EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR PRINCIPLESIZE REDUCTIONSIZE SEPARATIONPUMPINGFILTRATIONHEAT EXCHANGECOMPRESSORBLOWER

SIZE REDUCTION PRINCIPLEIMPACT: BALL MILL, HAMMER CRUSHERSHEAR: ROLL CRUSHERCOMPRESSION: ROLL CRUSHERCUTTING

ROLL CRUSHERMax size

HAMMER CRUSHERVIBRATING SCREEN-25mm+25mm

BALL MILLBAUXITESLH/C U/FFLUID COUPLINGMOTORGEAR BOXTROMMEL SCREEN

HYDROCYCLONETOP VIEW OF CYCLONE

CYCLONEFEED ENTERS THE CYCLONE TANGENTIALLYROTATION GENERATES CENTRIFUGAL ACTION, HEAVIER & BIGGER PARTICLES MOVE FAST TOWARDS PERIPHERYFROM THERE THEY FALL DOWN ON THE ACTION OF GRAVITY AND COME OUT AT APEX

CYCLONIC SEPARATIONSMALLER AND LIGHTER PARTICLES REMAIN AT CENTRE AND COME OUT THROUGH OVERFLOW PIPETHE PRESSURE AT CENTRE REMAINS LOWER THAN THAT AT PERIPHERY

CYCLONE CONTROLHIGHER FEED PRESSURE GENERATES HIGH VELOCITY OF ROTATIONHIGHER SIZE VORTEX FINDER LEAVES LESS AREA FOR ROTATION & HENCE HIGH VELOCITYHIGH VELOCITY RESULTS IN BETTER SEPARATION BUT LOW UNDERFLOW AMOUNT

CYCLONE CONTROLAT HIGH VELOCITY SOLID GPL IN UNDERFLOW REMAINS HIGHHIGHER APEX SIZE GENERATES MORE UNDERFLOW AT LOW SOLID GPL; OVERALL UNDERFLOW SOLID IS MOREUNEVEN INNER SUFACE RESULTS IN LOW EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION

CATEGORY OF PUMPSCENTRIFUGALRACIPROCATING: PISTON, DIAPHRAGMROTARY: GEAR, VAINSCREW

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPCENTRIFUGAL FORCE IS GENERATED DUE TO ROTATION OF THE IMPELLERTHE FLUID COME OUT FROM THE IMPELLER AND ENTER THE VOLUTE AND CONVERT VELOCITY ENERGY TO PRESSUREVACANT SPACE IN THE IMPELLER IS FILLED WITH FLUID FROM SUCTION

PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMPCASING, O-RING GASKETSHAFT, IMPELLER, LOCK NUT, SEALPEDESTAL BEARING ASSEMBLYSEAL FLUSHING WATER LINE

FORMULAN= SPEED OF ROTATIONQ= VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATEH= PRESSURE HEAD DEVELOPED IN M OF SAME LIQUIDP=POWER CONSUMEDQ a N, H a N2 AND P a N3

TYPESSINGLE SUCTION: SINGLE SEAL, SUITABLE FOR HANDLING SLURRY, HIGH NPSH REQUIREDDOUBLE SUCTION SPLIT CASING: SUITABLE FOR LIQUOR SERVICE, LOW NPSH MANAGEABLE. HIGH EFFICIENCY

MODELDISCHARGE PIPE DIAMETER AND IMPELLER DIAMETER MENTIONEDJS PUMPS: 65/310, 125/405, 125/540, 200/410, 300/635SPLIT CASING: DISCHARGE AND SUCTION DIAMETER; MPE-300, 300/400

PISTON PUMP

PISTON PUMPThe piston moves to and fro inside the cylinder & creates low and high pressure inside the cylinderWhen the pressure is low, the liquid comes inside the cylinder from suction and the liquid goes through discharge when pressure is high.NRVs are placed in suction and discharge line to prevent reverse flow

PARTS OF PISTON PUMPPISTONCYLINDERPISTON SEALCONNECTING RODINLET LINEOUTLET LINE

DIAPHRAGM PUMP

DIAPHRAGM PUMPIn place of a movable piston, a rubber diaphragm fixed at periphery reciprocates at centerSuitable for corrosive liquid and slurry alsoLow maintenance cost

RECIPROCATING PUMP PERFORMANCECapacity a cylinder volumeCapacity a stroke rateDischarge pressure is as per discharge line NRV spring setting and discharge line pressure drop

GEAR PUMP

GEAR PUMPTwo gears rotate in opposite directionThe space between gears is filled with liquid from suction side and rotate towards casingAt center, the space between gear is filled with each others gear; thus the liquid cannot go from suction to discharge.

PERFORMANCE OF GEAR PUMPCapacity a RPMCapacity a space between gearsPressure developed depends on discharge line pressure dropSuitable for non-corrosive clear liquid only

SCREW PUMP

SCREW PUMPONE OR TWO SCREWS ROTATE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONDIRECTION OF ROTATION IS SUCH THAT THE SCREW PUSHES FROM SUCTION TO DISCHARGE SIDECAPACITY DEPENDS ON ROTATIONAL SPEED AND PASSAGE OF THE SCREWPRESSURE DEVELOPED DEPENDS ON NO OF THREADS

PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMP

PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMPProgressive (or Progressing) Cavity pumps, a type of Single Screw pump, are used for highly viscous liquids such as peanut butter or glue, and also for liquids with significant amounts of solids such as cement or sand slurry. The stator is a twisted cavity with an oval-shaped cross-section. the wavelength of each helix in the rotor is exactly half that of the rotor

FILTRATION FACTORSDRIVING FORCE OR DPVISCOSITYDENSITYPARTICLE SIZECAKE THICKNESS AND EVACUATIONCLOTH PERMEABILITY

HEAT EXCHANGETEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OR DTTHICKNESS & HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF WALLTHERMAL COEFFICIENT, DENSITY, VISCOSITY & VELOCITY OF FLUIDSDIAMETER OF THE PASSAGE OF FLUID

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORThecentrifugalforceutilized by the compressor isthesameforce utilized by the centrifugal pump. The air particles enter the eye of the impeller, designated D in previous figure. As the impeller rotates, air is thrown against the casing of the compressor. Theair becomes compressed as more and more air is thrown out to the casing by the impeller blades

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORIn the Figure the impeller blades curve forward, which is opposite to the backwardcurve used intypical centrifugal liquid pumps. Centrifugal compressors can use a variety of blade orientation including both forward and backward curves as well as other designs. There may be several stages to a centrifugal air compressor, as in the centrifugal pump, and the result would be the same; a higher pressure would be produced.

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

AXIAL COMPRESSOR

AXIAL COMPRESSOR

AXIAL COMPRESSORIn the axial compressor, the air flows parallel to the axis of rotation. The compressor is composed of several rows of airfoil cascades. Some of the rows, called rotors, are connected to the central shaft and rotate at high speed. Other rows, called stators, are fixed and do not rotate. The job of the stators is to increase pressure and keep the flow from spiraling around the axis by bringing the flow back parallel to the axis.

SCREW COMPRESSOR

SCREW COMPRESSORA screw compressor is a positive displacement machine that uses a pair of intermeshing rotors instead of a piston to produce compression. The rotors comprise of helical lobes affixed to a shaft. One rotor is called the male rotor and it will typically have four bulbous lobes*. The other rotor is the female rotor and this has valleys machined into it that match the curvature of the male lobes. Typically the female rotor will have six valleys*.

SCREW COMPRESSORSThis means that for one revolution of the male rotor, the female rotor will only turn through 240 deg. For the female rotor to complete one cycle, the male rotor will have to rotate 11/2 times.Because of the number of male lobes, there are four compression cycles per revolution which means that the resulting compressed air has small pulsation's compared to a reciprocating compressor.

VANE COMPRESSORA rotary vane compressor is a positive displacement machine that uses an eccentric rotor placed within a cylinder. The rotor has slots along its length, each slot contains a vane. The vanes are thrown outwards by centrifugal force when the compressor is running and the vanes move in and out of the slot because the rotor is eccentric to the casing. The vanes sweep the cylinder, sucking air in on one side and ejecting it on the other.

COMPRESSOR COOLERThe amount of moisture that air can hold is inversely proportional to the pressure of the air. As the pressure of the air increases, the amount of moisture that air can hold decreases. The amount of moisture that air can hold is also proportional to thetemperatureofthe air. As the temperature of the air increases, the amount of moisture it can hold increases.

COMPRESSOR COOLERThe pressure change of compressed air is larger than the temperature change. This causes moisture in the air to condense. Moisture in compressed air systems can cause seriousdamage. Thecondensed moisture can cause corrosion, waterhammers, and freeze damage; therefore, it is important to avoid moisture in compressed air systems. Coolers are used to minimize the problems caused by heat and moisture in compressed air systems.

SCREW CONVEYOR

TYPE OF VALVESCATEGORIZED AS PER THE SHAPE OF SPINDLE HEADGATE, KNIFEGLOBEBUTTERFLYAUDCONEEDLE

GATE VALVETHE GATE MOVES UP AND DOWN TO ALLOW OR OBSTRUCT THE FLUID PATHGATE SITS ON THE GROOVENOT USED FOR CONTROLLING PURPOSEUNSUITABLE FOR SLURRY AND SCALE PRONE LIQUIDPRESSURE DROP IS NEGLIGIBLE

KNIFE VALVETHE VALVE SITS ON COLLAPSIBLE RUBBER GROOVESCAN BE USED FOR SLURRY SERVICE IN EITHER FULLY OPEN OR FULLY CLOSE CONDITION

GLOBE VALVETHE GLOBE RESTS ON CIRCULAR METAL SHEET FOR COMPLETE PLUGGINGUSED FOR CONTROLLING ALSOFV-2 & Y-BODY VALVES ARE USED FOR SLURRY SERVICEPRESSURE DROP IS SUBSTANTIAL

BUTTERFLY VALVEPOSITION OF FLAP CHANGES OPENING AREA FOR FLOW GENERALLY USED FOR PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVEPRESSURE DROP IS LOW

AUDCO VALVERECTANGULAR PASSAGE REMAINS OPEN IN DIRECTION OF FLOW THE PASSAGE CLOSES WHEN ROTATED 90OUSED IN SMALL SIZES BECAUSE OF DIFFICULTY IN OPERATIONNOT USED FOR CONTROLLING PURPOSE

NEEDLE VALVEA CONICAL NEEDLE CREATES VARIABLE PASSAGE OPENING IN A CIRCULAR SHEETUSED FOR VERY FINE CONTROL OF LOW FLOW RATE LIQUID NOT SUITABLE FOR SLURRY HANDLING

WATER RING BLOWER

WATER RING BLOWERCIRCULAR ROTOR PLACED ECCENTRICALLY IN ELLIPTICAL CASINGWATER EXPELS OUT AT BOTTOM PORTION WHILE ROTATING COUNTERCLOCKWISE UPWARD, WATER COMES INSIDE THE VANE AND THE GAS COMPRESSED & GOES OUT AT DISCHARGE PORT

WATER RING BLOWERTHE WATER FILLED IN VANES EXPEL GRADUALLY AND VACUUM IS CREATED IN THE VANE NEAR SUCTION PORTAIR IS TRAPPED AND MOVE TOWARD BOTTOMSEAL WATER ENTERS AT BOTTOM PORTION

ROOT BLOWER

ROOT BLOWERNAMED AFTER INVENTING SCIENTISTS PHILANDER H. & FRANCIS M. ROOTSTWO PISTONS ROTATE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONTHE AIR IS TAKEN FROM SUCTION TO DISCHARGE AT PERIPHERY. ONE END OF EACH PISTON ALWAYS TOUCHES THE CASING & OTHER END OF TOUCHES THE BODY OF THE OTHER.