EOC REVIEWENGLISH I

Mrs. Janicki

Central Academy of Technology and Arts

CONFLICT:struggle between character and

opposing force

• Internal conflict– Man vs. man

• External conflicts– Man vs. man– Man vs. environment– Man vs. nature– Man vs. machine– Man vs. supernatural

CHARACTERIZATION:how writers reveal the traits of the

character to the reader

• Character’s thoughts and feelings

• Character’s words and actions

• Character’s description- by narrator

• Thoughts/words/actions of other characters

POINT OF VIEW

• First person- “I”

• Third person- “he/she” narrator tells what happens

• Omniscient- narrator knows everything about all characters- thoughts/feelings

• Limited omniscient- narrator knows everything about ONE character

AUTHOR’S PURPOSE:reason the author writes

• To inform- (nonfiction, presents info)

• To persuade- (issues, editorials, “you should…I”)

• To entertain- (tells story)

AUTHOR’S CRAFT:own style of writing

• Diction= word choice– Depends on topic and format

• Formal to informal• Repetition to create emphasis• Descriptive to add to mood

LITERARY DEVICES

• ALLUSION- reference to a person, place, event from history, literature, religion, mythology, politics, sports, science, or pop culture

• SYMBOL- an object, event, person or animal that represents something else more meaningful

IRONY:contrast between expectation and

reality• Verbal: contrast between what is said and

what is meant

• Situational: contrast between what is expected to happen and what happens

• Dramatic: contrast between what a character thinks is true and what the audience knows to be true

THEME:special insight about life / message• Bravery is courage in the face of danger

• Loyalty means being faithful

• Friendship often involves valuing a relationship over personal gain

• Lonelines often involves the pains related to being on one’s own

• Love is blind

MOOD AND TONE

MOOD = FEELING

Agitation, anxiety, excitement,

Depression,

TONE = APPROACH author takes to create mood

• How does the author want you to feel? Tone triggers your reaction

• Tones:

tense, light, dark, mysterious, somber, sad, angry, exciting, serious

Poetic Devices

ALLITERATION- repeating same initial sound in two or more words in a row– Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled...

PERSONIFICATION- giving humanlike qualities to something that is not human

- The stars danced across the sky

SIMILE- comparison of two unlike things using like or as

- She was as pretty as a daisy

Poetic devices (con’t)

METAPHOR- comparison between unlike things (NO like or as)

-love is a rose

HYPERBOLE- an exaggeration

- I nearly died laughing

IMAGERY- language that appeals to the five senses

POETRY TERMS

• Stanza- groups of lines that break up a poem (like paragraphs break up stories)

• Speaker- the persona or narrator of poem

• Rhyme- same or similar sounds at the ends of words

• Rhyme scheme- use a different letter to each final sound in a poem

aabba

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

• DIALOGUE- words spoken by characters

• STAGE DIRECTIONS- tell actors how to act, description of scenery

- usually italicized or in parenthesis

Drama (con’t)

• ACTS- divisions of a play

• SCENES- divisions of the acts

• Don’t forget to read the stage directions for clues about the characters

GENRES:type of literary work

• FICTION- imaginary stories

~novel, novella, short story

• NONFICTION- factual

~textbooks, newspaper articles, manuals,

• DRAMAS- stories written to be performed

• POETRY- short lines in stanzas

COMPOSITION

• Read selections and find and correct the mistakes

• Combine sentences correctly

• Re-organize the sentences or paragraphs

• Choose better words to revise meaning

MODIFIERS:words that change the meaning of

other words• ADJECTIVES-modify nouns or pronouns• ADVERBS- modify verbs, adjectives, other

adverbs (how? when? where?)

• MAKE SURE MODIFYING WORD IS CLOSE TO THE WORD IT IS MODIFYING!!

• Jan saw the café walking home.• Walking home, Jan saw the café.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE:use the same phrasing in pair or

series of words

• Repeat same verb tenses or constructions– Mary enjoys eating cake and to sing “Happy

Birthday”– Mary enjoys eating cake and singing “Happy

Birthday.”

PUNCTUATION

• Quotation marks– Speakers exact words (end marks INSIDE)– Titles of minor works- poems, songs, short

stories, articles, essays, etc.

COMMAS

• Indicates a separation or transition– Separate items in a list– Link two different ideas or phrases– Follow introductory words or phrases– Join two independent clauses with a

coordinating conjunction (and, but, so, for)– Separate subordinate clause from main clause

Understanding the situation, Bill took action.

COLONS

• Separate hours and minutes

1:00 P.M.

• Introduce a list– We still need: plates, napkins, and drinks.

SEMICOLONS

• Separate two clauses that are linked when each forms a complete sentence on its own

Ex.) Some people like icing; other like cake.• Use in lists to separate when other

commas are usedEx.) Bobby needed a shirt, a tie and socks;

Billy needed some pants, a jacket and a hat.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

• Singular subjects get singular verbs

• Plural subjects get plural verbs

• Jonah likes pizza.

• Jonah and Mike like pizza.

S-V AGREEMENT

• If subject is COMPOUND (uses AND) then use PLURAL verb

My coat, scarf, and hat are on the table.

• If compound subject acts as a UNIT, use SINGULAR verb

Beans and rice is my favorite dinner.

S-V AGREEMENT

• NEITHER/NOR and EITHER/OR take the form of the subject CLOSEST to the VERB

Neither my jacket nor my boots are in the closet.

Either the games or the doll is in the toy box.

S-V AGREEMENT

• INDEFINITE PRONOUNS –depends on the noun to which it refers

Singular Plural

each both

every few

someone many

anyone

No one

anything

another

RUN-ON SENTENCES:have two or more main clauses

(can stand alone)

• Change it into two sentences

• Add a comma and a conjunction between the two main clauses

• Add a semicolon between the two main clauses

FRAGMENTS: incomplete thoughts

Jazz, rap, and rock.• Does it have a subject?• Does it have a verb or predicate?

Add the missing element or combine properly with complete sentence

• Replace period with comma, add joining word or coordinating conjunction and add fragment

Olivia likes many types of music, including jazz, rap, and rock.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

• Mrs. Janicki’s Moodle page– Resources:

• Grammar practice• EOC practice tests• Grammar Bytes: chompchomp.com