EPL Manual1

8/13/2019 EPL Manual1

1/26

Dept of ECE 1

BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)

RESISTOR COLOR CODE CHART

COLORFIRST

FIGURE

SECOND

FIGUREMULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

BLACK 0 0 1 NIL

BROWN 1 1 10 1%

RED 2 2 100 2%

ORANGE 3 3 1000 = 1K 3%

YELLOW 4 4 10 K 4%

GREEN 5 5 100 K NIL

BLUE 6 6 1000K = 1M NIL

VIOLET 7 7 10 M NIL

GRAY 8 8 100 M NIL

WHITE 9 9 1000M NIL

GOLD NIL NIL 0.1 5%

SILVER NIL NIL 0.01 10%

NO COLOR NIL NIL NIL 20%


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Dept of ECE 2


EXPT NO: 1 STUDY OF BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

DATE:

AIM:

To study and identify the basic electronic components and devices.

ELECTRONICS:

Electronicsis the branch ofscience,engineering andtechnology that deals

withelectrical circuits involvingactive electrical components such as vacuum tubes,

transistors,diodes andintegrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection

technologies. Thenonlinearbehavior of active components and their ability to control

electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and is usually applied

toinformation andsignal processing. Similarly, the ability of electronic devices to act as

switches makes digital information processing possible.

ACTIVE COMPONENT:

The components which generate or modify energyin the form of current or

voltage are called as active components.

Example: Voltage sources, Current sources, Transistors, etc.

PASSIVE COMPONENT:

The components which store the energy in the form of current or voltage are called

as passive components.

Example: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, etc.

RESISTOR:

A resistoris a passive two-terminal component of an electrical circuit that resists the

flow of electrical current. A resistor has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and

is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next.

A resistor is primarily used to create and maintain a known safe current within an electrical

component. Resistance is measured inohms (), afterOhm's law. This rule states thatelectrical resistance is equal to the drop in voltage across the terminals of the resistor divided

by the current being applied to the resistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


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Dept of ECE 3



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Dept of ECE 4


CAPACITOR:

A capacitor(formerly known as condenser) is apassivetwo-terminal electrical

component used to storeenergyin anelectric field.The forms of practical capacitors vary

widely, but all contain at least twoelectrical conductors separated by adielectric (insulator).

When there is apotential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a staticelectric

field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and

negative charge on the other plate.Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal

capacitor is characterized by a single constant value. Capacitance is measured infarads (F).

This is the ratio of theelectric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between

them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blockingdirect currentwhile

allowingalternating currentto pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output ofpower

supplies.

INDUCTOR:

An inductor(or reactoror coil) is apassivetwo-terminalelectrical component used

to storeenergyin amagnetic field. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is

measured by itsinductance,in units ofhenries.

Inductors calledchokesare used as parts of filters in power supplies or can be used to

block AC signals from passing through a circuit.

DIODE:

A diodeis a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the current

to flow in only one direction. A diode contains twoelectrodes that act in much the same

manner as semiconductors. The positive or p-type is usually theanodeand the negative or n-

type is thecathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one

direction (called the diode'sforwarddirection), while blocking current in the opposite

direction (the reversedirection). This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is

used to convertalternating current todirect current, and to extractmodulationfrom

radio signals in radio receivers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)


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Dept of ECE 5


Transistor


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Dept of ECE 7


Multimeter

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope


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Dept of ECE 8


a fluctuating magnetic field in the iron core. This fluctuating field then induces an alternating

voltage in the other coil, called the secondary or output coil. The change of voltage (or

voltage ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on the turns ratio of the two coils.

VOLTMETER:

A voltmeteris a device used to measure the voltage or potential difference

between two points in an electrical circuit. Voltage is measured in volts (V). Analog

voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital

voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of ananalog to digital converter.

AMMETER:

An ammeteris a device used to measure theelectric current in acircuit. Electric

currents are measured inamperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller

currents, in the milliampere range, are designated as milliammeters

MULTIMETER:

A multimeteror a multitester, also known as a VOM(Volt-Ohm meter), is

anelectronicmeasuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit.

A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure

voltage,current andresistance.Multimeters may be used inanalog ordigital circuits-analog

multimeters(AMM) and digital multimeters(often abbreviated DMMor DVOM.)

CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE:

The cathode ray oscilloscopeis an electronic-display device containing acathode-ray

tube (CRT) that generates anelectron beam that is used to produce visible patterns, or graphs,on a phosphorescent screen. The graphs plot the relationships between two or more variables,

with the horizontal axis normally being a function of time and the vertical axis usually a

function of the voltage generated by the input signal to the oscilloscope.

RESULT:

Thus the basic electronic components have been studied and identified.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-circuit.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183490/electron-beamhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183490/electron-beamhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-circuit.htm


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Dept of ECE 9


Soldering


10/26

Dept of ECE 10


EXPT. NO: 2 SOLDERING OF BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND

DATE: CHECKING ITS CONTINUITY

AIM:

To solder and desolder the basic electronic components in Printed Circuit Board

(PCB) and check its continuity.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Soldering Iron - 1

2 Solder - 1

3 Flux - 1

4 Vacuum Plunger (Solder Sucker) - 1

5 NeedleNose pliers - 1

6 Wire stripper - 1

7 Digital multimeter - 1

THEORY:

Soldering:

Solderingis the process in which two or more metal items are joined together by

melting and filling a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal has a relatively low melting

point. The filler metal used in the process is called solder.

Soldering Accessories:

Soldering iron:A soldering iron is a tool used for applying heat to two adjoining metal parts such that

the solder may melt and fill between those parts, binding them securely and

conductively. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated

handle. Heating is often achieved electrically by passing current through a heating

element.

Solder:Solder is an alloy (mixture of tin and lead), typically 60% tin and 40% lead

where it is melted to join metallic surfaces. It melts at a temperature of about 200oC.

Coating a surface is called tinningbecause of the tin content of solder. The best size

of solder for electronic circuit boards is SWG (Standard Wire Gauge).


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Dept of ECE 11


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


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Dept of ECE 13



14/26

Dept of ECE 14


3) Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This is called tinningand it will help theheat to flow from the irons tip to the joint.

4) Hold the soldering iron like a pen neat the base of the handle.5) Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches both the

component lead and the track.

6) Hold the tip there for few second and geed a little solder onto the joint. It should flowsmoothly onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape as shown in the diagram.

Apply the solder to the joint.

7) Take away the solder, then the soldering iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow thejoint to cool down before you move the circuit board.

8) Thus the component is soldered completely.DESOLDERING:

With a desoldering pump (Solder sucker)

1) Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.2) Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.3) Wait a second or two for the solder to melt.4) Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten solder

into the tool.5) Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.6) The pump will need emptying occasionally by releasing the spring-loaded plunger.

With solder remover wick (copper braid):

1) Apply both, the end of the wick and the tip of the soldering iron, to the joint.2) As the solder melts, most of it will stick onto the wick.3) Remove the soldering iron and then the wick.4) Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.

RESULT:Thus the basic electronic components have been soldered and desoldered in a PCB

and its continuity has been checked.


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Dept of ECE 15


BREADBOARD:

FIGURE 1:

BREADBOARD LAYOUT:

TO MEASURE VOLTAGE:


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Dept of ECE 17


TABULATION:

ParameterSource Voltage

VS(V)

Voltage across R1

V1(V)

Voltage across R2or R3

V2(V)

Theoretical

Practical

TO MEASURE CURRENT:

TABULATION:

ParameterCurrent through R1

I1(mA)

Current through R2

I2(mA)Current through R3

I3(mA)Theoretical

Practical

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

Source voltage VS:

Voltage across R1is V1= I1R1

Voltage across R2or R3is V2= I2R2or I3R3


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Dept of ECE 18


2) To measure to voltage across the resistor R1(V1), connect the voltmeter in parallel toR1.

3) The resistor R2and R3are in parallel to each other. So the voltage across both theresistors R2and R3 are same.

4) To measure the voltage across the resistor R2/R3(V2), connect the voltmeter inparallel to the resistor R2/R3.

5) Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.6) According to Kirchhoffs voltage law, the source voltage (VS) generated from the

RPS must be equal to the sum the voltage drop across R1(V1) and across R2 (V2).

To measure current:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram without the ammeter.2) To measure the current (I1) flowing through the resistor R1connect the ammeter in

series with the resistor R1.

3) To measure the current (I2) flowing through the resistor R2connect the ammeter inseries with the resistor R2.

4) To measure the current (I3) flowing through the resistor R3connect the ammeter inseries with the resistor R3.

5) Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.6) According to Kirchhoffs Current law, the current I1entering a node is equal to the

sum of the currents I2and I3leaving the node.


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Dept of ECE 19


To find the current flowing through R1:

Req= R2|| R3=

Total resistance R = R1+ R2

Current flowing through R1is I1= VS/R1

Current flowing through R2is

Current flowing through R3is


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Dept of ECE 20


RESULT:

Thus the simple electronic circuit is assembled in the bread board and its output is

verified.


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Dept of ECE 21


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Half wave rectifier without capacitor)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Half wave rectifier with capacitor)


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Dept of ECE 22


EXPT NO: 4 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

DATE:

AIM:

To study half wave rectifier with and without filter.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Transformer

230 Volts /

15015 Volts,

200 mA

1

2 PN junction diode 1N 4007 1

3 Resistor 1 K 1

4 Capacitor 1000 F 1

5 CRO (0-20) MHz 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires - few

THEORY:The process of converting AC voltage and current to Direct current is called

rectification. An electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction and a

high resistance in the other direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal waveform into a

unidirectional waveform. Diodes have this characteristic, which makes it a useful component

in the design of rectifiers. In order to achieve a constant/pure DC voltage at the output,

filtering should be done to the pulsating DC output of the rectifier. The output varies with the

variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage regulator is used to maintain the output voltage at the

same value.

PROCEDURE:

Half Wave Rectifier:

(i) Without Capacitor filter:

1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer and

observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of the

transformer.


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Dept of ECE 24


2. Connect the half wave rectifier as shown in figure.

3. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the input waveform.

4. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the output waveform.

5. Plot the waveform using a graph sheet.

(ii) With capacitor:

1. Connect the half wave rectifier with filter circuit as shown in fig.

2. Connect CRO across load.

3. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and observe the horizontal line and adjust

it to the X-axis.

4. Switch the CRO into AC mode and observe the waveform.

5. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the output waveform and the plot it in a graph

sheet.


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Dept of ECE 25


TABULATION:

Parameter Observation

Input

AmplitudeNo of division Volts/Div

Peak to peak value

(VPP) = No of Div *Volts/Div (V)

Time period

No of DivisionTime/Div

T = (t1+ t2) * Time/Div

(ms)t1 t2

Output

without filter

Amplitude

No of division Volts/DivPeak value (VP) = No of

Div * Volts/Div (V)

Time period



(ms)t1 t2

Output with

filter

AmplitudeNo of division Volts/Div

Peak to peak value (V)

= No of Div *

Volts/Div (V)

Time period



(ms)t1 t2


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Dept of ECE 26

RESULT:

Thus the Half-wave rectifier, with and without filters are constructed.

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