EOC Final Review
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Transcript of EOC Final Review
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EOC Final Review
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1. SUGAR2. STARCH
1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION
1. IODINE SOLUTION
SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY
LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY1 GLYCEROL & 3
FATTY ACIDSBROWN PAPER BAG TEST
AMINO ACIDS MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY
BIURET’S SOLUTION
NUCLEOTIDE(1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base)
HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION
HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS
1. ALL LIVING THINGS
2. DNA FINGERPRINTING
INSULATION and PADDING
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Identify the following molecules:• Whatelement
is in all ORGANIC molecules?
CARBON
• What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?
• 1 PHOSPHATE• 1 SUGAR• 1 NITROGEN BASE
NUCLEOTIDE
NUCLEIC ACID(DNA)
CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR)
CARBOHYDRATE(STARH)
LIPID(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
PROTEIN
• What a monomer?
• What a polymer?
Building Block – subunitEx.: 1 amino acid
Monomers connected together– macromolecule (big molecule)Ex.: Protein
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What Macromolecules Are Involved?
• Animals need this for warmth in cold environments Lipids for Insulation
• This helps rebuild muscles and tissue
Proteins • Codes for proteins which code for traits
Nucleic Acid
• Used for quick short-term energy
Carbohydrates
• Used for long-term energy storage Lipids
• Enzymes are this type of molecule
Proteins• This molecule
typically ends in -OSE Carbohydrates
• This molecule typically ends in -ASE Proteins
(enzymes)
• This holds the recipe for making proteinsNucleic Acid
• Benedicts solution is used to test
Sugars
• Iodine solution is used to test
Starches
• Biurets solution is used to test Proteins
• Grease on brown paper bag is used to test
Lipids
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PROTEINSAMINO ACIDS
A
B
C
J
F
E
D
I
H
G
ALL PROTEINS!!!!!
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BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell
BOTH
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
BOTHPlants have 1 LARGE vacuole
Animals have multiple small ones
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
Decides what comes in and out of cell
Extra support and protection for plant cells
Provides energy for the cell (ATP)
Stores material
Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose)
Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis)
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MITOCHONDRIA
NUCLEUSCELL MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE
PLANTANIMAL
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CELL WALLCHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE (large)
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
NO NUCLEUS
NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES)
PLASMIDS (circular DNA)
SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER
HAS A NUCLEUS
HAS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGERDNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes)
ADD FREE-FLOATING DNA…….
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ADD slide
• Pop up clues for pro vs. euk• ADD pictures!!!!!
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Add slides with pictures of the organelles and have student verbally respond based on image…
• Ask students name and job• PLANTS AND ANIMALS BOTH HAVE
VACULOES…plants have one large central one
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Add slide with different cell types with function for each
• Stems cells– What are they– Embryonic vs. adult comparisons
• Ask students name & function…key characteristics• SAME DNA…different genes turned on
– Give examples…• I am a cell with genes turn on to make proteins for: fast
communication, stretching, swimming….etc.• I use chemical messangers called neurotransmitter to send fast
messages around the body…
Sending messages
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Unit 3 Reminders:
1. Cell specialization/differentiation:– Where do all cell originally come from (what type of
cell)?– Do all cells have the same DNA?– Do all cells have the same function (job)?– What makes a muscle cell and a nerve cell different?– REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but
different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!
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HIGH LOW
HIGH LOW
HIGH LOW
PROTEIN
LOW HIGH
PROTEIN
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ADD IMAGES OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT….also addpic of trucks going up vs down hill…emphasize energy vs. no energy
NO YES
HIGH to LOW LOW to HIGH
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Transport Reminders:
1. ALWAYS draw you box-circle model2. When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS– WATER moves high to low– Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside
and outside). The left remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration.
3. If water moves…– OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL– IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST
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100% water0% salt
20% salt80% water LOW (water)
HIGH (water)
Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK
LOW (water)
0% salt
100% water
80% water20% salt
HIGH (water)
Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL
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ADD pictures of homeostasis (shivering vs. sweating), monitoring amount of water salt, sugar, heart rate breathing etc. for body
Have pictures pop up and have students explain what is being balanced.
MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM
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Homeostasis…What does it mean? Maintaining internal BALANCE
Explain why these are examples of HOMEOSTASIS:
Shivering when it’s cold out
Sweating when it’s hot out
Insulin released by the pancreas
Water balance in an organisms
Respiration
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90% water
90% water
EQUILLIBRIUM
90% water
98% water
H
L
SWELL
SHRINK
70% water
90% waterH
L
REMINDER:SOLUTE = substance in the water(salt, sugar, etc.)
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Real life application of osmosis…• What happens when you don’t water your
plants…
The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.
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ADD other pics of enzyme reactions to jog memory
ENZYMEENZYME
ENZYME-SUBSTRATECOMPLEX
SUBSTRATE(reactant)
PRODUCTS
ACTIVE SITE
ENZYME = catalyst
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Enzyme Reminders:• What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
• What does a catalyst do?Speed up reaction ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!!
• What does denatured mean?
Shapes changes – STOPS working
• How can you denature an enzyme? Temperature & pH
Substrate/Reactant
Enzyme
Enzyme Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Product 1Product 2
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PROTEINS
THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE
YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed).
pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.
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3 ACID
BASE9
OPTIMAL
pH Scale:Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+)Basic = 8-14 (little H+)Neutral = 7 (water)
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SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)
CHLOROPLAST
CO2 O2
GlucoseC6 H12 O6
WaterH2 O
SUN(energy)
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Oxygen O2
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OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) 36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)
MITOCHONDRIA
Carbon Dioxide CO2
WaterH2 O
ATP(energy)
GlucoseC6 H12 O6
Oxygen O2
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AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATPANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP
IN ANIMAL MUSCLE
IN YEAST AND BACTERIA
Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL
ADD comparison of AEROBIC vs. ANAEROBIC
ADD role of ATP
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SUN going IN
WATER going IN
OXYGEN being RELEASED
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C T G G C T
SUGAR
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DNA:
• Picture• Role of hydrogen bonds• Picture of protein synthesis– Labeled
• Dna replication happens when DNA unwinds, hydrogen bonds are broken and new nucleotides bond following base pairing rules…
• DNA determine genotypes, which determine phenotypes..
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CUG
Leu- Ala-
3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases)
GCU
Show VISUALS OF LETTERS!!!!!
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ADD
• Examples of DNA – MRNA– MRNA – protein
• MRNA -> DNA
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RIBOSE
A, G, C, U A, G, C, T
DEOXYRIBOSE
1 (single helix) 2 (double helix)
NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS
DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS
HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS
PEPTIDE BONDS
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TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION PROTEINS
STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE
TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME
READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions)
NUCLEUS mRNA
CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME
tRNA
AMINO ACID PROTEIN
TRUE
EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.
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mutations
• Substitute – point…one amino acid changed AT MOST
• Insertion/deletion – amnio acid sequence is changed from point of mutation– Totally different protein formed!!– DNA RNAPROTEIN
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ASEXUAL SEXUAL
2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID
2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID
1 2
2 4
50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes
BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION
NONO
NO
YES
YES
YESYES
YESYES
YES
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ADD PICTURES
• Mitosis• BINARY FISSION WITH PICTURES• Meiosis• Fertilization• Crossing over• Non-disjunction• Random assortment• ADD MEMORY TRICKS!!!
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MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
BOTH!MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
GROWTH
REPAIR
REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS
IN ORDER FOR MITOSIS TO OCCUR: dna Replicates and CENTRIOLES grow and divide to be able to release spindle fibers
ADD COMPARISON CHART OF MIT vs, MEI
ADD PICTURE OF MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
CELL CYCLE – INTERPHASE!! For Dna rep
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INTERPHASE
PROPHASE (first)
METAPHASE(middle)
ANAPHASE (away)
TELOPHASE(2 new cells)
Interphase= DNA Replication
Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear
C
Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
B
E
Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers
Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells
A
D
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
GAMETE(egg)
GAMETE(sperm)
FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE(1st diploid cell)
MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT
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Phenotype = Tall Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = _________ _________
TT Tt tt
TALL
SHORT
1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
3 (75%) 1 (25%)1:2:1
3:1
1. Nutrition and health
2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.
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Genetics
• Add comparison chart• Add big slide showing model for each type of
problem…– Determine what code– Parents?– Box– Frequencies?
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Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK
Genotypes: RR= RED
RR’= PINKR’R’= WHITE
Parents: ______ x _______RR R’R’
R R
R’
R’
R
R
R
R
R’
R’
R’
R’
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = ______ _______ _______
RR RR’ R’R’
RED PINK WHITE
0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)
0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)
100% PINK FLOWERS
100% R’R’
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Parents:
______ x _______
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = ______ _______ _______
RR RR’ R’R’
RED PINK WHITE
RR’RR’
R
R’
R’
R R
R
R’
R’
R R
R’
R’
1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE
25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’
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Phenotypes: BlackBlack-and-TanTan
Genotypes: BB = BlackBT = Black + Tan
TT = Tan
Parents:
_______ x _______BB TT
B B
T
T
B
BB
BT T
TT
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = _____ _____ ______
BB BT TT
Black Black+Tan Tan0 (0%) 0 (0%)
0 (0%)0 (0%) 4 (100%)
4 (100%)
100% Black-and-Tan offspring
100% BT
BB x TT
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XY
XX
Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome
Phenotype: Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick)
Genotype: XRXR = healthy femaleXRXr = carrier female
XrXr = sick female
XRY = healthy male
XrY = sick male
Parents: ______ x ______XRXr XRY
XR Xr
XR
Y
XR
XR
Xr
Xr
XR XR
Y Y
H C SMale
Female
01 1
1 1 0
25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son)
0% chance of daughter with hemophilia
25% chance of daughter being a carrier
Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t
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Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O
Genotype:
Type A: AA or Ao
Type B: BB or Bo
Type AB: AB
Type O: ooWhat we know:
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)Dad: Type B (BB or Bo)Baby: Type O (oo)
o o
A
B
o
oParents: _____ x _____Ao Bo
A B B
A o
o
Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______
AA Ao BB Bo AB oo0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)
Type A Type B Type AB Type O1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)
25% change of child with Type O
0% change of child with homozygous Type A
25% change of child with Type AB
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Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O
Genotype:
Type A: AA or Ao
Type B: BB or Bo
Type AB: AB Type O: oo
What we know:
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)
Baby: Type O (oo)Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo)
Narrowing it down:
If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele.
This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao).Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele.
Dad 2 could be the father only is he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give.
Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.
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ADD image to show the difference
SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR
MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O).
POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR.
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Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected.
Recessive = because there are an equal number of males and females affected.
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
aa
aaAa Aa
A_ A_Aa Aa
A_
A_
aa
Aa
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Pedigree reminders
• If you don’t have it you cant give it!– Healthy parents with sick child
• Pedigree rules:– Auto vs. sex– Dom vs. rec– Start with recessive and work backwards
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FEMALE - XX
DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21
NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
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ADD
• Male = XY• Female = XX• Disorders with genotypes and corresponding
karyotypes• Maybe add the sperm/egg images from the
karyotype notes
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ADD picture of DNA HGP image AND cloning image
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS.
THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY.
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GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
A & C – 4 out of 6 strands in common
Have pop-ups in different colors to show the match ups!
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What is this technology typically used to produce?-oil eating bacteria-frost resistant plants-insulin-help treat genetic diseasesPURPOSE: to cause DNA rep in the changed bacteria!!!
ADD pictures with answers
GENETIC ENGINEERING
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID (circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME LIGASE.
THE PLASMID (now recombinant DNA with the bacterial host and desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST.
THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using binary fission). So, the insulin gene is reproduced every time the bacteria divides.
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FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FETURES TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY
COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR.
VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION – THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.
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GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS. NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES< RIVERS, OCEANS AND ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT. THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT.
SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION.
THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES.
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EVOLUTION OF CELLS…No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it
Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells
PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen…
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership…(Endosynbiotic Theory)
Eukaryotic Cells
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ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS
BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS
REDI
PASTEUR
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VARIATION(Differences among members of the species)
Most with SHORTER necks
Occasionally some with LONGER necks
COMPETITION(More organisms than resources. Must compete for food, shelter and mates)
LONGER neck = easier time getting food
Food = survival
LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT
LONG Neck giraffes more successful in obtaining food and mates
LONG neck gene is passed on because it is the more successful trait
Future generations look more and more like the successful traits – LONG NECK giraffes
NATURAL SELECTION
(Those with the best traits and adaptations for the environment are able to survive and reproduce.)
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What happens if….• Lack of genetic variation (=lowered ability to adat to the
environment)– Mutations & sexual reproduction (MEIOSIS) lead to genetic
variation…• Geological isolation
– Put in polar vs. brown bear example &darwin finches…– Different env = different adaptations benefitial
• Reproductive isolation– Different mating times/different culture – food etc.
• Speciation examples• Pesticide & antibiotic resistance as example of natural selection
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KING
PHILIP
CAME
OVER
FOR
GOOD
SOUP
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIESUSED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING: Genus species
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SCIENTIFIC NAMING USED UNDERSTOOD BY ALL SCIENTIST ACROSS THE WORLD.
TO NAME:
GENUS = FIRST NAME (capitalize first letter) SPECIES = LAST NAME (all lowercase)
EXAMPLE:
Homo sapien
GENUS SPECIES
COMMON NAME = HUMAN
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Show images of each to highlight differences
Define:AnatomicalBiochemicalEmbryological
Review: relative dating/fossil evidence-shows we evolved from simple to complex
ADD PPT slides from my CMS evolution DECK!! -cell evolution..etc.
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ADD
• Cladogram and phylo tree examples from CMS ppt
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ADD:Virus vs. bacteria (vaccine vs. antibiotic)
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Be sure to hit – energy decreases!! Because higher orgs use the energy for finding food, chewing, digestion etc.
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Tech advances in medicine, nutrition and sanitation
Pollution, habitat destruction
Only natural way to remove CO2 (photosynthesis!!)Oxygen level decreasesCO2 increases
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ADD:
• Plants:– Vascular tissue (what is it/what does it do)– Chart comparing plants– Vascular vs. nonvascular• Why is vascular more advanced?
– Attracting organisms to plant with seeds, fruit, flowers etc– Xylem and phloem to bring food and water to plant
– Memory tricks for angio vs. gymno