRevandel daRestanSi, md. sulakis xeobaSi.

55

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli meorisa, teqsti gamosca l.

miqiaSvilma, Tb. 1989.

• papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti gamosca e.

cagareiSvilma, Tb. 1981.

• Teimuraz bagrationi, daviT bagrationis istoria, teqsti gamosca

T. enuqiZem, Tb. 1972.

• n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. II, Tb., 1965;

t. VI, Tb. 1973.

• saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, Tb. 1973.

• m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da sagareo

orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tb., 1988.

• g. qiqoZe, erekle meore, Tb., 1983.

• z. SaraSeniZe, irani XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb., 1970.

• v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, Tb., 1957.

• cincaZe, aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1969.

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