envt proj (2)

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/envt-proj-2 1/13

1

A Project Report On

³FORESTATION IS IMPORTANT FOR LIFE´

Subject: - Environmental Management

Submitted by

SHRIKANT SURESHRAO TALE

Roll no. 2009047

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


2

Acknowledgement

It is appropriate for my acknowledgement to start with thanking for assigning us

to the work in the projects section, S.Y.M.M.S.

I thank our Prof. Mr. Trivedi for his careful supervision and guidance.

I thank him for giving us the opportunity to work on this project.

I would sincerely like to thank him for this invaluable support throughout

project period. His profound knowledge, critical suggestions and encouragement have

been a source of immense help.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


3

Executive Summary

Trees play a vital role in the equilibrium of the ecosystem. Deforestation is aprocess of cutting trees to make space for pastures or for industries and households ofthe ever-increasing human population. Excessive cutting of trees for urban use andother purposes is detrimental to the environmental balance. It is needless to say thatdeforestation has several adverse effects on the environment. I am sure you would liketo read more about the causes and effects of deforestation.

Trees are one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in. Trees arevitally important to the environment, animals, and of course for us humans. They are

important for the climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide, they arehabitats and shelters to millions of species, and they are also important for theiraesthetic appeal. However, the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate.According to some estimates, more than 50 percent of the tree cover has disappeareddue to human activity.

The primary data was collected from various Science Professors. Secondary datawas collected through internet. From the analysis it is concluded that how Forestation isbeneficial for Environment.

Objective

y

To increase Tree Plantation.

y

To increase Oxygen in Atmosphere

y

To increase Forest Area.

y

To improve balance in ecosystem.

y

To Reduce CO2 in Atmosphere

y

To Thick OZONE layer .

y

To create awareness in society.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


4

Limitations

y

The project is up to sample size.

y

Results are depending on the respondents responses.

y

Since this a small sample size so final result may vary from actual.

y

It is very time consuming.

Research Methodology

Primary data:-

Prof. A. KALHANTRI , P.HD (BOTANY )

He is Prof. of Botany in Amravati University.

He has given me the information about ¶Forestation· and benefit for the

environment.

Forestation is cheaper and easy source to save the Environment.

This information is collected by visiting.

Secondary data: -

It was mainly collected from Internet.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


5

Introduction

F ORESTATION (TREE PLANTATION )

Global Warming The earths carbon pools store is 39,000 giga tonnes and for nearly half a million yearsthe transfers of carbon from these pools to the atmosphere has remained stable. Sincethe industrial revolution in the mid 1700s, however the levels of CO2 in the atmospherehave been increasing. - by over 30%. Levels of other Greenhouse gasses such asmethane and nitrous oxide have also been going up. The increased C02 is trapping heatand causing the earths temperature to rise. This will have many unpleasant side effectsfor us humans and could in fact wipe us out.

The role of Trees and F orests

Forests make up over three quarters of the carbon in vegetation and 40% of that in soils.As long as forests are maintained and replenished they continue to store carbon. Thiscan amount to 70 tons of carbon or 250 tons of CO2 equivalent per hectare in the woodand foliage, a lot more in the soils. The tropical rain forests of the Amazon, centralAfrica And East Asia that covers 6% of the earth·s surface are really important carbonsinks. The cutting down and bad management of forests will reduce carbon storage andincrease CO2 emissions. Well-managed regenerating forests and creating new forestswill reduce emissions and increase carbon storage.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


6

Unfortunately the history of tropical rain forests has been one of exploitation anddestruction especially since the 1900s.An area the size of Ireland is still being destroyedeach year and half that area again seriously degraded, releasing billions of tons of CO2into the atmosphere. As well as this the result is a great loss of biodiversity.

Although efforts are being made to slow down deforestation and conserve tropicalforests and forests in temperate regions are reasonably well managed and increased bynew planting, this is not enough to off set the damage to the rain forests. A hugeinternational effort will be needed to halt the damage.

F orests and carbonIn Ireland, although we have only 10% of our land under trees (700,000 hectares ) thisstill represents an important carbon store, the equivalent of nearly 1200,0000,000 tons of

CO2 in forest biomass, litter and soils. Annual forest growth stores some 5 million tonsand planting of new forests about 2million tons CO2 per year. The harvested woodfrom our forests stores about 10 m tons CO2 per year. Most of our other energy usingand creating activities release CO2.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


7

Forests

Covering about one third of the Earth's land service, forests provide many benefits. Themost notable direct benefits are an estimated 5000 commercial products, such aslumber, paper, turpentine, and others, worth billions of dollars a year. Forests also

provide refuge from hectic urban life and opportunities for many forms of recreation. Inmany poorer nations, forests are a source of wood for cooking and heating. Forests arealso home to many of the world's species. Forests benefit us indirectly by protectingwatersheds from soil erosion, and keep rivers and reservoirs relatively free ofsilt. Forests reduce the severity of floods and facilitate aquifer recharge and they assistin the recycling of water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and other nutrients.

The ministry is responsible for planning, promoting, coordinating, and overseeing theimplementation of environmental and forestry programmes in the country. The mainactivities undertaken by the ministry include conservation and survey of the flora ofIndia and fauna of India, forests and other wilderness areas; prevention and control ofpollution; afforestation, and land degradation mitigation. It is responsible for theadministration of the national parks of India.

Although humans have been practicing deforestation since ages, it was in the mid-1800sthat forests began to be destroyed at an unprecedented rate. As a matter of fact,throughout the earlier part of the medieval age, Europeans used to live amongst vastareas of forested land. But later, they began deforestation at such a high rate that theystarted to run out of wood for cooking and heating. Also, due to the depletion of their

natural habitat, wild game too began disappearing, which the Europeans largelydepended upon for their nutritional requirements. Today, parallels can clearly beobserved in the deforestation that is occurring in most developing countries.

As man learnt about nature he started to interfere with the laws of nature. He cut off theforests for agriculture and tamed wild animals for his food and clothing. Man was ableto conquer nature, yet he canï¿½t control it. A balance exists between all living and non-living things in nature. Ecological disasters are bound to happen if there is anydisturbance in the natural equilibrium. Increased industrialization and humanrequirements have led to the destruction of our forests and wildlife, which areinterdependent in more than one ways.

Plantation forests now comprise around 135 million ha globally, with annual plantationafforestation and reforestation rates nearing 10% of total area. Some 90% of plantationforests have been established primarily to provide industrial wood, and their relativeglobal importance in this role is increasing rapidly. Most of the remaining 10% ofplantation forests were established primarily to supply fuel or wood for non-industrial

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


8

use. About 75% of the existing plantation forest estate is established in temperateregions, but it is in the tropics that the rate of expansion is greatest. The expandingtropical plantation forest estate includes trees grown primarily as agriculturalplantation crops and which now also supply wood to forest industries. Almost allexisting plantation forests were established and are managed as even-agedmonocultures; species and interspecific hybrids of a few genera dominate plantationforestry worldwide.

Effective research and development, based on appropriate genetic resources and goodsilviculture, are the foundations of successful plantation forestry production. Resolvingrelatively fundamental issues remain the priority in many young plantationprogrammes; in more advanced programmes, the application of more sophisticatedtechnologies - particularly in biotechnology and processing - is necessary to maintainimprovements in production. Many plantation forests, particularly in the tropics, arenot yet achieving their productive potential.

Ways to Stop Glob a l Wa rming:Owing to the overall r ise in the temperature, the glac ier s in the A n tarct ic re gion be gin to meltwh ich ha s increa sed the overall sea level. If th is situat ion co n t inue s, ma ny low lying area s willsubmer ge in the near future. Global warm ing also increa se s the occurre nce s of hurr ica ne s .

There are ma ny ea sy solut ions to reduce global w arm ing and its impact. F irst of all, peopleshould u nder sta nd the problem a nd take mea sure s accord ing ly to save the world.

y

Pe opl e sh ould r e duc e th e usa ge of e le ctric a l a ppli a nc e s wh ich e mit s gr ee n h ou se

gas e s.

For e. g. the refr igerator relea se s chloro fluro carbo n (CFC) and the inca nde sce n t l ightlamp em its 300 pou nds of carbo n d iox ide a year. Th is ca n be replaced b y a compactfluore sce n t light bulb wh ich save s much e ner gy .

y

F ollow RRR-R e duc e, Re use, Re cycle .

People should not dump waste product s in the grou nd. Pla n t product s, food waste,ve getable dump u nder goe s anaerob ic decompo sit ion i.e. the y break do wn to producemetha ne, a gree n hou se gas ins tead of ox ygen . He nce the product u sage a nd wasta geshould be reduced or rec ycled for a health y atmo sphere.

y

T ree s a b sorb a la rg e a mount of c a rbon dioxid e .

Ma ny tree s should be pla n ted sin ce the y involve in photo syn the sis , food preparat ion wi th the help of sun light. Dur ing th is proce ss , tree s ab sorb carbo n d iox ide a nd exhaleoxyge n . Also, ex ist ing fore sts should be saved a nd u sage of pla n t b yproduct s should n tbe wasted.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


9

y

U sa ge of gr ee n pow e r pr eve nt s 300 kg of c a rbon dioxid e to b e e mitt e d into t h e a tmo sph e re .

The electr icity obta ined from the re newable re source s like win d a nd water is calledgree n po wer. The co st is also lo w in ca se of gree n po wer.

y

Insula tion of t he ce iling of a hou se a nd pow e r sa v ing is the importa n t factor to reduceglobal warm ing . The electr ic appl iance s should be swi tched off ins tead to hold it in sta ndby mode. Th is will save more po wer sin ce sta nd b y mode co ns ume s 40% of the e ner gy .

y

Pe opl e sh ould u se onl y e n e rg y e ffici e nt a ppli a nc e s. Thermo stat should be u sed for a irco nd it ioner s sin ce it reduce s the temperature automat ically.

y

Con sumption of org a nic food sh ould b e incr e as e d becau se or ganic so il ab sorb lar geamou n t of carbo n d ioxide. Bu ying local food reduce s the co ns umpt ion of fuel. Co ws em its lar ge amou n t of metha ne due to the ir ve getar ian d iet. He nce meat co ns umpt ion should be reduced. Al so tetra pack s should be u sed ins tead of t inn ed food.

y

Pe riodic m a int e na nc e of t h e ve h icle s help s in eff icie nt u sage of fuel a nd reduce s relea se of gree n hou se gase s . Proper inflat ion of t yre s should be do ne a nd fuel wasta geshould be avo ided.

y

T e a ch your n e igh bor hood a nd fri e nd s about the cau se a nd impact s of global warm ing and method s to reduce it. Co ns ervat ion of fore sts also form s a factor to reduce globalwarm ing .

Plantations for Greenhouse (P4G)

The Plantations for Greenhouse project (2000-2005) aimed to support landholders in growingplantations for carbon sequestration in addition to all of the regular economic and environmentalbenefits. The project resulted in 1400 hectares of sawlog plantations, which will absorb around500,000 tonnes of CO2 over 30 years. The landholders involved in this project retained the rightsto the carbon stored in their trees, which they may be able to sell to a buyer that wishes to offsettheir emissions.

The project and learnings are well summarised in the following paper made to the AustralianForest Growers Conference 2006.

How can a greenhouse investor get access to carbon in new tree sinks established on farmland,without the expense of buying land and establishing the forest themselves? How can a landowner grow trees and get paid for some of the carbon? How can we design carbon sinks to deliver multiple benefits to society?

³Plantations for Greenhouse´ is pilot Victorian Government project that aims to shed some lighton these questions ± and the practicalities of joint established carbon sinks. This Dept. PrimaryIndustries delivered program is a $1.9M Victorian Greenhouse initiative that has seen 1350

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


10

hectares of new long term timber and carbon sink farm forests established across the state under carbon sharing agreements.

A n alternative to buying land for carbon production.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

The Keel ing Curve of atmo spher ic CO2 co nce n trat ions mea sured at the Mau na Loa Observator y.

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in Earth's atmosphere is approximately 390 ppm(parts per million) by volume as of 2010 [1] and rose by 1.9 ppm/yr during 2000-2009. [2] Carbondioxide is essential to photosynthesis in plants and other photoautotrophs, and is also aprominent greenhouse gas. Despite its relatively small overall concentration in the atmosphere,CO2 is an important component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs and emits infraredradiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode ) and 14.99 µm(bending vibrational mode), thereby playing a role in the greenhouse effect. [3] The present level

is higher than at any time during the last 800 thousand years,[4]

and likely higher than in the past20 million years. [5]

The Plantations for Greenhouse project essentially set out to examine the scenario of how a thirdparty carbon investor might go about buying some of the carbon contained in the forests and onthe land owned by other parties. For their part, landowners committed over $2M of their ownfunds to establish these new commercial forests and in the process offered over $4M worth of

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


11

land on which to grow these forests. If a different scenario were to eventuate where a prospectivecarbon investor wished to also own the trees and the land then you can see that this candrastically increase the total project costs. If prospective carbon pool managers are seeking tocollaborate with landowners, rather than purchasing land they may need to engage in joint or cooperative design to ensure landowners achieve their own benefits from the new carbon sink plantings. Essentially for Plantations for Greenhouse it was the fact that landowners themselves

owned the trees and sought to benefit from income derived from the plantations ± that provided aclear motivation for landowner participation. Also being open to the design aspirations of landowners was also a key in improving participation rates.

S ome key learning s.

The Plantations for Greenhouse project provides a valuable insight into the role of a ³carboninvestor´. Some key learning¶s include:

y

commerc ial dr iver s for t imber product ion ca n assis t in the scale a nd eco nom icattract ive ne ss of carbo n sin k e stabl ishme n t

y

pla n tat ion gro wer s and carbo n own er s have a mutual a ss et the y both wis h to ma nage,mea sure a nd protect

y

pla n tat ions offer a n income produc ing carbo n sin k that prov ide s income opt ions forlando wn er s in future year s (carbo n right s ca n on ly be sold o nce, ho wever t imber incomeca n occur from each a nd ever y harve st)

y

pla n tat ion ba sed carbo n sin ks allo w for future re gional eco nom ic a nd emplo yme n topportu nit ie s from future wood-flo ws

y

well de sign ed carbo n pla n tat ions are able to del iver po sit ive sal inity and b iod iver sity outcome s - CMA sca n assis t b y clearl y ind icat ing the ir preferred zo ne s

y

cooperat ive carbo n own er sh ip ca n be ach ieved wi thout the expe ns e of bu ying land a nd

pla n t ing it all your self the ke y is in the de sign of your carbo n projecty

there is a poor apprec iat ion of the valuable role ma naged pla n tat ions ca n pla y in gree nhou se m it igat ion . There is a publ ic percept ion that o nce you harve st the tree allcarbo n ga ins arelost. W ill requ ire increa sed commu nicat ion effort to get th is me ss age acro ss .

y

over 100 year s mult iple c ycle s of carbo n ca n be gro wn and c ycled throu gh a sing lehectare of a pla n tat ion e state. Mo st focu s to date revolve s arou nd the carbo n stor y with in the f irst rotat ion on ly we need to broade n th is view to include lo ng er termconsi derat ions .

y

there are ma ny adva n ta ge s to work ing wi th smaller scale project s, ho wever from acarbo n pool ma nager spo int of v iew th is ca n add signi f ica n t to the co st of projectdel iver y

y

wh ile much focu s of th is project ha s bee n ba sed arou nd carbo n be nef its of pla n tat ions and po ssible carbo n trad ing , it appear s the actual r isks po sed to lo ng er term fore st crop s via a cha nging climate re gime need to be more widel y inve st igated a nd u nder stood

y

develop ing and bu ilding the capab ility of pr ivate carbo n pool serv ice prov ider s wi ll be ake y aspect to attract ing future carbo n inve stme n ts into new pla n tat ion e state s whe n gree nhou se em issions trad ing scheme s f inally arr ive

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


12

Plantation forests

y

It is difficult, as others have commented, to define either "afforestation " or "plantationforests " precisely. In particular, it is often not easy to distinguish between afforestationand either rehabilitation of degraded forest ecosystems or enrichment planting, or between plantation forests and various forms of trees on farms. The definition proposedby FAO to the 1967 World Symposium on man-made forests and their industrialimportance, which uses as its criterion land use changes associated with afforestation or reforestation, has been the basis of subsequent official estimates (eg Pandey 1995), and isadopted here for the sake of consistency. However, any consideration of plantationforests should acknowledge that the distinction between them and some other forms of forestry is not always clear; thus, definitions, discussion and estimates vary.

Conclusions

Successful plantation forestry will continue to depend on effective research, developmentand management, and on innovation and technological advances. It will also depend increasinglyon recognition of and respect for the principle of sustainability, in its full sense. Plantationforestry is merely a technology for delivering the benefits of trees to society; the appropriateform of that technology will vary with social, environmental and economic circumstance. Whatis clear is that the sustainability of plantation forestry will be enhanced, and the benefits of investments most fully realised, where plantation purpose and practice are embedded within thebroader social and economic contexts. Because these vary, so too will the appropriate form of plantation forestry.

In realising the considerable potential of plantation forestry to benefit society, one of theprincipal challenges to plantation forest owners, managers and scientists is to progress from anarrow focus, which has characterised as "monocultures of the mind", to a broader appreciationof plantation purpose and practice. We are well-placed to do so, by building on the considerablebody of experience and information we have gained relevant to plantation and other forms of forestry in many environments. It is in doing so that we shall sustain plantation forestry in thenext century, and maximise its benefits.

8/7/2019 envt proj (2)


13

envt proj (2)

Documents

Transcript of envt proj (2)