ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT by K Subramaniam, PJK [Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt &...

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND

POLLUTION POLLUTION

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTby by

K Subramaniam, K Subramaniam, PJKPJK

[Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt & Occ.Health); Dip.RSH][Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt & Occ.Health); Dip.RSH]

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The objective of this module is to The objective of this module is to

introduce :introduce :

a)a)various concepts in environmental various concepts in environmental

managementmanagement

b)b)various approaches to pollution various approaches to pollution

managementmanagement

A. ENVIRONMENTAL A. ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHYHIERACHY

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY ((Preferred philosophy)Preferred philosophy)

Prevention

4R (Reduce,Reuse, Recover,Recycle)

Treatment

Disposal

A New Waste Management A New Waste Management ModelModel

http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/WasteManagementHierarchy

A Preferred ModelA Preferred Model

http://www.aggregatepros.com/DefinitionsWasteManagement.html

A move from a A move from a policy and regulatory policy and regulatory

enforcement enforcement towards the hierarchy towards the hierarchy

of control i.e to move from:of control i.e to move from:

i.i. Regulation to voluntary approachRegulation to voluntary approach

ii.ii. Preventing / avoiding disposalPreventing / avoiding disposal

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY

Legal provisions:Legal provisions:

(i)(i) the provisions in the EQA 1974, the provisions in the EQA 1974,

(ii)(ii) the regulations that promote the the regulations that promote the

move from the approach of move from the approach of

Disposal Prevention; and,Disposal Prevention; and,

(iii)(iii) voluntary initiatives.voluntary initiatives.

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY

2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACHEND OF PIPE APPROACH

Its ABUSE

…

2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACHOF PIPE APPROACH

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

PrescribingPrescribing: :

a)a) emission standards and emission standards and

b)b) technology standardstechnology standards

General process Flow Diagram for End-of-pipe Treatment System

www.eeaa.gov.eg

COMMAND AND CONTROLCOMMAND AND CONTROL

AdvantagesAdvantages

i.i. Easy to enforceEasy to enforce

ii.ii.Seemingly “fair” to all sourcesSeemingly “fair” to all sources

COMMAND AND CONTROLCOMMAND AND CONTROL

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

i.i. No incentives to go beyond the No incentives to go beyond the

standardsstandards

ii.ii.No drive for technological innovationNo drive for technological innovation

iii.iii.May be costly to achieve a certain May be costly to achieve a certain

desired output desired output

3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION

(USEPA, 2004)

Cleaner Production Assessment Is Divided In Five Phases.


CharacteristicsCharacteristics

- CP aims to prevent the generation of - CP aims to prevent the generation of

waste and emission at the outset waste and emission at the outset

- It is opposed to EOP/command and - It is opposed to EOP/command and

control approach which treats the control approach which treats the

waste after it has been generated waste after it has been generated

Definition of Cleaner ProductionDefinition of Cleaner Production

““the continuous application of an the continuous application of an

integrated preventive environmental integrated preventive environmental

strategy to processes and products strategy to processes and products

to reduce risks to humans and the to reduce risks to humans and the

environment” environment”


http://www.ecoefficiency.com.au/

ForFor production processesproduction processes

CP includes: CP includes:

i.i. conserving raw materials and energy conserving raw materials and energy

ii.ii.eliminating toxic processing eliminating toxic processing materials materials

iii.iii.reducing the quantity and toxicity of reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastesall emissions and wastes


For productsFor products

CP approach focuses on: CP approach focuses on:

a)a)the reduction of environmental the reduction of environmental impacts along the entire life cycle of impacts along the entire life cycle of a product, a product,

b)b)from raw material extraction to the from raw material extraction to the ultimate disposal of the product, ultimate disposal of the product,

c)c) by appropriate product design by appropriate product design


Option Generating Process

(USEPA, 2004)

Benefits of CPBenefits of CP

i.i. Cost-saving through reduced Cost-saving through reduced wastage of raw materials and energywastage of raw materials and energy

ii.ii. Improved operating efficiency of the Improved operating efficiency of the plantplant

iii.iii.Better product quality and Better product quality and consistency because the plant consistency because the plant operation is more predictableoperation is more predictable

iv.iv.Recovery of some waste materialsRecovery of some waste materials


Tools and techniquesTools and techniques of CP of CP

i.i. Good HousekeepingGood Housekeeping

ii.ii.Material SubstitutionMaterial Substitution

iii.iii.Technology / Process ModificationTechnology / Process Modification

iv.iv.Recycling Recycling

v.v. Design for Environment (DFE)Design for Environment (DFE)


CP termsCP terms

a)a)Eco-EfficiencyEco-Efficiency

b)b)Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization

c)c)Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention

d)d)Green Productivity Green Productivity


CP in action in Malaysia by DOECP in action in Malaysia by DOE

i.i. CP unit in EiMASCP unit in EiMAS

ii.ii.CP introduced in revised AS9 CP introduced in revised AS9

formform

iii.iii.CP introduced in WWCS reportCP introduced in WWCS report

iv.iv.Smarter ideas for RMK9. Smarter ideas for RMK9.


4. WHOLE EFFLUENT 4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITYTOXICITY

4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY

What is whole effluent toxicity?What is whole effluent toxicity?

- testing a wastewater discharge testing a wastewater discharge

with aquatic organisms to assess with aquatic organisms to assess

the discharge's toxicitythe discharge's toxicity

- WET is a standardized protocol WET is a standardized protocol

(ex the Standard Methods(ex the Standard Methods

Understanding WETUnderstanding WET - An effluent may be complying with all the - An effluent may be complying with all the

individual parameter limits but does it individual parameter limits but does it guarantee that it will not cause any guarantee that it will not cause any detrimental effects of the aquatic detrimental effects of the aquatic organisms?organisms?

- WET attempts to answer this question WET attempts to answer this question and quantify the effectsand quantify the effects

- WET is an aquatic toxicity/bioassay test WET is an aquatic toxicity/bioassay test


WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITYWHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY

Understanding WETUnderstanding WET

- Acute test (24 to 96 hrs)Acute test (24 to 96 hrs)

- Chronic test (~ 7 days)Chronic test (~ 7 days)


WET Freshwater Chronic Test SpeciesWET Freshwater Chronic Test Species

InvertebratesInvertebrates: : – Ceriodaphnia dubiaCeriodaphnia dubia

FishFish– Pimephales promelasPimephales promelas - Fathead Minnow - Fathead Minnow

AlgaeAlgae– Selenastrum capricornutumSelenastrum capricornutum

Test DataTest Datai.i. Typical dose response where mortality increases Typical dose response where mortality increases

as the concentration of effluent in the mixture as the concentration of effluent in the mixture

increases.increases.

ii.ii. LCLC5050 would be somewhere between 25% effluent would be somewhere between 25% effluent

and 50% effluent.and 50% effluent.

0% Mortality 0% mortality 20 % Mortality 40% Mortality 80% Mortality 100% Mortality

6.25 % EffluentControl

12.5 % Effluent

25.0% Effluent

50.0% Effluent

100.0% Effluent

New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species

Test ResultTest Result

New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species

Calculated point estimate or a Pass fail test where a concentration, usually that which is considered a critical concentration of effluent in the recieving water or ambient toxicity test measured against a control

Examples of Pass/Fail Acute test

Instream waste concentration equals 75% statistical evaluation using a student-t test compares mortality rates of ambient or IWC sample against a control.

Is there a “significant statistical difference between the two results”

Grab vs. CompositeGrab vs. Composite Grab samples offer “Grab samples offer “snap shotsnap shot” of effluent” of effluent

Composite samples offer “Composite samples offer “average viewaverage view” ” of effluentof effluent

NJDEP requires sampling based on NJDEP requires sampling based on discharge typedischarge type

i.i. Continuous discharge Continuous discharge – 24 hour composite – 24 hour composite

samplesample

ii.ii. Intermittent discharge Intermittent discharge – grab or composite – grab or composite

each day that is representative of dischargeeach day that is representative of discharge

Grab vs. CompositeGrab vs. Composite Type of sample and frequency of Type of sample and frequency of

collection is dependent upon the use collection is dependent upon the use of the data and the discharge the of the data and the discharge the test is intended to represent.test is intended to represent.

Samples are not to be used after Samples are not to be used after they have been held for 72 hours.they have been held for 72 hours.

Samples are to be chilled during or Samples are to be chilled during or immediately upon collection to 4immediately upon collection to 4ooC.C.

WETWET Monitoring a fathead minnow testMonitoring a fathead minnow test

Opossum Shrimp

Pimephales promelas

WET ProceduresWET Procedures

Pimephales promelasPimephales promelas

Photo by Karen McCabe from Animal Soup

Adults are small fish typically 43 mm to 102 mm, and averaging about 50 mm, in total length.

Tests Results in CanadaTests Results in Canada

http://www.ec.gc.ca/

5. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND 5. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING

5.a) Understanding bubble concept

- draw an imaginary bubble around the

whole plant

- find the most efficient way of controlling

the plant's emissions

as a whole.

BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGTRADING

Example of the bubble conceptExample of the bubble concept- In a automobile paint shop, In a automobile paint shop,

- two sources of VOCs are: two sources of VOCs are:

painting operations and painting operations and

degreasing processdegreasing process

- If it is more cost-effective to control VOC release If it is more cost-effective to control VOC release

from degreasing process, then concentrate from degreasing process, then concentrate

efforts on this activity and less control on the efforts on this activity and less control on the

painting operations as long as the total VOC load painting operations as long as the total VOC load

is maintained or reduced is maintained or reduced

Characteristics of the bubble conceptCharacteristics of the bubble concept

- PPlant managers can propose their own emission lant managers can propose their own emission

standards:standards:

- tightening where it is least costly, and tightening where it is least costly, and

- relaxing where pollution control costs are highrelaxing where pollution control costs are high

- The bubble policy leads to less pollution control? The bubble policy leads to less pollution control?

- NO!!! but less expensive pollution control.NO!!! but less expensive pollution control.

BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGTRADING

55..b)b).. EMISSION TRADING EMISSION TRADING

EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING

Emission tradingEmission trading Options availableOptions available to reduce emissions:to reduce emissions:

a)a) pollution control technologypollution control technology

b)b) switching to cleaner fuelsswitching to cleaner fuels

c)c) improving energy efficiencyimproving energy efficiency

d)d) increasing renewable energy useincreasing renewable energy use

Emission reduction credits (ERCs) Emission reduction credits (ERCs)

Emission tradingEmission trading

- Emission reduction credits (ERCs) provide Emission reduction credits (ERCs) provide

an incentive to find the most cost-an incentive to find the most cost-

effective way to reduce emissionseffective way to reduce emissions

- ERCs can be sold, traded, or banked for ERCs can be sold, traded, or banked for

future usefuture use


How does Emission trading How does Emission trading

reduce pollutionreduce pollution??

i.i. By purchasing and retiring ERCsBy purchasing and retiring ERCs

ii.ii. Once ERC is retired, it can no longer be bought, Once ERC is retired, it can no longer be bought,

sold, or used to offset pollutionsold, or used to offset pollution

iii.iii. Individuals and businesses can reduce pollution Individuals and businesses can reduce pollution

by buying and retiring emission reduction by buying and retiring emission reduction

credits/emission allowances/offsetscredits/emission allowances/offsets


Emission offsets Emission offsets

a)a) Industries to reduce or sequestrate emissions Industries to reduce or sequestrate emissions

outside its operations (at different location) outside its operations (at different location)

b)b) emission trading between a new or modified emission trading between a new or modified

source of air pollution and an existing sourcesource of air pollution and an existing source

c)c) Consumers & businesses can "offset" their Consumers & businesses can "offset" their

pollution by buying and retiring the emission pollution by buying and retiring the emission

reduction credits created by someone elsereduction credits created by someone else


Pollution trading in watershed Pollution trading in watershed

management management

i.i. Same concept of bubble appliesSame concept of bubble applies

ii.ii.Bubble represents the watershedBubble represents the watershed

iii.iii.Point and nonpoint sources are Point and nonpoint sources are

applicable.applicable.


6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS


Economic instruments have an important Economic instruments have an important

place in the policy-makers toolbox.place in the policy-makers toolbox.

Economic instruments must be considered Economic instruments must be considered

in the context of the other main type of in the context of the other main type of

policy instrument, the command and policy instrument, the command and

control approach, which remains the most control approach, which remains the most

popular approach to environmental policy popular approach to environmental policy

www.ene.gov.on.ca


- - Environmental policy and management, Environmental policy and management,

as originated in developed countries, is as originated in developed countries, is

divorced from divorced from economic policy economic policy and and

sustainable developmentsustainable development - Standards-driven environmental policyStandards-driven environmental policy

- In developing countries environmental In developing countries environmental

policy cannot be divorced from economic policy cannot be divorced from economic

and development policy and development policy

Command-and-controls require the generousCommand-and-controls require the generous

use of resources such as:use of resources such as:

i.i. CapitalCapital

ii.ii. government revenuegovernment revenue

iii.iii. management skillsmanagement skills

iv.iv. administrative and enforcement capabilitiesadministrative and enforcement capabilities

- The challenge for developing countries is to The challenge for developing countries is to

identify and adopt instruments that integrate identify and adopt instruments that integrate

environmental and economic policiesenvironmental and economic policies


Examples of economic instruments in Examples of economic instruments in

use (use (TABLE 1: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TABLE 1: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT)FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT)


7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY

7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY

Physical limits imposed by ecological system on Physical limits imposed by ecological system on

economic activityeconomic activity

The economies must expand within ecosystems The economies must expand within ecosystems

that have regenerative capacitiesthat have regenerative capacities There is a limit to the capability of ecological There is a limit to the capability of ecological

systems in accepting the residuals without systems in accepting the residuals without

discernable changes in the quality of recipient discernable changes in the quality of recipient

bodies.bodies.

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies

Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined

as the maximum amount of pollutant load that as the maximum amount of pollutant load that

can be discharged without impairing water can be discharged without impairing water

quality for their designated best usagequality for their designated best usage

The basic phenomenon governing the The basic phenomenon governing the

assimilative capacity of water sources is the self-assimilative capacity of water sources is the self-

purification capacitypurification capacity

http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/research/Envbiofiles/PIgraph.gif

Assimilative Capacity ModelingAssimilative Capacity Modeling

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodiesASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies

Estimation of assimilative capacity of water Estimation of assimilative capacity of water

Environment involvesEnvironment involves::

i.i. Delineation of watersheds based on Delineation of watersheds based on topography of the area topography of the area

ii.ii. Identification of perennial sources of Identification of perennial sources of water and their designated usages water and their designated usages

iii.iii.Identification of receiving bodies of water Identification of receiving bodies of water

iv.iv.Identification of present and designated Identification of present and designated usages for various stretches of water usages for various stretches of water body body

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodiesASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies

Estimation of assimilative capacity of water Estimation of assimilative capacity of water

Environment involvesEnvironment involves::

v.v. Preparation of inventory of point and non-Preparation of inventory of point and non-point sources of water pollution point sources of water pollution

vi.vi.Collection of hydrological data in critical Collection of hydrological data in critical seasons seasons

vii.vii.Estimation of assimilative capacity in Estimation of assimilative capacity in critical season vis-à-vis the designated critical season vis-à-vis the designated best usage of identified stretches best usage of identified stretches

viii.viii.Establishment of upper limits of pollution Establishment of upper limits of pollution load in critical stretchesload in critical stretches

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentenvironment

Assimilative capacity of air

environment is the maximum amount

of pollution load that can be

discharged without violating the best-

designated use of the air resource in

the planning region

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentenvironment

The phenomena governing the assimilative capacity of air environment include

i. dilution,

ii. dispersion,

iii.transformation,

iv.deposition and

v. absorption.

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment

Estimation of assimilative capacity

of air environment involves:

i. Delineation of air-shed based on topography

ii. Preparation of inventory of point, area and line

sources, and quantification of pollution loads.

iii.Establishment of temporal and spatial variations

of micro-meteorological parameters.

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment

Estimation of assimilative capacity of air environment involves:

iv. Prediction of temporal and spatial variations in

air pollutants concentration for existing sources

v. Estimation of available assimilative capacity in

critical micro-climatic zones for various

pollutants

vi. Establishment of the upper limits of pollution

load in critical pockets

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment

The assimilative capacity of the The assimilative capacity of the

acoustic environment is the maximum acoustic environment is the maximum

amount of noise load that can be amount of noise load that can be

discharged into the environment discharged into the environment

without causing private or public without causing private or public

nuisance for the designated use of nuisance for the designated use of

land unitsland units

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment

The phenomena governing The phenomena governing assimilative capacity for noise assimilative capacity for noise include include propagation of source through propagation of source through

ambient air, andambient air, and its absorption, its absorption, scattering and scattering and

divergencedivergence..

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment

Assimilative capacity of the land Assimilative capacity of the land

environment is expressed as the upper limit environment is expressed as the upper limit

of extraneous constituents, which can be of extraneous constituents, which can be

accommodated in the soil matrix without accommodated in the soil matrix without

impairing its productivity for best-impairing its productivity for best-

designated use.designated use.


Land quality dimensions which play Land quality dimensions which play important role in the determination important role in the determination of, of, i.i. the assimilative capacity are cation the assimilative capacity are cation

exchange capacity of soil, exchange capacity of soil,

ii.ii. presence of carbonates, oxides, and presence of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides; hydroxides;

iii.iii. organic matter content, organic matter content,

iv.iv. hydraulic conductivity of soil; and hydraulic conductivity of soil; and

v.v. physiological nature of plant speciesphysiological nature of plant species


Estimation of assimilative capacity of land Estimation of assimilative capacity of land

environment involvesenvironment involves::

a)a) Compounds that degrade or require plant uptake Compounds that degrade or require plant uptake

for assimilation in the plant-soil systemfor assimilation in the plant-soil system (ex (ex

heavy metals and certain organics may be non heavy metals and certain organics may be non

mobile and has the potential to accumulate)mobile and has the potential to accumulate)

b)b) Mobile and nondegradative compounds which Mobile and nondegradative compounds which

must be assimilated over land areas must be assimilated over land areas

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- BiologicalBiological environment environment

Assimilative capacity of biological Assimilative capacity of biological

environment is the capacity of plants to environment is the capacity of plants to

adsorb or absorb pollutants without adsorb or absorb pollutants without

plant damageplant damage It is dependent on plant-specific and It is dependent on plant-specific and

pollution-specific parameterspollution-specific parameters

Protocols available for assessment Protocols available for assessment

8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY


Industrial ecology is a new approach Industrial ecology is a new approach

to the industrial design of products to the industrial design of products

and processes and the and processes and the

implementation of sustainable implementation of sustainable

manufacturing strategiesmanufacturing strategies


Industrial ecology seeks to optimize:Industrial ecology seeks to optimize:

i.i. the total materials cycle from virgin the total materials cycle from virgin

material to finished material, material to finished material,

ii.ii. to component, to component,

iii.iii. to product, to product,

iv.iv. to waste product, and to waste product, and

v.v. to ultimate disposal. to ultimate disposal.


Industrial Ecology has been called the Industrial Ecology has been called the

""science of sustainabilityscience of sustainability", in that it ", in that it

provides provides

a)a) life cycle environmental impact and life cycle environmental impact and

b)b) cost information cost information

– to decision makers. to decision makers.

This information can used to balance the This information can used to balance the

i.i. environmental, environmental,

ii.ii.economic, and economic, and

iii.iii.social implications of actionssocial implications of actions

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

Generally there are Generally there are six principal six principal

elements of industrial ecologyelements of industrial ecologyi.i. Industrial EcosystemsIndustrial Ecosystems

ii.ii. Balancing industrial input and output to the constraints Balancing industrial input and output to the constraints

of natural systemsof natural systems

iii.iii. Dematerialization of industrial outputDematerialization of industrial output

iv.iv. Improving the efficiency of industrial processesImproving the efficiency of industrial processes v.v. Development of renewable energy supplies for industrial Development of renewable energy supplies for industrial

productionproduction vi.vi. Adoption of new national and international economic Adoption of new national and international economic

development policiesdevelopment policies

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

In practice Industrial ecology may take many In practice Industrial ecology may take many

forms but the most obvious form is:forms but the most obvious form is:

Eco-industrial parks/estates where there exists Eco-industrial parks/estates where there exists

symbiosis between industries located in the estate.symbiosis between industries located in the estate.

Eco-industrial parks are settings where industries are Eco-industrial parks are settings where industries are

grouped such that they can exchange raw materials, grouped such that they can exchange raw materials,

waste materials, and energy among each other, waste materials, and energy among each other,

thereby reducing the net inputs and outputs of the thereby reducing the net inputs and outputs of the

park. park.

In essence, the eco-industrial park is an artificial In essence, the eco-industrial park is an artificial

"ecosystem"."ecosystem".

9. 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) ASSESSMENT (EIA)

ANDAND

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT (SEA) ASSESSMENT (SEA)

9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EIA AND SEA

EIAEIA: PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN (CONDUCTED BY : PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN (CONDUCTED BY

THE INDUSTRY IMPOSED BY REGULATIONS)THE INDUSTRY IMPOSED BY REGULATIONS)

a)a) APPLICABLE TO PROJECT LEVELAPPLICABLE TO PROJECT LEVEL

b)b) REACTIVEREACTIVE

c)c) CONSIDER FEW ALTERNATIVESCONSIDER FEW ALTERNATIVES

d)d) FOCUS ON STANDARDS AGENDAFOCUS ON STANDARDS AGENDA

e)e) NARROW PERSPECTIVESNARROW PERSPECTIVES

T h a n k y o u…T h a n k y o u…

ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT by K Subramaniam, PJK [Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt &...

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Transcript of ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT by K Subramaniam, PJK [Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt &...