Entrepreneurial Finance
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Transcript of Entrepreneurial Finance
Business, Law, and Innovation
Entrepreneurial Finance
Lecture 5Spring 2014
Professor Adam Dell
The University of Texas School of Law
Stage Sources Form SizeAngel Friends & Family, SBC Common / Loan $100-2MM
Venture Capital Institutional Firms Preferred Stock $1-10MM
Private Equity Institutional Firms Preferred Stock $10-50MMGrowth Equity Re-Cap
Stages of Financings
Angel Venture Capital Private EquityGrowth Equity
IPO PIPE Icahn ;)
So How Do I Finance My Startup?
• By any means necessary.
• Most use friends & family $
• Some get angel funding, often by getting into an incubator. We have 2 great ones in Austin:
Angel Investment
• Loan or do I sell a piece of my company?
• Best approach is a convertible promissory note
- Borrow $100k, which you promise to pay back - But if you raise your Series A, the loan converts into an equity
investment in the Series A. - Interest rate, maturity rate, conversion feature.
TYPICAL DEAL POINTSUsually some “equity kicker”
– Like a small piece of the company or discount upon conversion into next round – 20% discount to the price of the Series A
Easy to structure, can do them quickly, no real rights other than as a debtor to the company. -It’s still the sale of a “security”, but they are simple.
What if equity financing does not occur?
Board observer?
Information rights (e.g., financials)?
•Equity Kicker•Conversion feature (e.g., triggered upon next round of financing of at least $1,000,000)•Mandatory or discretionary conversion?
SERIES A ROUND EQUITY FINANCING
• What is the company worth?- More art than science- More often than not driven by the market (how competitive the deal is)- Factors: space, team, traction, revenue (often very little), IP, partners, customers
• How much money does the company need?
PREFERRED OR COMMON?
• Attributes of preferred stock (still behind creditors)
• Common stock deal prices stock options for employees
• Common stock - no negotiation on terms (pari passu with the founders)
PREFERRED OR COMMON? (CONTINUED)
• No protective provisions for investors• Preferred deal is much more common
ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED
• Anti-Dilution Provision– Grant of additional equity to protect your investment– Protection from a down round– Protection from the company granting additional equity to
others.
– Weighed-Average Anti-dilution (standard)vs.
– Full Ratchet Anti-dilution (harsh)
ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED
• Dividend “when, as and if declared”– Noncumulative v. cumulative– %
• Priority on dividend payments• Liquidation preference
– “Participating Preferred”– Money back x 3, or– Money back, then pro-rata with founders
ATTRIBUTES OF PREFERRED STOCK
• Liquidation Preference
Sale / Merger / Acquisition / Liquidation 3rd: Series A
2nd: Series B1st: Debt Holders
4th: Common
MORE ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
• Merger or asset sale treated as a liquidation – Consent of Series A Preferred required (50%,
66 2/3%, or more)– Must decide whether to treat merger or asset
sale as a liquidation (“cram down”)
MORE ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
• Redemption (or not)– Beginning year 6, then year 7 and 8– Purchase price + accrued dividends (if any)
MORE ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
• Conversion– Convertible at any time by dividing Purchase
Price by Conversion Price (1:1 basis)– Automatic conversion on IPO– Adjustment to conversion price (“full ratchet”)
• excludes options for employees and warrants for service providers
– Very lengthy provision but price of new equity issuances is key
MORE ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
• Pro Rata Investment Rights– Right to maintain ownership levels in future
rounds of financing.– If a VC owns 15% of the company, then during
a subsequent round of financing, the VC has the “right” to invest up to 15% of the total $s raised in that round.
MORE ATTRIBUTES OF SERIES A
• Voting Rights - generally 1:1• Protective Provisions
– Sale of the company– Create new class of securities– Amend Certificate of Incorporation/Bylaws – Redeem shares– Change number of Board members
• Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation vs. Certificate of Designation
SERIES A TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS
• Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement– Reps/warranties from company (capitalization, IP,
contracts, etc.)– Rep/warranties from investors (“accredited
investor,” no distribution under securities laws, Rule 144, etc.)
• Schedule of Investors
SERIES A TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS (CONTINUED)
• Investors’ Rights Agreement– Demand registration rights– S-3 registration rights– “Piggyback” registration Rights– Financial information rights– Right of First Offer– Right of First Refusal (among Preferred SHs)
SERIES A TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS (CONTINUED)
• Stockholder Agreement– Includes founders– Right of first refusal for sales by founders (first, to the
company and then to the shareholders)– Right of co-sale if ROFR is not exercised
• Voting Agreement (for Board seats)• Indemnification Agreement
POINTS TO CONSIDER
• Size of the option pool (20%, 30%??)• Board observer rights?• Stock Restriction Agreements for founders
(vesting provisions)• Employment Agreement for founders• Form of investment - individually or through LP?• Tax issues??• Exit strategy
Series A (Dilution)
Series A – Raise $5m @ $10m pre-moneyPre Money: $10mPost Money: $15mSeries A Investor bought: 33% of the companyFounders, existing (Angel) investors: diluted by 33%BUT, Series A required a 30% ISO Pool POST Series ASo….Founders, existing investors: diluted by 63%!
30%
33%
37%
Series B (Dilution…Yes More!)
Series B – Raise $20m @ $30m pre-moneyPre Money: $30mPost Money: $50mSeries B Investor bought: 40% of the companyFounders, Angel, Series A, ISO: diluted by 40%
22.2%40%
Series B: 40%Series A: 33% x 60% = 19.8%Founders: 37% x 60% = 22.2% ISO: 30% x 60% = 18%18%19.8%