Entrepreneurial Communities: Bridging and Bonding Social Capital
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Transcript of Entrepreneurial Communities: Bridging and Bonding Social Capital
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Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Communities: Bridging and Communities: Bridging and
Bonding Social CapitalBonding Social Capital
Jan L. FloraJan L. Flora
Extension Community Sociologist Extension Community Sociologist and Professor of Sociologyand Professor of Sociology
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
[email protected]@iastate.edu
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ResourcesResources
Can be --Can be --–consumedconsumed
–storedstored–investedinvested
Can be --Can be --–consumedconsumed
–storedstored–investedinvested
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CapitalCapital
Resources invested to Resources invested to create new resourcescreate new resources
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Community CapitalsCommunity Capitals
Social CapitalSocial Capital
Financial/Built Financial/Built CapitalCapital
Human Human CapitalCapitalHuman Human CapitalCapital
Natural CapitalNatural CapitalNatural CapitalNatural Capital
Healthy ecosystemHealthy ecosystemVital economyVital economySocial equitySocial equity
Building mutual trustBuilding mutual trustBuilding mutual trustBuilding mutual trust
Social Capital isSocial Capital is
Formation ofFormation of groupsgroups
Group Group collaborationcollaboration
StrengtheningStrengthening collective identitycollective identity
Constructing Constructing a shared a shared futurefuture
Bonding Bonding Social Social CapitalCapital
Bridging Bridging Social Social CapitalCapital
StateState
MarketMarket
Civil Civil SocietySociety StateState
MarketMarket
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Social CapitalSocial Capital
BondingBonding– Tight, exclusive Tight, exclusive
networksnetworks
– Strong distinction Strong distinction between insiders and between insiders and outsidersoutsiders
– Single answer focusSingle answer focus
BridgingBridging– Open and flexible Open and flexible
networksnetworks
– Permeable and open Permeable and open boundariesboundaries
– Legitimization of Legitimization of alternativesalternatives
Community Community Social Capital TypologySocial Capital Typology
BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITALBRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL
B B O O
N N D D I I
NNG G
S. S. C.C.
--
--
++
++Conflict with Conflict with
outside/ outside/ internal internal
factionalismfactionalism
InclusionInclusion--Horizontal Horizontal ties w/in community; ties w/in community; diverse horizontal/ diverse horizontal/
vertical ties to outside)vertical ties to outside)
Apathy; Apathy; Extreme Extreme
individualismindividualism
Clientelism Clientelism internal & external ties internal & external ties
are mainly verticalare mainly vertical
Typology of Social Capital Typology of Social Capital and Community Changeand Community Change
BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITALBRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL
B B O O
N N D D I I
NNG G
S. S. C.C.
--
--
++
++
Community resists Community resists externally initiated externally initiated
change; or in-change; or in-fighting negates fighting negates change effortschange efforts
Locally initiated Locally initiated change driven by change driven by
community-defined community-defined goals, w/links to goals, w/links to
external resourcesexternal resources
Wealthy solve prob-Wealthy solve prob-lems with financial lems with financial
capital; the poorcapital; the poor have few optionshave few options
Community changeCommunity changedominated by local/dominated by local/extralocal “bosses” extralocal “bosses”
or “power elite”or “power elite”
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Social Reconnaissance, Social Reconnaissance, Social Capital:Social Capital:
Field Research by a Student Team to Field Research by a Student Team to Inform a Participatory Community Inform a Participatory Community
Development ProjectDevelopment Project
Brent Hales, Peggy Petrzelka, Vern Ryan, Jeff Brent Hales, Peggy Petrzelka, Vern Ryan, Jeff Zacharakis-Jutz,Zacharakis-Jutz, Sandy Trca-Black, Sandy Trca-Black,
and Jan Floraand Jan Flora
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Core Organizations in RiversideCore Organizations in Riverside
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Reputational Leaders by ReligionReputational Leaders by Religion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Catholic Presby. & Lutheran
RepresentRiverside
Supportneeded
Projectimplementer
Projectstopper
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Reputational Leaders by AgeReputational Leaders by Age
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
40 or less 41-55 56+
Represent Riverside Support neededProject implementer Project stopper
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Reputational Leaders by GenderReputational Leaders by Gender
0
1020
3040
5060
7080
90
100
Male Female
RepresentRiverside
Supportneeded
Projectimplementer
Projectstopper
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Old Guard vs. NewcomersOld Guard vs. Newcomers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Old Guard Newcomer
Represent Riverside Support needed
Project implementer Project stopper
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Riverside Residents’ Assessment Riverside Residents’ Assessment of Social Capitalof Social Capital
AcquaintanceshipAcquaintanceship % of adults you know by name in R% of adults you know by name in R ++ % of close friends living in Riverside% of close friends living in Riverside ++ Can usually find someone to talk to in River T.Can usually find someone to talk to in River T. ++
People in Riverside are--People in Riverside are-- Trust Trust friendly/unfriendlyfriendly/unfriendly ++ supportive/indifferentsupportive/indifferent ++ trusting/not trustingtrusting/not trusting ++
Community ActionCommunity Action Concern about the communityConcern about the community -- People work together successfullyPeople work together successfully -- Existence of community spiritExistence of community spirit --
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Leadership -- Capacity BuildingLeadership -- Capacity Building
Leadership isLeadership is– generally considered a characteristic of individualsgenerally considered a characteristic of individuals
– an aspect of human capital.an aspect of human capital.
Capacity buildingCapacity building– is broader than leadershipis broader than leadership
– is more likely to be a characteristic of groups is more likely to be a characteristic of groups (organizations, communities, etc.)(organizations, communities, etc.)
– strengthens human capitalstrengthens human capital
– is facilitated by and contributes to is facilitated by and contributes to
social capitalsocial capital
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Social Capital, Social Infrastructure, Social Capital, Social Infrastructure, and Collective Actionand Collective Action
An Empirical Modeling of the An Empirical Modeling of the Relationships in 99 Iowa CommunitiesRelationships in 99 Iowa Communities
Kerry Agnitsch, ISUKerry Agnitsch, ISU
Jeff Sharp, O(hio)SUJeff Sharp, O(hio)SU
Vern Ryan, ISUVern Ryan, ISU
Jan Flora, ISUJan Flora, ISU
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Indicators of Community ActionIndicators of Community Action
7 housing activities 7 housing activities 5 actions to promote economic development5 actions to promote economic development 4 locally oriented action by financial institutions4 locally oriented action by financial institutions 4 community-oriented actions by local churches4 community-oriented actions by local churches activity level of 8 types of local civic activity level of 8 types of local civic
organizationsorganizations activity level of city government and Chamber of activity level of city government and Chamber of
Commerce (2)Commerce (2)
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Elements of Bonding Social Elements of Bonding Social Capital MeasureCapital Measure
Proportion of friends living locallyProportion of friends living locally Percent of persons who report greater involvement Percent of persons who report greater involvement
with local, than with outside, organizations with local, than with outside, organizations Percent of persons who attend church locallyPercent of persons who attend church locally Percent of persons who work locallyPercent of persons who work locally Percent of persons who shop for daily needs Percent of persons who shop for daily needs
mostly in their home communitymostly in their home community Percent of persons who stay in their home Percent of persons who stay in their home
community for recreation/entertainmentcommunity for recreation/entertainment
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Social Capital and Community Social Capital and Community Action, 99 Iowa CommunitiesAction, 99 Iowa Communities
Bridging SC: LinkagesBridging SC: Linkages Sig.<.01; (pos.)Sig.<.01; (pos.)
Bonding Social CapitalBonding Social Capital Sig.<.01 (pos.)Sig.<.01 (pos.)
Interaction: Bridge x BondInteraction: Bridge x Bond Sig.<.01Sig.<.01
PopulationPopulation n.s.; positiven.s.; positive
Distance to SMSADistance to SMSA n.s.; positiven.s.; positive
Bridging SC: InclusivenessBridging SC: Inclusiveness n.s.; no relationn.s.; no relation
RR22 .67.67
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Conclusions from Iowa StudyConclusions from Iowa Study
Bridging and bonding social capital clearly foster Bridging and bonding social capital clearly foster community action. Where both are low or absent, community action. Where both are low or absent, community action is largely ineffective. community action is largely ineffective.
Strengths in one form of social capital can Strengths in one form of social capital can compensate for weaknesses in the other, but only compensate for weaknesses in the other, but only partially. It is better to have a balance.partially. It is better to have a balance.
Further analysis is needed to determine if bridging Further analysis is needed to determine if bridging and bonding social capital lead to different kinds and bonding social capital lead to different kinds of community action. of community action.
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Bridging and Bonding Social Capital Bridging and Bonding Social Capital as Substitutes for One Anotheras Substitutes for One Another
Examples:Examples: – bedroom community to a larger trade or urban bedroom community to a larger trade or urban
center with strong bridges, but weaker bonds sees center with strong bridges, but weaker bonds sees local projects to fruition.local projects to fruition.
» Newcomers active as leaders; Newcomers active as leaders; » not afraid of controversy.not afraid of controversy.
– A more isolated community, short on bridging A more isolated community, short on bridging ties, uses high bonding social capital for ties, uses high bonding social capital for community self-development. However,community self-development. However,
» when controversy arises, project is shelved; when controversy arises, project is shelved;
» not very effective in poverty reduction.not very effective in poverty reduction.
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Social Capital and Local Economic Social Capital and Local Economic Development in Nonmetro USDevelopment in Nonmetro US
Jan Flora, Jan Flora,
Jeff Sharp,Jeff Sharp,
Cornelia Flora, Cornelia Flora,
and and
Bonnie Newlon Bonnie Newlon
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% of projects with at least one --% of projects with at least one --
0
10
20
30
40
50
Woman Newcomer Person < 40
Self Develop Industrial Recruit
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Building Bridging Social Building Bridging Social Capital Through…Capital Through…
Strengthened relationships and Strengthened relationships and communicationcommunication – increased interactions among increased interactions among unlikelyunlikely
groups within the communitygroups within the community– increased interactions among unlikely increased interactions among unlikely
groups outside the communitygroups outside the community– increased availability of information and increased availability of information and
knowledgeknowledge
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Linking Bonding and Bridging Linking Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Through…Social Capital Through…
Improved community initiative, Improved community initiative, responsibility, and adaptability responsibility, and adaptability – build a shared visionbuild a shared vision
– focus first on internal resourcesfocus first on internal resources
– look outside for alternative ways to look outside for alternative ways to respond to constant changesrespond to constant changes
– loss of the victim mentalityloss of the victim mentality
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Summary: Why Community Summary: Why Community Social Capital?Social Capital?
Bridging and bonding social Bridging and bonding social combine to combine to – cut transaction costscut transaction costs– contribute to other forms of contribute to other forms of
capitalcapital– enhance flexibilityenhance flexibility– foster greater equality foster greater equality – encourage new ways of thinkingencourage new ways of thinking
ToToAssetAssetMappingMapping
FromFromNeedsNeedsAssessmentAssessment
FromFromIndividualIndividualLeadershipLeadership
ToToCommunityCommunityCapacityCapacity
ToToCapacitiesCapacities
FromFromDeficienciesDeficiencies
ToTo
CitizensCitizens
FromFrom
ClientsClients
ToToInterdependenInterdependencece
FromFromDependencyDependency
ToToBuilding Building from from WithinWithin
FromFromIndustrialIndustrialRecruitmentRecruitment
ToToInternalInternalAccountabilityAccountability
FromFromExternalExternalEvaluationEvaluation
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We make a living by We make a living by what we get.what we get.
We make a life by We make a life by what we give.what we give.