ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CRUDE AND REFINED … · 2020. 4. 17. · ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC...
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ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CRUDE AND REFINED PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS UTILIZING GC×GC-FID, GC×GC-TOF-MS, AND GC×GC-HRT-MS
2018 National Environmental Monitoring ConferenceNew Orleans, LAAugust 7, 2018
Robert K. Nelson and Christopher M. ReddyDepartment of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
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Goals – To Forensically Identify Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products Released Into The Environment
Study the ultimate fate of spilled petroleum products – can we predict how spilled products willweather?
Can we provide useful an timely information to spill response and damage assessmentprofessionals?
By comparing results from spills that have occurred over the past 40 years can we forecast andhindcast complex petroleum weathering effects such as biodegradation, photooxidation,evaporation, and dissolution.
Utilize traditional and non-traditional biomarker compounds to identify release sources.*Adding new forensic compounds to our arsenal.
To do this, we seek to compare and contrast the composition of spilled products in order toidentify molecular insights that expand our traditional approaches to studying spills.
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We Study Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Product Spills
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Florida; Buzzards Bay, MA (1969) Bouchard 65; Buzzards Bay, MA (1974) Bouchard 120; Buzzards Bay, MA (2003)
Hebei Spirit; South Korea (2007) Prestige; Portugal (2002)Exxon Valdez (1989)
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August 7, 2018
We Study Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Product Spills
Natural oil seeps; Gulf of Mexico (everyday)
DDT/oil residues; CA coast (1950s/1960s) Unknown samples; Gulf of Mexico (2014)
Natural oil seeps; Santa Barbara, CA (everyday)
Texas City (Kirby); Galveston, TX (2014)
Sundarbans; Bangladesh (2014)
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We Study Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Product Spills
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Kalamazoo River; Michigan (2010)Yellowstone River; Montana (2015) Sanchi Tanker; Condensate, East China Sea (2018)
Refugio pipeline; Highway 101, CA (2015)
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What happens to petroleum in the environment?
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GC×GC Facility at WHOI
https://www2.whoi.edu/site/gcxgcfacility/August 7, 2018
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Forensically Useful Petroleum Biomarkers
Environmentally recalcitrant molecules are the most useful compounds for fingerprinting petroleum products.
These molecules should NOT be susceptible to:EvaporationPhotooxidationDissolution (water-washing)Biodegradation
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Deepwater Horizon Sterane, Diasterane, Hopanoid Biomarkers
1st Dimension Retention Time (seconds)
2ndD
imen
sion
Ret
enti
on T
ime
(sec
onds
)
Deepwater Horizon
Cocodrie, LA May 31, 2010
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Deepwater Horizon
Cocodrie, LA
Ts Tm NH
C29-Ts H
HH(S) (R)
DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
Ts Tm NH
C29-Ts H
HH(S) (R)
DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
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Biomarker Comparison – Louisiana Crudes
EPA WP-681
Eugene Island Block 330
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Deepwater Horizon
Cocodrie, LA
Ts Tm NH
C29-TsH
HH(S) (R)
DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
Ts Tm NH
C29-Ts H
HH(S) (R)
DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
TsTm
NH H
HH(S) (R)
DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
TsTm
NH HHH
(S) (R)DiaC27βα-20SDiaC27βα-20R
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(a) Ixtoc I Crude
(b) Deepwater Horizon – Macondo Well Crude
(c) Exxon Valdez Cargo
0
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0
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18161412108 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36August 7, 2018
Biomarker ComparisonIxtoc I, Deepwater Horizon, and Exxon Valdez
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Biomarker ComparisonIxtoc I, Deepwater Horizon, and Exxon Valdez
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Biomarker Ratio Ixtoc I Deepwater Horizon Exxon ValdezTs/Tm 0.66 1.30 0.78Ts/H 0.24 0.23 0.20Tm/H 0.37 0.18 0.26
Dia C27Ba‐20S/H 0.65 1.18 0.36Dia C27Ba‐20R/H 0.50 0.90 0.31C28aBB‐20R/H 0.32 0.37 0.27C28aBB‐20S/H 0.21 0.21 0.18C29aBB‐20R/H 0.53 0.64 0.35C29aBB‐20S/H 0.36 0.32 0.25
NH/H 1.19 0.52 0.67C29‐Ts/H 0.27 0.24 0.22HH(S)/H 0.85 0.50 0.57HH(R)/H 0.63 0.36 0.41
norbiphytane/H 0.80 1.72 0.80biphytane/H 1.23 1.42 0.66
norbiphytane/biphytane 0.65 1.22 1.21norbiphytane/n‐C34 0.20 0.32 0.67biphytane/n‐C35 0.43 0.33 0.71
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Biomarker ComparisonNIST SRM-1582 (crude oil) Replicate Analysis
What are:ACEL 3 ring,Norbiphytane,and Biphytane?
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Archeal Core Ether Lipids
Side Track: Non-traditional Biomarkers for Environmental Forensics
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Traditional & Non-traditional Biomarkers
2α-methyl-17α(H),21β(H)-hopane(cyanobacterial origin)
17α(H),21β(H)-22S-pentakishomohopane
Ts
Tm
Prokaryotic
DiasteraneC27βα-20R
Eukaryotic
24-ethyl-5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-20R-cholestane
C ring monoaromatic steroidC295β-20S
triaromatic steroidC28-20R
Archealbiphytane
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Archeal Core Ether Lipids PNAS 2007
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GC×GC-FID chromatograms (mountain plots) of the solvent extract from sample OC-114m of the Hoyle Formation.
(Upper) Enlargement of region with archaeal core lipids. Multiple peaks joined to a single molecular structure are diastereomers.
(Lower) Complete chromatograph.
Archeal Core Ether Lipids PNAS 2007
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Figure 8.21 GC × GC–FID biomarker regions of (A)fresh oil collected 150 m from the ruptured pipeline onMay 20, 2015; (B) fresh oil collected on May 19, 2015,on the beach and ~450 m down current from the locationwhere the oil first entered the ocean; and (C) naturallyseeped oil collected in 2005 directly at Coal Oil Point,Santa Barbara, CA.
2015 Refugio Oil Spill
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norbiphytane
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Archeal Core Ether Lipid Biomarkers
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biphytanenorbiphytane
biphytanenorbiphytane
biphytanenorbiphytane
n-C34 n-C35
n-C34 n-C35
n-C34 n-C35
Ixtoc I
Deepwater Horizon
Exxon Valdez
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Archeal Core Ether Lipid Biomarkers – Other Examples
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Back on TrackGC×GC-HRT-MS
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Confidence - The Power of High Resolution TOF Coupled with GC×GC: m/z 234 compounds
231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238
1e4
2e4
3e4
M/Z
234.1402
235.
1439
231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238
1e4
2e4
3e4
4e4
5e4
6e4
M/Z
234.0498
235.
0533
232.
0342
BenzonaphthothiopheneC16H10STheoretical mass: 234.0498Observed mass: 234.0498Mass error: 0 ppm
C4-PhenanthreneC18H18Theoretical mass: 234.1403Observed mass: 234.1402Mass error: -0.43 ppm
The difference betweenC4-Phenanthrene and
Benzonaphthothiopheneis 386.5 ppm
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GC×GC - High Resolution - TOF How Dou You Rapidly Find and Identify
Compounds of Forensic Interest? You Need a Map!
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5 10 15 20 25 300
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C#
RDBE
Region - sample "Deepwater Horizon (15mg/mL) 122017", Deconvoluted, (180s, 0s) - (11287.2s, 16.0046s)
HC' HC N' N O' O O2' O2 NO' NO NO2' NO2 S' S SO' SO SO2' SO2 SO3' SO3 SO4' SO4
DWH Ring Double Bond Equivalents (RDBE) vs Carbon Number for Molecules Containing a Sulfur Atom
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Ixtoc I Ring Double Bond Equivalents (RDBE) vs Carbon Number for Molecules Containing a Sulfur Atom
5 10 15 20 25 300
2
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6
8
10
12
14
16
C#
RDBE
Region - sample "Ixtoc I (15mg/mL)", Deconvoluted, (180s, 0s) - (11287.2s, 16.0046s)
HC' HC N' N O' O O2' O2 NO' NO NO2' NO2 S' S SO' SO SO2' SO2 SO3' SO3 SO4' SO4
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Ixtoc I Ring Double Bond Equivalents (RDBE) vs Carbon Number for Molecules Containing a Sulfur Atom
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Ixtoc I Ring Double Bond Equivalents (RDBE) vs Carbon Number for Molecules Containing a Sulfur Atom
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Ixtoc I – GC×GC-HRTBenzothiophene Suite
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Ixtoc I – GC×GC-HRTDibenzothiophene Suite
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Ixtoc I – GC×GC-HRTPhenanthrothiophene Suite
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Ixtoc I – GC×GC-HRTBenzonaphthothiophene Suite
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Ixtoc I – GC×GC-HRTChrysenothiophene Suite
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Ixtoc I Accurate Mass MeasurementsDibenzothiophene Mass Spectrum
DibenzothiopheneC12H8S
monoisotopic mass (m/z): 184.0341RDBE = 9
observed mass: 184.0343mass error: 1.0868 ppm
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Summary
The combination of GC×GC, high resolution TOF, and petroleomics based massspectral analysis software tools rapidly provides an extensive inventory of thehydrocarbon compounds found in crude oils.
HRT accurate mass data provides a high degree of confidence to peak assignments. We are well positioned to include Archean biomarkers into environmental forensics. GC×GC has matured into a platform that provides superior results capable of
delivering a high-level of quality control. High resolution data will help to predict the long-term fate of persistent petroleum
hydrocarbons in the environment. With GC×GC-HRT-MS, we are paving the way for identifying more “forensically
useful chemicals” for studying the fate of petroleum in the environment.
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Acknowledgements
Thank-you!August 7, 2018